Section 4 Energy Management

Section 4

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Section 4 — Energy Management Design Brief Standards

Property Services — Construction Section 4 Page 2 Issue No. 5, January 2003 ©Copyright RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia 1997 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

4 CONTENTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 3 4.2 NEW CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................................................... 3

4.2.1 Building Design ...................................................................................................................... 3 4.2.2 Alternative Energy Sources ................................................................................................. 3 4.2.3 Energy Design Standards and Impact Statement .......................................................... 4

4.3 LIGHTING .......................................................................................................................................... 4 4.4 ENERGY CONSERVATION – UNIVERSITY POLICIES AND GUIDELINES............................................. 5

4.4.1 Use and Occupation ........................................................................................................... 5 4.4.2 Internal Environment Conditions ........................................................................................ 5 4.4.3 Sizing of Mechanical Plant .................................................................................................. 5 4.4.4 Building Automation System ............................................................................................... 5

4.5 ENERGY CONSERVATION – ENGINEERING SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT........................................ 6 4.5.1 Energy Targets ....................................................................................................................... 6 4.5.2 Ventilation Fans..................................................................................................................... 6 4.5.3 Pumps ..................................................................................................................................... 6 4.5.4 Cooling................................................................................................................................... 7

4.5.4.1 Evaporative Cooling ..............................................................................................................................7 4.5.4.2 Economy Cycle Cooling........................................................................................................................7 4.5.4.3 Refrigeration ............................................................................................................................................7 4.5.4.4 Heat Rejection Plant...............................................................................................................................7

4.5.5 Heating................................................................................................................................... 7 4.5.6 Thermal Storage.................................................................................................................... 7 4.5.7 Heat Recovery ...................................................................................................................... 7 4.5.8 Automatic Controls .............................................................................................................. 8 4.5.9 Maintainability....................................................................................................................... 8 4.5.10 Domestic Hot Water Services.............................................................................................. 8 4.5.11 Stairwells ................................................................................................................................. 8

4.6 ENERGY CONSERVATION: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS............. 8 4.6.1 Building Form ......................................................................................................................... 8 4.6.2 Insulation ................................................................................................................................ 8 4.6.3 Fenestration ........................................................................................................................... 9

4.7 MANAGEMENT OF ILLUMINATION................................................................................................... 9 4.7.1 Lighting Standards — Design Criteria ................................................................................ 9

4.7.1.1 Recommended levels of illuminance for selected building area ..................................................9 4.7.2 Lamp Selection Criteria ..................................................................................................... 11 4.7.3 Fixtures Selection................................................................................................................. 11 4.7.4 Energy Consumption.......................................................................................................... 11

4.8 THE ENERGY IMPACT STATEMENT................................................................................................... 12 4.8.1 Requirement........................................................................................................................ 12 4.8.2 Contents............................................................................................................................... 12

APPENDIX 4.A: ENERGY IMPACT STATEMENT (PREPARED BY CONSULTANT)..............................................13 APPENDIX 4.B ENERGY POLICY ....................................................................................................................18

Design Brief Standards Section 4 — Energy Management


4.1 INTRODUCTION The University recognises energy conservation and management as a significant element of life cycle cost concepts relative to both existing and new building stock.

This section is a guide so that all building design results in efficient energy use throughout it's life span. Generally the project shall provide an integrated solution to the input of all disciplines, and represent an optimum energy balance.

The University has adopted a policy on energy management and conservation. A copy is included in Appendix 4.B. Consultants are referred to the Property Council of Australia advisory Energy Guidelines and Sustainable Energy Authority (Vic) Building Energy Brief for commercial and public buildings for information and RMIT Bioclimatic Design Guidelines.

Factors affecting the energy performance of a building shall be considered at each stage of the design process.

An Energy Impact Statement shall be completed by Consultants when documentation is complete, to enable the University to review predicted energy use and to initiate recording, budgetary and energy management operations throughout the life of the building.

The above requirements are to direct the Consultant's attention to the factors that can lead to a significant improvement in the energy performance of buildings. Where optimisation of thermal performance is required on energy costs and energy loads, a computer-based analysis shall be required, using the latest technology available.

4.2 NEW CONSTRUCTION Unless restricted by the National Trust or by the Historical Building Society, all areas of construction, new or renovation, the recommendations as outlined in the Australian Standards for energy efficient building design, Building Code of Australia and all relevant codes must be taken into account. These codes and standards will be followed as closely as possible to ensure that the University will not incur extraordinary, future energy costs. Design standards will be developed, suited to the method of operations within RMIT, that go beyond existing energy standards where possible.

All planning for construction and equipment purchase and installation must include energy life cycle costing. Optimal energy efficient equipment will be installed, based on investment guidelines, as provided in this Policy.

4.2.1 Building Design Building design issues that will be considered include the efficiency of the building envelope and site factors, including: shape; location and meteorological influences; contours; landscaping (affecting micro-climate); building form; mass; insulation; orientation; fenestration; and sun control techniques.

4.2.2 Alternative Energy Sources Alternative energy sources such as solar heating and heat recovery systems will be investigated and implemented if they accord with the return on investment requirements specified in this Policy. Opportunities will be taken to incorporate and promote renewable energy during the design stages.



