Section 1:The Scientific Revolution

Section 2:The Foundations of European Exploration

Section 3:Voyages of Portugal and Spain

Section 4:The Spanish and Dutch Empires

CHAPTER 16CHAPTER 16

Divide a sheet of paper into 2 columns headed Magical and Scientific. In one column write the words that describe how people who believed in magic tried to learn about nature. In the other column write words describing how scientists learn about nature.

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Until the 1500s most Europeans saw small differences between science and magic

The word science is based on a Latin word meaning “to know”Scientists rejected the idea the Church and the

classics were the only source of knowledge

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Section 1: The Scientific RevolutionSection 1: The Scientific RevolutionSection 1: The Scientific RevolutionSection 1: The Scientific Revolution

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Roger Bacon (monk) – favored a system of scientific experimentationDeveloped the

scientific method

New tools and instruments to observe and measureInstruments included barometer, microscope,

telescope, air pump, and thermometer used to observe and measure

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Copernicus – heliocentric theoryIn the A.D. 100s Ptomely said the Earth was the

center of the universe – the sun and the planets moved around the earth known as geocentric (earth-centered) theory

In 1543, Copernicus argued the sun was the center – heliocentric (sun-centered) theory

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The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

Kepler and Galileo – proved Copernicus’ theory and invented telescopeJohannes Kepler used observations of Mars as well

as mathematical equations to prove the planets moved around the sun in elliptical, not circular as Aristotle had said

Galileo invented the telescope and saw the mountains and valleys of the moon, rings around Saturn, spots on the Sun, moons around Jupiter

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Galileo’s work caused many problems with the church. could not publish work without the church’s

approvalChurch banned the heliocentric idea from being

taughttried by the Inquisition in 1633 at the age of 69 forced to deny his findings and sentenced to

remain in his home

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Isaac NewtonNewton – laws of motion and gravitationExplained why objects appear to be colored in that

they absorb all other colors except the one they reflect proved by his passing light through a prism

Explains gravity

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Schools of science began to develop in Rome, England, and France.

Descartes – “I think, therefore I am.”Rene Descartes ideas developed a philosophy based on

reason that all assumptions had to be proven based on known facts

Believed his own existence was proven because he could think

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Francis Bacon – proof of ideas on observations and demonstration

Other scientific discoveries – calculus, microscope, chemistry-(Robert Boyle)

Think about explorers you have studied and the resources those people needed for their journeys. Think about space exploration today and write down things a country needs in order to explore space.

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Improvements in technology were done in order to find better routes to the East for its richesMapmaking – most know the world was round and as

explorers sailed around Africa, they were added to the maps – the Americas were undiscovered

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Section 2: The Foundations of European ExplorationSection 2: The Foundations of European ExplorationSection 2: The Foundations of European ExplorationSection 2: The Foundations of European Exploration

Navigation – development of compass, ships could sail beyond the sight of land w/o getting lost

New ships – traveled farther, faster, and under greater variety of weather conditions

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Commercial Revolution (1400-1700) – standardization of money encouraged international trade and banking

Joint-stock company – owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company and investors who bought stock became co-owners and shared in the profits

Colonization led to increased riches

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Mercantilism – stated that a country’s government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth, which was measured by the amount of gold and silver the country possessedAccording to this belief, the world contained a fixed

amount of wealth, and increase its wealth one country had to take it from another country

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Ways to increase country’s wealth other than take from other countries by war; mine gold and silver in colonies and at home, favorable trade balance, and gain raw materialsIf a country could gain raw materials they would not

have to import (buy) from other countries (colonies)Favorable balance of trade – sell more goods that it

bought from other countries

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Tariffs (import taxes) to discourage people from buying foreign goods taking away from the home country.

Encourage exports – selling materials to other countries

Subsidies (grants of money) were given to businesspeople by the government to help start new industries

The role of colonies – colonies were not allowed to manufacture goods, sell goods to other countries, or import goods from other countries – only support the mother country

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Curiosity and spirit of discovery with the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution led to exploration of the world outside Europe

Hope of wealth or better way of lifeEscape religious persecution or spread religion

brought on by the Reformation and Counter-Reformation

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List products from Asia that many people in America use.

How do these products come to America?Imagine if everything from Asia had to come

almost entirely overland, crossing from Russia to Alaska at the Bering Strait.

