Section 1 Spanish West and Southwest

New Spain included : California, New Mexico, Texas

New Mexico’s capital was Santa Fe

California was much farther from Spanish military control and protection and therefore had less people Spanish colonist were called Californios Many Spanish traveled to the New World to convert Indians to Christianity. Therefore missions were spread throughout New Spain. Presidios, military forts, protected the missions.

Tejanos settled Spanish Texas but, Indians kept the number of settlers down in Texas. The missions that were established were a great distance from one another making them hard to defend.

The Comanche and the Apache controlled most of Texas.

Independence for MexicoFather Miguel Hidalgo Costilla started the rebellion against the corruption of the Spanish. He was murdered and the rebels continued until they defeated the Spanish under Agustin de Iturbide. Mexico created a republic in 1824 including the land of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. It also contained parts of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.

Mexico

•Mexico removed the ownership of land from the missions in California•The land was placed with families•Large ranchos were created•American Indians continued to do much of the hard labor•Texas lost many of the Tejanos during the revolution•The country of Mexico decided to recruit new settlers so they could protect the land claims of Texas from the American Indian

Section 2 Texas Gains Independence

•Empresarios were hired to recruit settlers from US•Empresarios received land as payment from Mexico•Moses Austin was one of the 1st Empresarios•Stephen Austin continued his father’s work and brought families to Texas•“GONE TO TEXAS” appeared on people’s doors as they moved to Texas for cheap land (640 acres plus more if married with children)

Too Many Foreigners

In order to stay in Mexico, the government wanted these immigrants to:•Become a Mexican citizen•Obey Mexican laws•Recognize the Catholic Church

American settlers refused to take on the Mexican culture

American immigration was limited by 1830

TEXAS REVOLTS•Texans wanted more control of their government•Texans wanted to be able to bring slaves to farm the cheap land•Austin attempts to keep peace between American immigrants and Mexican government•Antonio Santa Anna was elected President of Mexico and took over as a dictator•Austin called for Texas to rebel against Mexico

REMEMBER THE ALAMO

ALAMOThe Texan rebels attempted to control San Antonio and occupied a mission close to the city, the ALAMO. A Mexican army of 1800 showed up led by Santa Anna to regain the city of San Antonio. The 189 group defending the Alamo was led by William Travis. Many notable people such as Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie were at the Alamo when the Mexicans attacked.

REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

•Texas writes a constitution and Declaration of Independence that were modeled from US•EXCEPT SLAVERY was declared LEGAL

•Sam Houston became the commander in chief of the new Texan army•The Battle of San Jacinto was the payback for the ALAMO•Santa Anna’s army was destroyed and Texas was given their independence

Section 3 The Lone Star Republic

Houston became the capital of the Republic of Texas

Sam Houston became President and hoped that Texas would become a state. Vice President Mirabeau Lamar did not.

Andrew Jackson, President of US, did not necessarily want Texas and the slave issues it would bring to the US. He recognized Texas as an independent nation as did Martin Van Buren

A Complete Takeover

American settlers worked at peaceful relations with the Native Indians under the leadership of Sam Houston. However, Lamar wanted total control of the land and forced Indians to assume American customs and laws. Wars broke out between the new settlers and Indians.

The settlers also assumed the property of the Tejanos. Tejanos were removed from political positions and lost their voice in the new Republic of Texas.

Come and GET YOUR LAND!!

•Cheap land•Slavery legal•Economic opportunities•Free African Americans illegal•German immigrants

Population growth 1836: 5,000 1845: 70,000

Lack of economic stability=lack of military stability

The Republic of Texas suffered greatly as a young nation. There was not enough money to pay for an army. The army was almost completely dismantled and the Texas Rangers were responsible for the safety of the nation.

The Consultation of 1835 which established some form of government for the newly government of the rebels established the first ranger company of 25.

Fighting continues

The fighting continued between Mexico and Texas even after Independence was gained. Lamar attacked Mexico with small number of forces. The attack failed but angered Mexico.Mexico attacked San Antonio. Peace was not agreed upon between Texas and Mexico until 1844.

Section 4Oregon and the Far West

Mountain men traveled unafraid to the west in order to trap and trade furs with the Indians. John Jacob Astor set up the American Fur Company. These men adopted the Indian ways in order to survive in the environment.

The Rendevous was established so that all traders could meet up at a specific time to trade their furs. Europe was all the rage about fur in fashion at the time. Furs were big money.

Britain, American Indians, and the United States argued for ownership of this land. Russia had given up their rights to US. Both US and Britain wanted to maintain control of Columbia river for trade purposes.

Marcus and Narcissa Whitman

The Missionaries went to spread the word in the Oregon Country. Narcissa and her friend Eliza were the first white women to cross the Rocky Mountains. These were strong people but the settlers and traders movement through the Christians camp brought diseases that soon attacked the Indian population. The Cayuse tribe was hit hard by the epidemic causing the Indians to attack the Whitmans and others

On November 29, 1847, several Cayuse, under the leadership of the chief Tiloukaikt, took revenge for what they perceived as treachery. They killed fourteen whites, including the Whitmans, and burnt down the mission buildings.Two years after the attack, Tiloukaikt and several others involved in the Whitman Massacre voluntarily surrendered themselves in an effort to avoid the destruction of the entire tribe. Tiloukaikt was defiant to the end, announcing on the gallows, "Did not your missionaries teach us that Christ died to save his people? So we die to save our people."

The Whitmans

Encouraging the Western Movement

•Land grants encouraged the movement into the Oregon Country•640 acres of land to each married man•Farming•Mining•Fishing

Oregon Trail

•The trail stretched 2000 miles•Approximately 6 months•Cost $600.00

Section 5California and the Southwest

Those headed to California took the Oregon trail then headed south on California Trail. Crossing the mountain range of Sierra Nevada was the harsh part of the trip. Many traveled to this Mexican controlled land for farm land, fishing, and mining.

The Donner Party tried to find a shortcut across the Sierra Nevada. After resorting to cannibalism, they were finally rescued. 42 of the original 87 lived.

John Sutter’s placeMexico attempted to limit American immigration into California. John Sutter was given permission to open up a colony for trade purposes. Sutter’s Fort will be where the first gold rush appears.

Trade opened up in the west. Mexican officials allowed the American traders to come to Santa Fe to trade and theSanta Fe Trail was opened up.

What does the West look like?

Artist traveled to the west to create images for those people that would never witness the glory of the wild west with their own eyes. George Catlin and Alfred Miller were a couple of the artist that created images of the Western sights.