4.2.3 Energy Design Standards and Impact Statement Energy design standards and an energy impact statement will be developed for incorporation into the RMIT Brief for the Appointment of Consultants for adherence and completion by consultants. The Energy Impact Statement shall, at a minimum, contain the following information:

• An estimate of the total fuel and energy supplied to the site to satisfy the total proposed building project needs;

• An estimate of annual energy consumption per square metre of gross floor area to be supplied. The percentage of floor area being air conditioned is to be stated;

• Detail of architectural aspects that have been considered in the design to reduce energy demand;

• Any limitations or restrictions which prevent the design of a more efficient solution than proposed are to be noted (e.g. Authorities requirements, specific user requirements);

• Descriptions of any special energy saving measures or features that have been included in the proposal.

4.3 LIGHTING Task and natural lighting will be considered where practical in lieu of artificial illumination.

All new and refurbished buildings and any area in the process of refurbishment is to conform to the Australian Standards – see Appendix 4.B Clause 4.B.1.6.6

The position of switches within areas to enable personnel to control energy use within their own areas, is required and all of the following systems are to be considered. Options will be favoured, based on life cycle analysis, that provide personal control. The following option & concepts systems will be considered:

• Block switching • Individual room switching • Occupancy and motion detection switching • Lighting control through the building automation system (BAS) • Energy conserving strategies shall be incorporated into the design and consideration. • Utilization of day light and daylight enhancement techniques (such as light shelves) • Low energy lights & fittings • Low brightness fittings The above shall be discussed with the Senior Project Manager, Services during the design phases in accord with the process requirements specified in the Standard Brief. Guidelines for levels of illuminance for functional building areas/tasks will be developed. These levels of illuminance guidelines will be related to University tasks such as, reading areas, computer laboratories and the like. The RMIT guidelines will reflect a practical application of the Australian Standard and the like referred to previously.



4.4 ENERGY CONSERVATION – UNIVERSITY POLICIES AND GUIDELINES

4.4.1 Use and Occupation As a general principle, it is desirable that the interface between different User groups, activities and zones throughout the building be limited and areas with similar energy requirements be grouped together.

4.4.2 Internal Environment Conditions • Mechanical ventilation shall comply with AS1668. All possibilities for making optimum

use of natural ventilation shall be considered and given priority. • Air conditioning shall be installed where it is required for occupant comfort for the

proper operation of the machines or for the well being of animals or plants., protection of specific equipment, computers, plants, animals, etc. User requests for air conditioning in specific cases shall be reviewed with the Services Project Manager & Manager, Engineering and Maintenance.

• Humidity control is only required in unusual cases; retain printing applications and the long term maintenance of works of art or rare or antique books are examples.

4.4.3 Sizing of Mechanical Plant The Manager, Engineering and Maintenance shall advise if available energy sources are nearby or if the building is to operate on a stand-alone basis.

In determining the size of the plant to be installed, consideration shall always be given to installing modular plant to provide maximum flexibility to meet changing seasonal requirements and building uses. This shall be discussed with the Senior Project Manager, Services.

4.4.4 Building Automation System All University buildings are or will be covered by a Building Automation System (BAS). Full details of the BAS are in Section 7.

The BAS allows building plant to be monitored and controlled by the BAS controllers situated in each building. The BAS controllers use a variety of factors (outside air temperatures etc.) to optimise the start/stop and set-points of air conditioning plant. The plant operation may be viewed from the Front End, and any adjustment of control systems implemented from there.

Alarm messages are transmitted to Mechanical Services staff when the BAS detects a malfunction, and the system stores historical data for diagnostic and design purposes.

New plant or controls installed in existing buildings, and any new buildings, shall be fitted with controls suitable for connection to the BAS. Eventually, all controls on University property will be integrated into the BAS and no other control systems requiring adjustment, service and maintenance shall be supplied by Contractors.



4.5 ENERGY CONSERVATION – ENGINEERING SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT

4.5.1 Energy Targets An energy target shall be determined for the building1 in order to provide a measure of the energy efficiency of the design, of the impact of any special requirements of the Project Brief and of the achievement of energy efficiency in subsequent operation.

Table of Typical Design Targets for Melbourne Offices (Property Council of Australia (formerly BOMA) 1994).

Element MJ/a.m2

Office Equipment (5 W/m2) 43

Lighting (14 W/m2) 130

Lifts 25

Ventilation and Pumping 50

Cooling 36

Space heating (Gas) 133

Hot water service (Gas) 7

TOTAL 424

4.5.2 Ventilation Fans Fan power shall be minimised by:

• designing ducting and equipment for low static resistance to require low fan pressure; • using variable speed drives where as quantities need to e varied; • using variable air flow volume (where appropriate); • selecting the fan and its drive for high efficiency;

4.5.3 Pumps Reticulated systems using pumps shall:

• avoid the specification of undersized piping systems and equipment which require high system pressure drops and increased pumping power;

• include pumps driven by variable speed drives where capability requirements change over time.

1 Where the scope of works covers only part of a building the target shall be for that area (or areas) only.



4.5.4 Cooling 4.5.4.1 Evaporative Cooling Evaporative coolers are only energy efficient when cooling large quantities of fresh air. Systems integrating heating and evaporative cooling are not generally energy efficient, and there shall be substantial reasons for their proposal.

4.5.4.2 Economy Cycle Cooling Where it is necessary to use refrigeration to provide cooling, an economy cooling cycle utilising up to 100% outdoor air (when outdoor air conditions are favourable) shall be used.

4.5.4.3 Refrigeration Refrigeration plant shall be selected for economical part-load operation, as most systems operate well below full load.

With multiple refrigeration machines, various combinations of capacities shall be plotted against running cost to evaluate the most economic selections, and ensure stable, economic operation at low system load.

Consideration shall be given to certified machines with variable speed drives and magnetic bearings.

