SECTION 1.2.3LESSON TWENTY TWO

A HEALTHY, ACTIVE LIFESTYLE AND YOUR

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM1.2.3a:Understand the immediate and short-term effects of

exercise and physical activity on the RESPIRATORY system

1.2.3b : Understand the long-term effects of exercise and physical activity on the RESPIRATORY system

1.2.3c : Understand the impact of recreational drugs on the RESPIRATORY system

LESSON OBJECTIVES

•WALT• 1.2.3a: Understand the immediate and short-

term effects of exercise and physical activity on the RESPIRATORY system1.2.3b : Understand the long-term effects of

exercise and physical activity on the RESPIRATORY system

1.2.3c : Understand the impact of recreational drugs on the RESPIRATORY system

LESSON OUTCOMES

WILF• All of you – will understand the immediate and short-term

effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system and the long-term effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system

• Most of you– will understand the immediate and short-term effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system and the long-term effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system

• and be able to answer exam questions/complete worksheets with help from teacher

• Some of you• - – will understand the immediate and short-term effects of

exercise and physical activity on the R system and the long-term effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system

• and be able to answer exam questions/complete worksheets independently.

starter

What is EPO and OXYGEN DEBT ?

answer• EPO =ERYTHROPOIETIN – A type of

peptide hormone that increases the red blood cell count

• OXYGEN DEBT= the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have ordinarily been consumed in the same time at rest ( this results in a shortfall in the oxygen available ).

The purpose of the respiratory system is to…

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

“bring the air we breathe into close contact with the blood so that oxygen can be absorbed and carbon dioxide

removed.”

Basically it consists of:

A pair of lungs connected to the mouth via the trachea and bronchi. The ribs and intercostal

muscles of the chest which protect the lungs, trachea and bronchi.

This chest X-ray shows the organs within the thoracic cavity.

Air-filledlung

Ribs

Position of the diaphragm

Positionof

the heart

The Thoracic CavityThe Thoracic Cavity

The lungs are in the thoracic cavity and are also protected by 12 pairs of ribs that articulate with the vertebrae towards the backof the body. The sternum(breastbone) is at thefront of the rib cage.

The portions of the ribsthat articulate with the

breastbone are madeof cartilage rather

than bone.

Cartilage

Cartilage is softerand more pliablethan bone and thishelps the movementof the rib cage during breathing.

Sets ofantagonistic

muscles are foundbetween the ribs -

the intercostal muscles.

Sternum

The trachea or windpipe is about 10 cm long and issupported by C-shaped rings of cartilage toprevent the tube from collapsing during breathing.

The tracheasubdivides into the left and right bronchus.The bronchi arealso strengthenedby cartilage.

The two bronchisubdivide to forman extensivenetwork ofBronchioles thatdeliver air to thegas exchangesurfaces – the alveoli.

Air enters the body through the nasal passages and

mouth, and passes via thepharynx and larynx

to the trachea.

Air is delivered tothe alveoli as thetrachea branchesinto bronchi and

bronchioles.

The respiratory system

The respiratory system works with the cv system

• when we breathe in, the muscles between our ribs contract causing the chest to expand upwards and outwards

•At same time diaphragm contracts; it flattens and lowers, changing from a dome to a flat shape

•When ribs lift upwards and outwards lungs are also pulled outwards

•As pressure inside lungs is reduced, air rushes in through nose and mouth.

Inspiration - Breathing InInspiration - Breathing In

When inhaling…

The intercostal muscles contract

and pull the rib cage up and out. The diaphragm contracts

causing it to flatten. The chest cavity gets

larger causing pressurein the lungs to fall.

Air moves into the lungs

from the higher outside pressure.

Airflowing

in

The chest cavity getssmaller and so pressurein the lungs increases.

When exhaling…

Expiration - Breathing OutExpiration - Breathing Out

The intercostal muscles relax and so the rib cage returns

to normal.

The diaphragm relaxes pushing it up.

Air flows out of the lungs.

During periods of exercise, expiration becomes an active process, involving the forced expulsion of air.

Airflowing

out

• As air passess through nose it is filtered by hairs, warmed by blood vessels and moistened by water vapour before passing through the trachea tube

• The trachea branches left and right into the bronchi which take air into the left and right lung

• The trachea and bronchi contain microscopic hairs, which are covered with mucus to ensure air is cleaned

• Bronchi branch off into smaller bronchioles that reach tiny sacs called alveoli.

The Exchange of Gases within the The Exchange of Gases within the Lungs Lungs

Single alveolus

The 2 bronchi, which lead to each lung divide into many bronchioles. These are less than 1mm in diameter and terminate in grape-like clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli.

Section of lung

Thorax

alveoli• The lining of the

alveoli is very thin and moist and clean to enable gas exchange to work effectively

Gas exchange

• Alveoli are surrounded by many tiny capillaries

• O2 in the alveoli diffuses into the deoxygenated blood

• Haemoglobin then carries O2 around body

• At same time CO2 diffuse out of blood into alveoli and is breathed out i.e. gas exchange.

The Difference between InhaledThe Difference between Inhaledand Exhaled Air and Exhaled Air

InhaleInhaleair into the lungs (%)air into the lungs (%)

ExhaleExhaleair out of the lungs (%)air out of the lungs (%)

Nitrogen 79%

Carbon Dioxide 0.04%

Water vapour 0.01%

Oxygen 16%

Carbon Dioxide 4.0%

Nitrogen 79%

Water vapour 1%

Oxygen 20.95 %

Tidal Volume

The volume of air you breathe inand out with each breath.

