Chapter 8 – Revolutions in Europe and Latin America,

1790 - 1848Section 2 Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

The Charter of French Liberties 1. Created by Louie XVIII after COV2. Is a written Constitution3. Created a two house legislature4. Limited freedom of the press

Few people were satisfied

The French Revolution of 1830

Ideological Spectrum

Ultraroyalists (supporters of the

King)

•Ultraroyalists 1. Supporters of the King2. Despised constitutional

government3. Wanted to restore the Old

Regime

Charles X, brother of Louis XVIII1. Became King after the death of his brother

(1824)2. Strong believer in absolutism 3. Rejected the idea of the Charter of French

Liberties

The July Revolution

July 1830, Charles X1. Suspended the legislature2. Limited the right to vote3. Restricted the press

The July Revolution

In Paris, angry liberal and radical citizens responded with force

Within days, radicals controlled Paris by 1. Setting up barricades2. Firing upon soldiers3. Pelting soldiers with stones

Charles X abdicated the throne and fled Paris

The July Revolution

Radicals wanted to set up a republic

Moderate liberals wanted a constitutional monarchy

Louis Philippe was chosen as king; he was chosen by the lower house of the French legislature

The July Revolution

Louis Philippe, cousin of Charles X

Citizen King because he owed his throne to the people

Got along well with the liberal bourgeoisie

The “Citizen King”

Under his rule the upper bourgeoisie prospered

1. Suffrage extended to France’s wealthier citizens

2. Created policies that favored the middle class

3. Lower class / working class still not represented

The “Citizen King”

Radicals unhappy with France in the 1840’s

Secret societies pushed for a Republic

Utopian socialists called for an end to private ownership

Liberals called for an end to Louis Philippe’s government; called for expansion of suffrage

The French Revolution of 1848

A recession ignited the flames of revolution

Factories shut down / people lost jobs

Poor harvests caused rising bread prices

Government officials receive the blame

The French Revolution of 1848

Government took steps to end the ridicule

Angry mobs took to the streets

As the turmoil spread Louis Philippe abdicated

The birth of the Second Republic

February Days (1848)

Second Republic the works of a group1. Liberal2. Radical 3. Socialist

Socialists wanted to help the hungry and working classes

1. Established national workshops; provided jobs for the unemployed

February Days (1848)

Upper and middle class’s win control over the government; shut down national workshops

Angry workers take to the streets of Paris and riot (“Bread or Lead!”)

Bourgeoisie Liberals responded with violence; peasants who feared socialist would take their land, attacked the rioting workers

June Days (1848)

Nearly 1,500 people were killed before the government shut down the rebellion

Aftermath1. Middle class feared and distrusted those to

the left 2. working class had a deep hatred for the

bourgeoisie

June Days (1848)

By the end of 1848 the National Assembly1. Issued a constitution for the Second

Republic2. Created a strong president 3. Established a one-house legislature4. Allowed suffrage to all adult men (9 million

men, before 200,000)

Louis Napoleon

Presidential election winner = Louis Napoleon; nephew of Napoleon Bonapate

1. Attracted the working class; presented himself as someone who cared about social issues (poverty)

2. Liked by conservatives because of his historical name

Louis Napoleon

By 1852 he proclaimed himself emperor; calling himself Napoleon III

Used a plebiscite to win public approval as justification for taking power

90% of voters approved the move to establish the Second Empire

Louis Napoleon

Paris inspires uprisings to break out elsewhere in Europe

“When France Sneezes, Europe catches cold.” – Metternich

The Spread of Revolution

1830, Belgians resented the arrangement that placed them and Holland under the Dutch King made at the COV

Belgians and Dutch separated by1. Language2. Religions (Catholic / Protestants)3. Economic interests (manufacturing / trade)

After learning about the revolutions in France of 1830, Belgians revolutionary spirit is ignited

Belgium

Students and workers barricaded the streets of Brussels, and turned to violence versus soldiers

The Dutch King turned to his partners of the COV for help

Britain and France knew this revolt would disrupt the boundaries set at COV but would benefit more by having an independent Belgium and Holland

Belgium

Other COV countries; Austria, Prussia and Russia were too busy putting down revolts of their own to aid the Dutch King

1831Belgium becomes an independent state with a liberal constitution

Belgium

Poles join to forge a nationalist uprising

Unlike the Belgians, Poles were unable to declare their independence

Most of Poland landed under the was under Russian rule because of the COV

Poland

French Revolution of 1848 unleashed a wave of revolution across Europe

Time for opponents of the old order to make a stand, “springtime of the peoples.”

1848: Another Wave of Rebellion

Grievances had been piling up for years in Europe

1. Middle-class liberals wanted a greater share of political power for themselves

2. Middle-class liberals wanted protections for basic rights of all citizens

3. Workers demanded relief from the miseries of the Industrial Revolution

4. Nationalists wanted independence from foreign oppression

Sources of Discontent

 Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire

Leading voice in the COV

Revolts break out in Vienna (Austria)

1. Students supported by workers took to the streets rioting

2. Demanded liberal reforms

3. Metternich resigned his post as minister

Metternich Falls

Revolts in Austria spread to Budapest and Prague

Nationalist demanded an independent government from the empire

Wanted an end of serfdom and wanted a written constitution

Made gains, but they were temporary

Austrian troops regained re-took control of Vienna and Prague

Metternich Falls

Nationalist uprising begins in Italy

Italy was controlled by the Austrian Empire

Nationalists goals were linked to liberal reforms and established new republics

Workers wanted to push the reforms further

Austrian troops but an end to revolts, and put things back to the way they were before the revolutions

Revolution in Italy

University students demanded national unity and liberal reform

Famine leaves workers and peasants angry and hungry

There were many divisions amongst reformers

Finally offered the King of Prussia Frederick William IV the crown of a united Germany

Turmoil in the German States

Frederick William IV rejected the crown because it was offered by the people

1849 – assembly dissolved by Prussian army

Middle class reformers and radical reformers clash; hundred killed, many more hundreds put in jail

Turmoil in German States