4.5.4.4 Heat Rejection Plant Where possible the heat rejection from the refrigeration system shall be utilised for heating. Air-heating coils, double bundle condensers, or desuperheaters for the hot water service are preferred for this purpose.

4.5.5 Heating Radiant heating generally uses less energy than warm air heating, particularly in large open areas e.g. stores/workshops. Heating hot water boilers shall not be used in domestic hot water systems. Hot water supply temperature used for heating shall be as low as practical to reduce system losses, but not to the point where they affect boiler efficiency and life.

4.5.6 Thermal Storage Thermal storage may be used in a heat pump or conventional system to store heat for reuse, to take advantage of off peak tariffs, or to reduce plant capacity and maximum demand. The decision will hinge on the cost of the tanks compared to the reduction in plant capacity and future running costs.

4.5.7 Heat Recovery Waste heat recovery from exhaust air, exhaust gas, condenser water, etc. shall be examined.

Where it is necessary to condition large quantities of fresh air for laboratories or special areas, air-to-air heat recovery devices shall be considered, as they will reduce plant capacity and running costs.



4.5.8 Automatic Controls Appropriate air-conditioning plant controls for each system shall be selected to prevent excess energy consumption. Electronic controls are preferred to pneumatic controls. Specifications for BAS controls are given in Section 7.

Consultants shall refer to the Manager, Engineering and Maintenance Branch for BAS requirements on each project. Mechanical and electrical design will benefit from the input of BAS staff at the Design Stage.

4.5.9 Maintainability The Design Team shall consider the maintainability of the plant. Ease of access to components and this ready availability shall be ensured. The costs of maintenance shall be uincluded in any life cycle costing exercise.

4.5.10 Domestic Hot Water Services Consultants shall balance fuel, equipment selection, location and long term running costs in providing the most efficient hot water service for each project. Standing heat losses through long pipelines shall be avoided.

4.5.11 Stairwells Stairwells shall be located close to lifts to reduce long-term lift energy consumption.

4.6 ENERGY CONSERVATION: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

4.6.1 Building Form The Design Team shall have regard for the building envelope, to minimise overall building volume through efficient use of zoning.

The Design Team shall consider the effects of shape, mass and orientation in developing a thermally efficient building design.

4.6.2 Insulation The roof and walls of heated or air conditioned buildings shall have adequate thermal resistance to heat losses and gains



4.6.3 Fenestration When designing glazed openings, the benefits of natural lighting and ventilation shall be weighed against solar and thermal loads. The Design Team shall demonstrate adequate consideration of the following:

• sun control techniques (including internal and external shading devices and control of glare;

• maximised use of natural light. Generally, provision shall be made for shading of glazed areas from early October to early March.

Internal, or glass applied, sun control treatments shall only be considered where external shades cannot be used.

The finish on internal walls shall follow the recommendations of A.S. 1680.1 (Section 6), regarding the reflectance of surfaces. If screen-based equipment is to be used it is recommended that the wall colour have a reflectance value of between 30%–50%.

Task areas (e.g. desks) shall be protected from all sources of glare with particular attention being given to areas where personal computers are to be located.

4.7 MANAGEMENT OF ILLUMINATION The University's goal in the management of illumination is to gain maximum benefit from lighting systems whilst minimising energy waste. The Electrical Consultant shall calculate the installed lighting load, and submit it to the Manager, Engineering and Maintenance for consideration, before proceeding with working drawings.

4.7.1 Lighting Standards — Design Criteria Guidelines set out below present the minimum illuminance levels which are considered adequate to provide a safe, visually comfortable working environment. These values reflect a practical application of the use of A.S. 1680.

4.7.1.1 Recommended levels of illuminance for selected building area LL — Local lighting necessary or desirable

UR — Unwanted reflections possible

Type of Task Requirement Illuminance (Lux)

Reading areas

Reading tables, desks 400 LL, UR

General Office

Typing, reading, filing 400 UR

Drawing boards 600 LL, UR

Copying rooms 240



Type of Task Requirement Illuminance (Lux)

Meeting / Staff Room 200

Store Rooms

Rough, bulky live 80

Rough, bulky dead 40

Fine/papers live 160

Fine/papers dead 80

Corridors

Light traffic 20

Heavy traffic 40

Stairs 40

Computer rooms

General 320

Terminals 320 LL, UR

Toilets/Locker rooms 80

Plant Rooms

General 80

Control panels, switchboards 160

Assembly Halls 80

General 80

Examination 240

Kitchens

General 160

Food preparation, cooking 240

Indoor Car Park

General 40

Lecture Theatres, Tutorial/Seminar Room see Teaching Space Design Guidelines

Outdoor Spaces see Landscape Elements Report



4.7.2 Lamp Selection Criteria The following criteria shall be considered before specifying the most efficient lamp suitable for the application:

• colour rendition; • lamp lumen depreciation; • lamp shape; • strike/restart time; • ease of lamp removal for changing; • costs (energy, replacement, fitting, maintenance The use of the latest generation of fluorescent lamps (T5) incorporating fully dimmable electronic bollasts shall be considered. Tungsten lamps may sometimes be suitable where, by careful light control, a high utilisation factor is achieved.

Incandescent lamps shall not be used except for task lighting or in unusual circumstances and only with the approval in writing of the Manager, Engineering and Maintenance. Compact fluorescent tubes shall be used instead.