Respiration Rate

The number of times you breathe in one minute.

Breathing - Key TermsBreathing - Key Terms

Tidal volume is largerduring exercising.

The lowest rates are foundduring sleep, or at rest.

Vital Capacity – the maximum amount of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much air as possible.

Residual Volume – the air left in the lungs after you have breathed out as hard as possible.

VO2 Max – the maximum amount of oxygen your body can take in and use in one minute.

Breathing - Key TermsBreathing - Key Terms

EPO• Fitter people will

cope better with gas exchange – getting more O2 in and CO2 out per breath.

• EPO helps produce more red blood cells so attracts more O2 during gas exchange.

• Epo is an illegal drug in sports.

What is EPO? EPO (short for erythropoietin) is a hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell production. The primary benefit of altitude training is an increase in the natural production of EPO which increases the hemoglobin content of the blood. Oxygen is transported in the blood attached to hemoglobin. An increase in EPO, therefore, leads to an increase in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. More oxygen in the blood means more oxygen reaches the muscles for aerobic energy production, which enhances performance for long distance runners, cyclists, and other

endurance athletes.

The respiratory system is the means by which…

How does the Respiratory System How does the Respiratory System contribute to Performance in Sport?contribute to Performance in Sport?

Carbon dioxide is removed.

As a result, it is the respiratory systemwhich enables…

Blood to become rich in oxygen and… The blood to supply the body with oxygen and to remove the

carbon dioxide from every cell.

The Respiratory System is vital to Performance in

Sport.

Oxygen is brought into the body.

The aim of volleyball is to make the ball touch inside the court area of the opposing team, while keeping it from touching yours.

VolleyballVolleyball

Players need to be constantly on the move in order to achieve this, and so the respiratory system needs to…

Increase the removal of carbon dioxide and heat from the muscles, again so they can work harder.

Increase the supply of oxygen to the muscles which are now working harder, so

they can continue to contract and create movement.

To achieve this, respiration rates and diffusion of gasesin the lungs increases in line with exercising.

 • THE IMMEDIATE AND SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF PARTICIPATION IN EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

An increased breathing rate helps get more O2 to the working muscles

Immediate effects of exercise

•BREATHING BECOMES FASTER, DEEPER AND STRONGER

Oxygen debt

Oxygen debt = a shortfall in o2 available during the recovery period after exercise• Intense exercise – such as 200m race -

requires more glucose and O2, and so more waste product is produced

• Your heart beats faster, and you breathe more deeply, in an attempt to provide more O2 and nutrients to working muscles

• If muscles cant get enough O2 from breathing body reverts to ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION BUT this leads to build up of LACTIC ACID and an OXYGEN DEBT that needs to be repaid.

Oxygen debt

• = the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have ordinarily been consumed in the same time at rest .

• If lactic acid cant be dispersed, muscles ache and cramp can occur which stops performer.

• To repay oxygen debt you breath deeper and quicker to take in more O2. you will need to rest until the blood can bring sufficient O2 to the muscles.

Effects of regular participation and long term benefits of exercise on the respiratory system

• Regular training leads to a more efficient respiratory system , which can cope with the effects of exercise more easily.

increases lung capacity and lung efficiency• increases tidal volume i.e. the amount of air breathed

in and out of the lungs with each breath• increases vital capacity i.e. the largest amount of air

that can be breathed in and out of the lungs by the most forceful inspiration and expiration.

• It increases the amount of alveoli available for gaseous exchange so more oxygen is available for the working muscles and the process becomes more efficient.

Complete the mind map

What are the effects of regular participation and long term benefits of exercise on the respiratory system?

The effects of smoking on the respiratory system

Damages lungs and alveoli – become less stretchy so cannot take in as much O2 or get rid of CO2

Gaseous exchange is less efficient

Person becomes short of breath and heart has to pump harder to get O2 body needs

Effects of smoking on sports performers

= recovery in endurance athletes is slower as a reduced amount of oxygen

gets to the muscles due to carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke

Test yourself

• Complete questions 1 a, b, c, d on page 61

Complete past paper questions

(h) Which of the following is a long-term effect of participation in exercise andphysical activity on the respiratory system?(1)A Increase in blood flow to the lungsB Increase in oxygen debtC Increase in vital capacityD Increase in breathing rate

• C

• An increase in vital capacity

Although not illegal, smoking can have dangerous side effects on the body.In the table:• name the two body systems that can be seriously damaged by cigarette smoke(2)

• state a health risk associated with smoking for each of these systems.

(b) Apart from the obvious health risks, why are sports performers advised not tosmoke?(1)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 9 = 5 marks)10 An oxygen debt can occur when working hard during physical activity. Explain theterm ‘oxygen debt’.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 10 = 3 marks)

Both activities require the boys to work aerobically and anaerobically. For each ofthe following statements, state whether the activity is aerobic or anaerobic.(i) Rob kept a steady pace for the first mile and a half of the race.(1)...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(ii) At one point near the end of the race Rob had to sprint to prevent the runnerbehind overtaking him and going into the lead.(1)...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(iii) During the fifth minute of the game Imran had a chance to score a goal,he struck the ball hard and gave his team an early lead.(1)...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(iv) In the second half of the game Imran spent a lot of time slowly jogging backinto position.(1)...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Example of a six mark question - completeA healthy, active lifestyle will have an impact on the body systems. A)Describe some of the effects of participation on the body’s respiratory systemIn your answer you may consider:• the immediate and short-term effects of participation on each system• the effects of regular participation and long-term effects on each system.B) Describe the effects of smoking on the respiratory system