Section 2The Church in the Middle Ages (67-118)

Section 2, Part 3The High (and Late) Middle Ages (pp. 98-118)

Introduction High Middle Ages (1000-1350) and Late Middle Ages (1350-1500)

Period of intense religious & secular European society Monastic reform and form Building advances led to architectural advances of Gothic cathedrals

from Romanesque cathedrals—symbiotic relationship with cities/towns Universities & scholasticism grew in towns around cathedrals

Catalyzed by ancient Greek works, especially Aristotle, brought to west by crusaders—Thomas Aquinas

Eucharistic theology & devotion emerged as defended from heresy Inquisitions: one defended teachings of Lateran IV; one national Five Articles

(A. 22) – New Religious Orders (pp. 99-103) (A. 23) – Medieval Cathedrals: Works of Beauty and Inspiration (pp. 103-106) (A. 24) – Scholastics and Medieval Universities (pp. 106-109) (A. 25) – The Eucharist: Heresies, Teachings, and Devotions (pp. 110-113) (A. 26) – Understanding the Inquisitions (pp. 113-117)

Article 22: New Religious Orders (pp. 99-103) Developments in Religious Life during the High Middle Ages

Renewal of Benedictine monasticism Roots in 909 with monastery in Cluny, France

Return to rule and spirit of St. Benedict, true discipleship, poverty and simplicity, freedom from lay

Spread throughout Europe by 1050 Carthusians (Bruno) and Cistercians (Bernard) were founded in

11th century Adaptations of St. Benedict’s Rule—austere hermits and

poor solitary monks who labor (advances) New Religious Orders--Mendicants (beggars = hand to mouth)

Renewal outside the monastery walls; active lifestyle with apostolate; mobile; begging

Article 22: New Religious Orders cont. (pp. 99-103) Franciscans—Order of Friars Minor (OFM)—St. Francis of Assisi (1180/81-

1226) Biography of Francis Approval of first mendicant rule in 1209 by Innocent III Friars vs. monks Spirituality of poverty and imitation of Christ = renewal at the time Still alive today = Pope Francis and Prayer of St. Francis

Dominicans—Order of Preachers (OP)—St. Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221) Educated traveling friars to teach and preach against heresy, esp.

Albigensianism Approved in 1215 by Innocent III and spread in western and central

Europe Communal houses near universities (Paris, Bologna, … ) St. Thomas Aquinas—most famous Black Friar

Female Religious Orders—founder of Poor Clares & St. Clare of Assisi = first mendicant order/rule for women; previously Scholatines—monastic order for women

HomeworkFor Thursday:

Read pp. 103-109 (AA. 23-24) in the e-Book for discussion in class Thursday

P. 118; 1-3

Article 23: Medieval Cathedrals: Works of Beauty and Inspiration (pp. 103-106)

Church architectural changes: house; simple stone; basilicas in 313; regional variances but unchanged until 1000; cathedrals

Each major town had its own cathedral—center of life (Christian) No expense was spared—large, grand, precious, intricate Reciprocal relationship of cathedral to population growth (skilled) Workers were master artisans and engineers Multi-generational project—size, time, money = centrality of faith Gothic vs. Romanesque type

(R): hugh pillars, rounded arches, stone roofs, thick fortress walls, small windows but lots of light, cherubs, clouds, light colors, gold leaf

(G): high thin walls, ribbed-vault ceilings, tall spires, flying buttresses, airy, graceful, stained glass (rose on west nave wall; catechesis), gargoyles

Interior aspects: chancel (choir) for the Divine Office, high altar, cathedra, side chapels for private masses vs. people’s mass, relics of saints and kings, pulpit for long catechetical sermons, also apse, transepts, and side aisles (2 or 4)

Medieval cathedral vs. modern day one

Article 24: Scholastics and Medieval Universities (pp. 106-109)

Colleges & universities you are pondering have their roots in H.M.A. First schools attached to monasteries in 6th century Classes were taught by educated monks and nuns to seminarians

(tonsure) and a primary form of catechesis for laity As cathedrals developed in the 11th and 12th centuries, schools

developed into universities as teachers and students gathered Universitas model (guild) for mutual protection: licenses & degrees Study liberal arts (astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, logic, math,

geometry) and sciences (theology, law, medicine) Males at 14: 6 years for a bachelors & 12 more for a master/doctorate South: law & medicine (Bologna 1088, Salamanca 1218, Padua 1222,