4.7.3 Fixtures Selection The Design Team shall observe the following criteria in the selection of fixtures:

• Coefficient of utilisation — the efficiency of a fixture in space; • visual comfort probability — the importance of having a low glare system in areas such

as terraced lecture theatres etc.; • resistance to dirt build up (luminaries dirt depreciation LDD); • diffusers — the University's preference is for acrylic prismatic lenses for fluorescent

fittings. Opal diffusers should not be used; • low-glare diffusers should be used when appropriate; • where screen-based equipment is used the recommendations of AS1680.1, regarding the

minimum shielding angle of the luminaries, shall be followed; • heat removal — use of heat removal or air handling fixtures may permit specification of

smaller and more efficient cooling systems to maintain equivalent comfort levels.

4.7.4 Energy Consumption The Design Team shall incorporate consideration of the following to minimise energy consumption:

• the balance between task and building illuminance; • availability of daylight lighting; • provision of switching controls to enable electric lighting to respond to daylight

variations; • use and maintenance of high surface reflectance; • mounting height of luminaries; • appropriateness of fittings to the University’s group replacement program; • appropriate, efficient exterior lighting.



4.8 THE ENERGY IMPACT STATEMENT

4.8.1 Requirement An Energy Impact Statement shall be completed for each new major project designed for the University. This Statement has been specifically developed as a design tool to focus the attention of designers in all disciplines on solutions that ensure efficient energy use throughout the building's life.

The Statement, prepared by the Consultant, shall be submitted on the standard forms (Appendix 4.A of this Section) and shall be completed in full. Supporting material, if applicable, shall be attached to the Statement.

The Energy Impact Statement shall be submitted to the Project Manager for approval as soon as possible after preliminary documentation begins.

The Consultant shall additionally provide an estimate of the additional annual energy costs arising from the project over the subsequent three year period.

4.8.2 Contents The Energy Impact Statement shall include the following information:

• tabulation of the estimated annual fuel and energy required to satisfy the total proposed building project needs. The amount of energy for each major building function shall be identified and the form in which it is delivered is to be noted;

• an estimate of annual energy consumption per square metre of net useable floor area shall be supplied. The percentage of the building (by floor area) being air conditioned shall be stated;

• in considering central systems, due provision shall be made for reticulation losses and the provision allowed recorded;

• details of architectural aspects that have been considered or proposed in the design to reduce energy demand (e.g. orientation, shading, thermal mass, insulation etc.) shall be recorded;

• any limitations or restrictions which prevent the design of a more energy efficient solution than that proposed shall be noted (e.g. Statutory Authorities' requirements, specific User requirements);

• descriptions of any special energy saving measures or features that have been included in the proposal.

The forms included in Appendix 4.A constitute the energy impact statement: Design Review Checklist, Annual Fuel and Energy Requirements, Air Handling Systems, Heating and Cooling Systems — Description and Energy Monitoring and Control Services.



APPENDIX 4.A: ENERGY IMPACT STATEMENT (PREPARED BY CONSULTANT)

DESIGN REVIEW CHECKLIST: PROJECT: MECHANICAL SERVICES YES NO REMARKS 1. Does the system avoid simultaneous heating and cooling? 2. Has an “economy cycle” been considered? Refrigeration to stop when outside air is … temperature: 3. Have peak heating and cooling loads been designed to permit ±3ºC temperature variation. 4. Has a modular system been selected for heating and cooling plant? Note that there is to be sufficient base load to

support machine interchange.

5. Have high pressure air distribution systems been avoided? 6. Has outdoor air intake been minimised consistent with relevant codes? 7. Have piping and heat exchangers been designed for minimum practical pressure loss in chilled and heating water

systems?

8. Have chilled & heating water systems been designed for maximum possible temperature differentials? 9. Has the use of computerised control been considered? 10. Have automatic means been provided to:

a) Start and stop A.C. systems at appropriate times?

b) Shut down outside c) Turn off A.C. systems to unoccupied zones or areas? d) Shut down exhaust systems in unoccupied areas? 11. Have provisions been made for energy monitoring devices for energy auditing? 12. Have alternative energy sources been considered? (i.e. solar, biogas, etc.) 13. Has consideration been given to the use of heat pumps? ELECTRICAL SERVICES YES NO REMARKS 14. Were lighting systems specifically designed for the expected activities? 15. Were general lighting design levels reduced to the acceptable minimum? 16. Have gas discharge lamps been used wherever possible? (Fluorescent, mercury vapour, etc.) 17. Have automatic controls been investigated for switching of selected lighting zones? 18. Have flexible switching arrangements been provided to avoid lighting of unoccupied areas? 19. Has separate metering been provided to individual plant for future energy auditing? 20. Have motor capacities been matched to power drive needs? 21. Have high efficiency and high power factor electric motors been selected? 22. Have variable speed drives been considered?



Appendix 4.A (Cont…) ANNUAL FUEL AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS: PROJECT:

ENERGY REQUIREMENT FUEL AND ENERGY SUPPLIED TO SITE Function Thermal

GJ Electric

GJ Electricity Maximum Demand

Electricity Off Peak

KW

Natural Gas GJ

L.P.G. GJ

Other (e.g. Steam)

TOTAL SUPPLY

GJ Heating Cooling Ventilation Process heat/ cooling Lighting General Power Laboratory Equipment Lifts Area Related Annual Consumption Figures Energy Consumption/m2 (per square metre)

MJ Details of Inclusions and Exclusions, areas being air conditioned, etc.

Prepared By: Date:



Appendix 4.A (Cont…) AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS: PROJECT:

UNIT DESIGNATION

AIR OR ZONE SERVED

UNIT OR SYSTEM KW TOTALS TOTAL SUPPLY (L/S) OUTDOOR AIR (L/S) L.P.G.

