Section 1The Rise of Industry

Write the Question and Answer:

What was the Homestead Act of 1862 and what was its impact?

What was the Dawes Act and what was its purpose?

Natural Resources Lots of raw materials – water, timber, coal,

iron and copper. Many of these resources were located in the West. The settlement after the Civil War helped to accelerate Industrialization

A new resource – petroleum was just beginning to be tapped. (Kerosene)

Edwin Drake – 1859 – drilled the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. As oil production increased, it fueled economic expansion.

A Large Workforce Between 1860 and 1910 the population

nearly tripled. Increased workforce and demand for

consumer goods. Large families and massive immigration▪ Conditions in China and Eastern Europe were

not good. 1860-1910 – 20 million immigrants

Americans embraced the idea of laissez-faire which means ‘let do’ a French phrase that means ‘let people do as they choose’ Lack of government control. Relies on supply and demand Low taxes and low government debt

Entrepreneurs – people who risk their capital in organizing and running a business.

For the most part the government stayed out of the way. This policy produced results other than what had been intended.

Sectional tensions between North and South early 1800s North – high tariffs and subsides South – low tariffs and promote trade

The Civil War ended this debate Republicans passed the Morrill Tariff (raised tariffs) High tariffs stayed even though they weren’t part of

Laissez-Faire. Felt they were needed.

Bell and the Telephone Alexander Graham Bell – invented the telephone.

Revolutionized communications. Created the Bell Telephone company and later became the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)

Edison and Electricity Thomas Alva Edison – worked to invent new

products Invented the Phonograph, lightbulb, electric

generator, battery, dictaphone, mimeograph and the motion picture.

1882 – Edison Electric Illuminating Company – new industry providing electric power to New York City.

Several of Edison companies merged into the Edison General Electric Company, which is known today as GE

Technology’s Impact Technology became a part

of most everyone’s life. Thaddeus Lowe invented the

ice machine – basis of the refrigerator. Gustavus Swift and the refrigerated railroad car – fresh meat delivery.

Technology changed the shoe and clothing industries as well.

Describe the concept of laissez-faire.

What is an entrepreneur? Give two examples of entrepreneurs. Who are they and what did they do?

Chapter 9 Section 2

By 1900 the U.S. had over 200,000 miles of rail road.

The railroad boom began in 1862 when the Pacific Railway Act was signed.

What was the name of the 2 railroads that built the transcontinental railroad?

Union Pacific & the Central Pacific ~ 10,000 workers ~ 10,000 animals 1 mile of

track

Four merchants known as the “Big Four” invested in the Central Pacific Railroad.

Leland Stanford.(grocer)

Charley Crocker (shop owner)

Collins P. Huntington and Mark Hopkins (Hardware store owners)

Gov. of CAU.S. Senator1885 Founded

Stanford Univ.Headed the

Central Pacific railroad

Employed tons of Chinese

Spurred Industrial growth by linking: The Nation Railroads increased the size of markets for many products

Stimulated the economy by spending lots of money on steel, coal, timber

Famous Railroad Consolidator

Had built the largest steam boat fleet in America

1869 – was able to offer the 1st direct rail service between New York City & Chicago

Before the 1880s, regions set their clocks by the sun’s position in the sky.

To make rail service more safe, in 1883 the American Railway Association divided the country into 4 time zones.

What are these time zones called?

To encourage railroad constructions the federal government gave land grants to many railroad companies. A land grant is a piece of land that is given to someone.

Railroad companies made most of their money by selling government land grants.

Scandals created the impression that railroad entrepreneurs were robber barons, or people who looted an industry and gave nothing back.

Jay Gould – practiced “insider trading.” He used information he received as a

railroad owner to manipulate stock prices to his benefit.

James J Hill (Was NOT a robber Baron) – built & operated the Great Northern railroad from St. Paul MN to WA

A construction company set up by several stockholders of the Union Pacific.

Scandal included many government officials.

By 1900Big Business dominates the economy

Would be possible w/o the Corporation, the people who own the Corporation are called the Stockholders Why: Because they own ownership of that

company (AKA Stock) When people invest in these companies

they are able to sale more and produce goods more rapidly

Even though falling prices help consumers they hurt business so . . .they pulled t/g to form POOLS AKA agreements to maintain prices at a certain level.

These were generally unpopular & did not last long

Born in Scotland Started as a railroad

Superv. 1875 opened a steel comp.

in Pittsburgh, PA 1st to use the Bessemer

Process – a new process of making steel easy & cheaply

Known for Vertical Integration – owns all of the factors of production for its business

John D Rockefeller is an example Combining many firms in the same

type of business (this can limit competition)

1880 John D. R – owned 90% of the oil refining industry

When a company receive control over the entire market than it becomes a Monopoly

Americans don’t like this why? . . .

1882 Standard Oil formed the first TRUST Trust - A new way of merging businesses that did

not violate the laws a/g owning other companies Holding companies – does not produce anything

itself , it owns stock in the companies that do produce goods

Selling the Product – Advertising (90 mill per yr) flyers, magazines, bill boards, newspapers

* Department Stores emerged by 1877 – most popular was Woolworth’s, later came Macy's, Marshall Fields