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Section 13.3
Internment of Japanese
Americans
Photo of internment camp with US flag in foreground
Objectives
• Identify Executive Order 9066
• Identify and describe Korematsu v US (1945)
• Understand reasoning behind the internment
• Understand why, today, E.O. 9066 stands out as an improper act by our govt.
Post 9/11• After 9/11 hundreds of people of
Arab decent (some US citizens, some illegal aliens) were rounded up and held without access to legal council. José Padilla, a U.S. citizen, was arrested in Chicago on May 8, 2002. He was accused of being a terrorist, designated an illegal enemy combatant and transferred to a military prison. The US government argued that because he was an Illegal Combatant he was thereby not entitled to the normal protection of U.S. law or the Geneva Conventions.
• Do you thinks that’s right?
Above: NY Times headline from 9/12/01; Below: photo of Padilla
How did the US government restrict “Aliens of Enemy Nationality”?
• After December 7 the US government restricted “aliens of enemy nationality”– Couldn't travel without
permission, enter strategic areas, possess shortwave radios, guns, maps
– Restrictions were lifted from Germans, Italians on Columbus Day 1942
• For 127 thousand Japanese they remained
• Issei- 47 thousand Japanese aliens in US
• Nisei- 80 thousand Japanese-Americans
Above: map of western US with camps; Below: notice to Japanese to report for relocation
Describe the attitude Americans had toward the Japanese after Pearl Harbor.
• Viewed as “A Fifth Column”– Disloyal group who aids the
enemy
• Backstabbers
• “A Jap's a Jap. The only good one is a dead one!”
Above: cartoon implying Japanese-Americans were traitors, about to blow up places in the US; Below: cartoon with rat-faced Japanese intended to inspire Americans to buy war bonds
What was Executive Order 9066?
• Authorized military commanders to designate "military areas from which any or all persons may be excluded."
• Allowed them to relocate 120 thousand Japanese-Americans into Internment Camps
Above: young, sympathetic Japanese with suitcases headed to camps; Below: barracks at one of the camps
Describe the Internment Camps• Army placed them in
“assembly centers” or War Relocation Centers
• Usually in remote areas• Manned by armed guards• Sites lacked basic sanitation• tar paper-covered barracks
without plumbing or cooking facilities
• Some only allotted $.45 for food per person, per day
Map showing camps of various kinds, all out west
Read “Background of the Case”• Discussion Question:
Should a president have special powers in times of war?– Ex.
• Patriot Act• Power to deny “enemy
combatants” Constitutional or Geneva Convention protections
• Power to spy phone calls without a court order (National Security Agency or NSA)
• Power to seize foreign citizens in foreign nations and hold them indefinitely as suspected terrorists
Above: Mr. Korematsu after the war; Below: Korematsu and family in transit
Read “The Court’s Decision”
• Highlight or underline the reason for the Court’s decision. How did they justify their decision?
• Do you agree?
Portrait of FDR
Read “Dissenting Opinions”• Highlight or underline
Justice Murphy’s reasons for dissenting.
• Which Constitutional amendments did he cite?
Photo of Justice Murphy
One of the more blatantly anti-Japanese signs on display in the US