GJ Type (Roof top, Multi-

zone, fan coil, Self contained, etc.)

S/A fans R/A fans



Appendix 4.A (Cont…) HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS: PROJECT:

HEATING Heating Energy Source: Hot Water Steam Electrical Resistance Other (specify)

Boiler No. @ kW Boiler No. @ kW Boiler No. @ kW Heating Plant • Miscellaneous: Fuel: Primary = Hot water supply temperature = °C Fuel: Stand = Hot water return temperature = °C Steam Pressure = kPa Total No. of pumps = Total kW = • Room Units: Radiators Fin Tube Ceiling/Wall Panels Convectors Fan Coil Units Comments:

COOLING Cooling Plant: No. Type: (Centrifugal, absorption,

reciprocating) Capacity (kW) Motor (kW) Area Served (m2)

Compressors and Chillers: Heat dissipation device: Evaporative Condenser Air-cooled Condenser Cooling Tower Condenser/Cooling Tower fan kW = Condenser water pumps = kW Chilled water pumps= Comments: Self-contained A/C units: Total no. ‘window’ units = Total no. “thru-the-wall” units = Total no. of units = Self-contained A/C units: Basic module served Total capacity = kW Reverse Cycle: Y / N



Appendix 4.A (Cont…) EQUIPMENT — ENERGY MONITORING & CONTROL DEVICES: PROJECT:

ITEM *LOCATION (e.g. Room B.28, West Wall, South End)

COMMENTS

Fluid Flow Meters Electricity Meter Gas Meter * Attach list if column space is insufficient

Section 4 - Energy Management Design Standards Brief


APPENDIX 4.B ENERGY POLICY

RMIT Energy Management and Conservation Policy and Strategy Approved by the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Resources) August 1997

CONTENTS PART A - POLICY................................................................................................................19 4.B.1.1 RATIONALE.................................................................................................................................19

4.B.1.1.1 Background............................................................................................................... 19 4.B.1.1.2 Financial..................................................................................................................... 19 4.B.1.1.3 Environmental ........................................................................................................... 19 4.B.1.1.4 Leadership/Example................................................................................................ 19

4.B.1.2 PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................19 4.B.1.2.1 Aims and Objectives................................................................................................ 19 4.B.1.2.2 Scope......................................................................................................................... 20

4.B.1.3 TECHNOLOGY AND INVESTMENT .............................................................................................20 4.B.1.4 MANAGEMENT ..........................................................................................................................20

4.B.1.4.1 Approach.................................................................................................................. 20 4.B.1.4.2 Responsibility ............................................................................................................. 20 4.B.1.4.3 University Energy Performance Measures and Targets ...................................... 20 4.B.1.4.4 Policy Review and Accountability ........................................................................ 21

4.B.1.5 COMMUNICATION AND TRAINING..........................................................................................21 Part B - Practices............................................................................................................... 22 4.B.1.6 BUILDINGS .................................................................................................................................22

4.B.1.6.1 Existing Situation ....................................................................................................... 22 4.B.1.6.2 Energy Purchasing.................................................................................................... 22 4.B.1.6.3 Responsibility ............................................................................................................. 22 4.B.1.6.4 Heating ...................................................................................................................... 23 4.B.1.6.5 Mechanical Systems................................................................................................ 23 4.B.1.6.6 New Construction .................................................................................................... 24 4.B.1.6.7 Lighting....................................................................................................................... 25 4.B.1.6.8 Cleaning .................................................................................................................... 25 4.B.1.6.9 Metering and Decentralisation of Cost ................................................................ 25

4.B.1.7 TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................................26 4.B.1.7.1 Car Fleet Strategy .................................................................................................... 26 4.B.1.7.2 Bicycles ...................................................................................................................... 26 4.B.1.7.3 Minimising Energy Used in Commuting to and from University ......................... 26 4.B.1.7.4 Intercampus Travel................................................................................................... 26 4.B.1.7.5 Salary Packages....................................................................................................... 26

4.B.1.8 PROCUREMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT.................................................................26

Design Standards Brief Section 4 - Energy Management


Appendix 4.B (Cont…) PART A - POLICY

4.B.1.1 RATIONALE 4.B.1.1.1 Background There are a number of good reasons for RMIT to manage its energy consumption more efficiently and to actively seek renewable alternatives. The changing financial regimes in education, combined with an evolving environmental awareness has motivated the development of this Policy. RMIT has expressed its commitment to achieving environmental performance improvement by adopting the RMIT Environmental Policy and by being a signatory to the Talloires Declaration (refer to Section 2 Appendix 2.D). Good energy management is simply a part of a holistic approach, in which management of facilities and transport vehicles is seen as integral to the achievement of RMIT's overall objectives.

4.B.1.1.2 Financial With the challenge of maintaining services with decreasing budgets, saving money through energy conservation is an important fiscal strategy. To stop energy cost increases eroding scarce teaching and research income, the University is taking positive action to reduce consumption by investment in energy efficiency through technology and in energy awareness training.

4.B.1.1.3 Environmental Burning fossil fuels such as coal (for electricity), natural gas, and petroleum for energy production results in many environmental impacts. When fossil fuels are combusted, emissions such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and ground level ozone are generated. Some of these pollutants are greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Other emissions cause acid rain, which can alter soil pH, disrupt aquatic ecosystems and corrode buildings, statues and landmarks. The fact that fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are non-renewable resources is reason enough to be concerned about energy use and waste. Given the substantial environmental impacts such as the enhanced greenhouse effect and acid rain associated with energy use, the value and urgency of energy efficiency and conservation are obvious. RMIT places a real priority on responsible and efficient management of the community's resources.