Coimbra 1290, ) North: liberal arts, canon law, & theology--“queen of the sciences”

(Paris 1150, Oxford 1167, Cambridge 1209, Prague 1348, Cracow 1364 80 by 1300; more by 1400; most still open today

Article 24 cont.: Scholastics & Medieval Universities (pp. 106-109) Scholasticism

1100-1500 in medieval universities Dialectical method of thinking, teaching, & writing through reasoned

arguments between two or more parties Object—all scientific knowledge but especially knowledge of God First principle—faith and reason can be reconciled Primary objective—reconcile ancient Greek thought (esp. Aristotle) with

traditional Christian thought Key Figures

Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)—Benedictine: theology = faith seeking understanding; inquire into truths of scripture

Peter Abelard (1079-1142)—lay: theological method; question (quaestio), investigate (interrogatio), argument & final resolution (disputatio)

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)—Dominican; jewel of Scholasticism John Duns Scotus (1265-1308)—Franciscan: Scripture; Immaculate Conc.

HomeworkRead pp. 110-117 (AA. 25-26) in the e-Book

for class discussion tomorrow

p. 118; 5-7

Article 25: The Eucharist: Heresies, Teachings, & Devotions (pp. 110-113)

Heresy of Albigensianism rose in France in the 12th century Medieval version of gnosticism—dualistic; matter is bad; Cathari Concluded Sacraments and priests are bad, esp. the Eucharist

Bernardo Gui, OP (1262-1331) quote Church responded with the IV Lateran Council (1215)

Called by Innocent III (1198-1216) 1200 bishops passed 70 canons Celibacy, simony, seal of confession, annual confession & Easter duty, 7 Sacraments, etc…

Transubstantiation St. John Chrysostom—words are priest, power is Christ Council of Trent (1545-1563)—further clarified Point of distinction between Catholics and Protestants

Article 25 cont.: The Eucharist: Heresies, Teachings, & Devotions (pp. 110-113)

St. John Paul II—Eucharist is the life of the Church Medieval Eucharistic Devotions emerge

Feast of Corpus Christi Thursday or Sunday after Trinity Sunday Juliana of Liege, Belgium—synod in 1246 Urban IV (1261-1264)—papal bull made universal

Eucharistic Adoration Exposed in monstrance or ciborium St. Francis—religious and priests in Italy King Louis VIII (1187-1226)—lay; began as thanksgiving for victory over Albi.

St. Clare of Assisi (1194-1253) Depicted in religious art with a monstrance Thomas Celano relates story of Saracen conquest in 1240

Article 26: Understanding the Inquisitions (pp. 113-117)

Inquisition—inquire or unfair trial? Two events (times, purposes, and conduct)—danger of simplifying

U.S.A.—Red Scare and Exploration of America Medieval (Papal/Roman) Inquisition (conversion stamps out heresy)

Practice dates back to Constantine in the 4th century Civil practice of capture & punishment (fines, prison, corporal; death) Tradition of objection—Ambrose of Milan focused on conversion Practice dies out with the Roman Empire’s fall to barbarians Albigensians & Waldensians in 12th prompted re-emergence in 13th Pope Gregory IX in 1231--Rome & focused on Italy, France, and Germany Dominican and Franciscan inquisitors—educated, devoted, & free Tribunal (3)—power to investigate and judge; process Mistakes—secret, word as evidence, death, abuse of power, climate Misunderstandings—most penalties canonical, civil executed

Article 26 cont.: Understanding the Inquisitions (pp. 113-117)

Spanish Inquisition Under Spanish monarchy not Pope Sixtus IV Facts also over simplified and misunderstood Began in 15th century (1478-1834) Political motive of unifying Spain to bolster leadership First inquisitors and auto da fe in 1481 Pope Sixtus tried to control the inquisition process; Ferdinand rejected so

he lost all control Targeted recent converts and sinners First 60 years—3,000 conversos executed Next 300 years—more trials than executions Shifted to Protestant focus and then purity of blood for ordinations in the New World Timeline on p. 117

Homeworkp. 118; 4, 8-9

Study for the 2.3 Quiz tomorrow (pp. 98-118; AA. 22-26)

Make sure the 2.3 HW is ready to turn in tomorrow (p. 118; 1-9)