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Prince Henry of Portugal funded explorations along the coast of Africa currents, wind

pattern, and climates

Africa – slave, gold, ivory trade

Voyages of Portugal and SpainVoyages of Portugal and SpainVoyages of Portugal and SpainVoyages of Portugal and Spain

Bartolomue Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama – used Dias route and sailed on to India landing there in 1498

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Spain became interested in the search for for new trade routes to increase riches, etc.

Christopher Columbus (Italian) thought he could sail west to reach IndiaSpain funded his voyage1492 sailed west with 3 small ships

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Landed at San Salvadorbelieved the islands where he land were off the

coast of IndiaOther explorers knew of the land but the

Bahamas where Columbus landed were undiscovered by Europeans

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Columbian Exchange – American foods were introduced in Europe Spanish brought horses to the Americas smallpox and other diseases were brought to the

Americas

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Spain and Portugal were 2 of Europe’s most active countries in explorationPope Alexander VI divided their lands with the

Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain took most of Central and South America and Philippines; Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East Indies

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Amerigo Vespucci – explored America, did not think it was part of Asia, called it the New World

Balboa – made an overland crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and called the ocean the South Sea (Pacific Ocean)Balboa’s discovery

proved the new world was not part of Asia

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Magellan – named the Pacific (peaceful) Ocean ; proved that the western lands were a New World, not a part of AsiaHe and his crew

made the first round the world voyage

Portuguese also went to Africa to tradefriendly relationships and missionaries in the

beginningeconomic interests took overNative Americans as slaves

Disease killed millionsSlaves were needed on sugar plantations off

the African coast to make a profit

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Triangular trade – merchants shipped goods to Africa for slaves, slaves were sent to the Americas and sold for products, merchants sent products to Europe to sell for a profitMiddle Passage – shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to

the Americasaround 10 million Africans survived the passage to the

Americas

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African kingdoms and slavery – not all African kingdoms participated in slave trade, some native populations in Africa were depleted

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Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain expansion and colonization

Battles, shipwrecks, and a small population were too much to handle on top of the empire

In 1580, Spain took over Portugal

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Write a list of examples of conquest or colonization, based on previous chapters or your knowledge of current events.

Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe during the 1500s with the largest overseas empire mostly focusing on the Americas

1513 Ponce de Leon sailed to what is now Florida and others later open the southwest U.S. to Spain

Conquests – In 1519 Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán and its ruler Montezuma II and built Mexico City in its place

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Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch EmpiresSection 4: The Spanish and Dutch EmpiresSection 4: The Spanish and Dutch EmpiresSection 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires

Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and what is now Peru and Ecuador to Chile for Spain in the 1530s

Colonial government and society – horses, guns, disease weakened native Aztec populations; Spain grew wealthyViceroys – officials who represente monarchies

in the colonies and reported to the Council of the Indies in Spain who ran the colonial empire for the Spanish crown

Eventually brought African Slaves to work the mines and farms

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French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of Spain’s wealth and lands

Spain passed laws to try to keep foreigners out of their colonies

Pirates attacked Spain’s ships and towns

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Holy Roman Emperor (member of the Habsburg family) – had conflicting demands between being king of Spain, supporting German aims, and defending Christian Europe

Felt that the Spanish and Holy Roman empires were too large for one man to rule

Divided lands among members of his familyHis son Philip II received Spain

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King of Spain – and was dedicated to strengthening Spain’s hold as Europe’s leading power

Philip II saw himself as the leader of the Counter-Reformation

controlled every facet of government, directed Spanish Inquisition

He involved Spain in wars to defend Catholicism and hurt the country financially

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The Netherlands break from Spain led by William of Orange – practiced guerrilla warfare; northern provinces declared independence from Spain

Dutch society – seafaring people, religious tolerance, lively cultural center

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The Dutch colonial empire – trade was controlled by Dutch East India Company founded in 1602; First colony was the island of Java in 1619 then on to

The Cape of Good Hope, and Japandid not force their own culture or religious beliefs on

other societies; their sole intention was making money

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Growing populationIncreased costs and shortage of food, clothing,

and housing drove prices upExpulsion of Jews and Moriscos – many skilled

bankers, business people, commercial leaders and artisans

Flow of money out of Spain helped other countries grow

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