4.B.1.1.4 Leadership/Example There is an opportunity to demonstrate to the community and industry how effective energy conservation and management can be achieved and to set a good example to students.

4.B.1.2 PURPOSE The purpose of the Energy Policy is to ensure that the University implements energy conservation initiatives in a systematic, comprehensive and effective manner that supports the health and well-being of staff and students, and complements the University's academic activities.

4.B.1.2.1 Aims and Objectives 4.B.1.2.1.1 Aim

To increase the environmental and financial efficiency of energy use by the University whilst supporting the staff and student comfort and function levels.



Appendix 4.B (Cont…) 4.B.1.2.1.2 Objectives

Building Energy • Reduce energy consumption and/or costs in RMIT Buildings. • Design and construct buildings that maximise energy conservation potential. • Reduce the environmental impact of the University's energy use. • Obtain maximum benefit from building systems such as air conditioning and lighting whilst minimising

energy waste. • Optimising health and comfort levels of staff and students within University buildings. • Closely align the energy use within buildings to the functional requirements of activities within buildings. • Progressively increase use of alternative/renewable sources of energy.

Transport • Reduce the cost and environmental impact associated with the University fleet vehicles. • Identify energy efficient methods of inter-campus transport. • Provide adequate bicycle facilities on all campuses. • Identify initiatives that minimise energy used in commuting to and from University. • Provide public transport incentives. • Provide salary packages that include non-car transport components.

4.B.1.2.2 Scope This Policy addresses energy use and management in the design, construction and operation of buildings, transport and procurement of equipment.

4.B.1.3 TECHNOLOGY AND INVESTMENT The changing environment opens up new opportunities for innovation. A climate needs to be created in which past practices are open to wide ranging questioning. Because something 'has always been done that way' suggest not that we should continue with it, but rather that it may be improved upon. It is planned from 1997 onwards that 5% of the current energy budget be allocated for specific energy efficiency projects and programs subject to approval from Director, Property Services group. Savings from efficiencies will also be used to support the resources necessary for continual performance improvement. A simple four-year payback criteria will normally be applied in terms of investment in energy efficient initiatives except where exceptional other benefits to the University are identified. For larger capital projects it may be appropriate to evaluate other criteria in addition to payback for the project, such as internal rate of return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV)/capital cost.

4.B.1.4 MANAGEMENT 4.B.1.4.1 Approach Energy use will be managed in an holistic and systematic way. To achieve this aim quality data will be collected and relevant staff provided with ongoing training. An effective project will reduce environmental impact whilst providing monetary savings. The management approach to the Energy Management and Conservation Policy will include the establishment of baseline data, monitoring of performance against performance measures and attendant targets, and periodic evaluation of the Policy's strategy and action plan. Consideration will also be given to establishing an energy forum to facilitate staff and students input.

4.B.1.4.2 Responsibility The management and implementation of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy is the responsibility of the those groups/positions specified within this Policy. Property Services has an overarching coordination and management responsibility for the Policy.

4.B.1.4.3 University Energy Performance Measures and Targets The following performance measures have been developed to establish baseline data and provide a monitoring mechanism. Currently the collection of data at a departmental and building level is not possible, so whilst the process is being developed, the measurements will be initially aimed at a campus and University-wide level.



Appendix 4.B (Cont…) University Energy Performance Measures and Targets (Cont…) The following performance measures have been developed to establish baseline data and provide a monitoring mechanism. Currently the collection of data at a departmental and building level is not possible, so whilst the process is being developed, the measurements will be initially aimed at a campus and University-wide level. Building Energy

• greenhouse emissions level per Effective Full Time student Unit (EFTSU) • total energy cost per (EFTSU) • energy consumption per building m2 Gross Floor Area (GFA) • level of investment in environmental efficiency technology (infrastructure/equipment) • total energy consumption per EFTSU • % of operational budget spent on energy use

Transport/Vehicle Fleet • greenhouse emissions level per staff member (fleet vehicles) • total energy cost per staff member (fleet vehicles) • fuel efficiency of vehicle fleet (litres per 100 kilometres) • number of bike racks per EFTSU/Staff member • % of staff who use public transport to commute • % of students who use public transport to commute

It is anticipated that with the introduction of local metering the performance measurements relating to buildings will be able to be applied at the building and cost centre level. When this option becomes available the performance measurements may need to be refined so that they are applicable to that level of the organisation.

4.B.1.4.4 Policy Review and Accountability The Manager, Engineering Branch, will provide details of energy performance for buildings on an annual basis. Review of the strategies and action plan of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy will be undertaken with other staff, including the Strategic Planner – Sustainability and Campus Planning Branch. A draft of the review document will be presented to the Environmental Advisory and Management Committee, and the Resources Division Committee for their consideration. The review should assess not only past performance but also the future strategy and action plan of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy. Performance measures and targets will also be included in the strategic planning process and will form part of the Property Services Performance Plan.

4.B.1.5 COMMUNICATION AND TRAINING A strategy will be developed to communicate the Energy Management and Conservation Policy to staff and students. The approach will focus on educating and motivating staff and students to practice energy conservation by advising them of the environmental and financial consequences of imprudent energy use. The development of incentives and rewards will be vital to ensuring the successful implementation of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy. The communication strategy will be a two way process by stimulating the interaction of message and feedback and provision will be made to establishing a consultative forum where information, ideas and feedback can be exchanged. Various training programs will be developed that address general issues of energy conservation as well as specialist programs aimed at particular functional groups within the University.



Appendix 4.B (Cont…) PART B - PRACTICES

4.B.1.6 BUILDINGS 4.B.1.6.1 Existing Situation The monitoring of the energy usage within buildings is currently being performed on a Campus basis, however, this only gives an overall picture and does not highlight any opportunities for efficiencies or problems in buildings or areas. Currently data is limited due to the lack of decentralised metering equipment. It is planned that in the long term RMIT will be in a position to quantify all energy used within each building (or by each cost centre) on a monthly basis and that the energy consumed will be fully accounted for.

4.B.1.6.2 Energy Purchasing Fuel is to be purchased at least cost, with consideration given to purchasing energy derived from renewable energy sources. Any additional costs incurred through the purchase of energy from renewable energy sources will be off-set by savings from the implementation of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy, as well as consideration given to the positive public image and educational benefits that the University will garner. The Manager, Engineering Branch will continue to lead contract negotiations with the utilities to identify the most appropriate tariffs and liaise with other relevant areas (such as the Strategic Planner - Sustainability) regarding other elements of the energy package with the supplier, such as alternative energy options.

4.B.1.6.3 Responsibility 4.B.1.6.3.1 Staff and Student Responsibility

Signage will be developed and placed next to light switches which communicate to staff and students how they can conserve energy. These messages will also form part of the overall communications strategy of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy. Such messages will include:

• During the winter months all doors and windows should be kept closed to ensure that the heating systems within these areas can operate efficiently and economically. During the summer season all doors and windows should be kept closed to ensure that any buildings that have air conditioning or cooling systems installed can operate efficiently and economically (where applicable).

• Curtains should be drawn at night to ensure heat is kept in. • All P.C.s, lighting and other office equipment should be turned off on leaving the areas for a period of

more than 10 minutes. • Heads of Departments/Groups should endeavour to minimise energy usage when scheduling classes,

meetings and other campus activities. Evening classes will be conducted in the least number of buildings possible and if possible the buildings used will have the appropriate temperature controls fitted to enable the mechanical services to be adjusted to accommodate their usage as efficiently as possible. When the need arises for use of small areas after hours use of rooms with decentralised plant systems should be considered.

• Input will be sought from representatives from University groups/departments on how best to communicate energy conservation messages and behavioural requirements to staff and students.

• Options such as including information during staff and students orientation sessions and the development of training programs will be explored.

4.B.1.6.3.2 Property Services

Property Services is responsible for coordinating the management of the University Energy Management and Conservation Policy. This role includes the management of the process for the development of strategies and action plans, monitoring, evaluation and review. It also includes the development of a communication strategy for the Policy.



Appendix 4.B (Cont…) 4.B.1.6.4 Heating During the heating season rooms with central heating, air conditioning or space heating operate at a maximum temperature of 210C when occupied and that the correct quantity of outside air is maintained. Whenever it is economically feasible and a building is unoccupied, the temperature will be reduced. The temperatures within hallways, stairwells and other infrequently occupied areas will be maintained at a lower or, if feasible, unheated. Special research areas requiring constant or warmer temperatures will be the only exception to the above requirements. Plug-in electric heaters in University buildings will not be allowed except by special permission from the Manager, Engineering Branch. All requests will be evaluated on an individual basis.(refer to 4.B1.6.4.4 Mechanical Cooling (Air Management) for information on cooling.)

4.B.1.6.5 Mechanical Systems 4.B.1.6.5.1 Compressed Air Systems

Compressed air systems are a major energy consumer. All compressed air systems, both stand alone and reticulated systems, are to be set at the lowest operating pressures required to carry out the particular functions required. All systems are to be shut down when not in use and the systems checked on a regular basis to ensure that there are no leaks. If leaks are found then they are to be reported immediately to Property Services for rectification.

4.B.1.6.5.2 Central Heating Plant and Reticulated Service Mains

Central Heating Plant will be operated as efficiently as possible and in full compliance with the current state and federal requirements and regulations, to enable complete service reliability. Reticulated mains will be maintained and upgraded when required as economically as possible to maintain peak performance and to minimise energy losses within the system.

4.B.1.6.5.3 Central Cooling Plant and Reticulated Service Mains

Central Cooling Plant will be operated as efficiently as possible and in full compliance with the current state and federal requirements and regulations, to enable complete service reliability. Reticulated mains will be maintained and upgraded when required as economically as possible to maintain peak performance and to minimise energy losses within the system.

4.B.1.6.5.4 Mechanical Cooling (Air Management)

During the cooling season rooms with mechanical cooling should operate at a minimum average temperature of 230C when occupied and the correct quantity of outside air should be maintained. The temperatures within hallways, stairwells and other infrequently occupied areas will be maintained at a higher temperature or, if feasible, completely unconditioned. Special research areas requiring constant or cooler temperatures will be the only exception to the above requirements. Economy cycles will be installed on all existing systems if it is economically feasible as funds become available to enable the plant to utilise the ‘Free Cooling’ available with this type of system to the advantage of the University. All new installations are to incorporate an economy cycle. The air conditioning controls are to be fully compatible with the B.A.S. (Building Automation System) installed within the University. The controls are to be capable of variable set points, deadbands and fully compatible with the University energy management policies.

4.B.1.6.5.5 Lifts and Escalators

Only essential lifts and or escalators to be used out of normal operating hours. Seasonal fluctuations in user demand will also be taken into account.



Appendix 4.B (Cont…) 4.B.1.6.5.6 Mechanical Ventilation

All mechanical ventilation systems are to be operated in the most economical way consistent with the comfort of the occupants and all the relevant code requirements, including as a minimum the Occupational Health and Safety Act. During times of reduced occupancy, cycling of the fans or reduced fan speeds will be utilised in situations where the installed plant is capable of carrying out these tasks. All possibilities to make optimum use of natural ventilation will be considered. Air will be re-circulated within the guidelines as laid down for safe ventilation practices in B.C.A. (Building Code of Australia) and the Australian Standards (AS 1668 Part 2) Ventilation Requirements.

4.B.1.6.6 New Construction Unless restricted by Section 32D of the Historical Buildings Act (1981), for all areas of construction, new or renovation, the recommendations as outlined in the Australian Standards for energy efficient building design, Building Code of Australia and all relevant codes must be taken into account. These codes and standards will be followed as closely as possible to ensure that the University will not incur extraordinary, future energy costs. Design standards will be developed, suited to the method of operations within RMIT, that go beyond existing energy standards where possible. All planning for construction and equipment purchase and installation must include energy life cycle costing. Optimal energy efficient equipment will be installed, based on investment guidelines, as provided in this Policy.

4.B.1.6.6.1 Building Design

Building design issues that will be considered include the efficiency of the building envelope and site factors, including: shape; location and metrological influences; contours; landscaping (affecting micro-climate); building form; mass; insulation; orientation; fenestration; and sun control techniques.

4.B.1.6.6.2 Alternative Energy Sources

Alternative energy sources such as solar heating and heat recovery systems will be investigated and implemented if they accord with the return on investment requirements specified in this Policy. Opportunities will be taken to incorporate and promote renewable energy during the design stages.

4.B.1.6.6.3 Energy Design Standards and Impact Statement

Energy design standards and an energy impact statement will be developed for incorporation into the Consultant Brief for the Provision and Improvement of the Physical Facilities and Environment for adherence and completion by consultants. The Energy Impact Statement shall, at a minimum, contain the following information:

• An estimation of the total fuel and energy supplied to the site to satisfy the total proposed building project needs;

• An estimate of annual energy consumption per square metre of net useable floor area to be supplied. The percentage of floor area being air conditioned is to be stated;

• Detail of architectural aspects that have been considered in the design to reduce energy demand; • Any limitations or restrictions which prevent the design of a more efficient solution that proposed are to

be noted (e.g. Authorities requirements, specific user requirements); • Descriptions of any special energy saving measures or features that have been included in the proposal.



Appendix 4.B (Cont…) 4.B.1.6.7 Lighting Task and natural lighting will be considered where practical in lieu of unnecessary high level illumination techniques. The objectives of lighting in a buildings fall into three categories:

• Enable tasks to be performed quickly, accurately and easily; • Enable the occupant to work and move about the building in safety; • Achieve the desired character of the interior.

All new and refurbished buildings and any area in the process of refurbishment is to conform to the Australian Standards AS1680. The IES (Illuminating Engineering Society) Lighting Handbook shall also be used and form part of the guidelines. This standards sets out at length basic requirements for good seeing conditions in buildings by daylight, electric light, interior colour treatment and the performance specifications for achieving effective lighting. There are several different types of lighting controls available. The position of switches within the areas will enable the personnel to control the energy use within their own areas, so serious thought is required and all of the following systems are to be considered. Options will be favoured, based on life cycle analysis, that provide personal control. The following systems will be considered:

• Block switching. • Individual room switching. • Occupancy & motion detection switching. • Lighting control through the building monitoring systems. • Daylight is to be utilised at all times where it is economically viable. • Low energy lighting. • Low brightness fittings. • Lighting layout so as to eliminate glare.

All of the above systems are to be discussed with the Engineering Manager during the design phases in accord with the process requirements specified in the Consultant Brief for the Provision and Improvement of the Physical Facilities and Environment. Guidelines for levels of illuminance for functional building areas/tasks will be developed. These levels of illuminance guidelines will be related to University tasks such as, reading areas, computer laboratories etc.. The RMIT guidelines will reflect a practical application of the Australian Standards as referred to above.

4.B.1.6.8 Cleaning Cleaning times and programs that minimise lighting required for cleaning tasks will be developed. To the maximum extent possible, tasks will be scheduled so that all cleaning tasks in a given area can be completed concurrently, after which lights (and if possible, HVAC systems) will be turned off. These requirements will be inserted in the University cleaning contract specification.

4.B.1.6.9 Metering and Decentralisation of Cost It is planned that metering systems will be employed at least at the building level, and perhaps the cost centre level, that will enable better energy management and strategy development. It is also planned to concurrently implement a system of charge back of energy consumption (and other services) to cost centres. Under a charge back system users would be responsible for the cost of energy consumed. Such an approach should provide a powerful incentive for users, not only to practice energy conservation, but to participate in the development of strategies to better manage and conserve energy.



Appendix 4.B (Cont…) 4.B.1.7 TRANSPORT 4.B.1.7.1 Car Fleet Strategy A strategy will be developed to reduce the environmental impact and fuel cost of the University's fleet car stock. This will include an assessment of the fuel efficiency of the current fleet cars and the number of fleet cars and investigation of a more cost and environmentally efficient means of meeting the University's transport requirements. Consideration will also be given to new vehicles being fuelled by non-traditional means (natural gas, electricity etc).

4.B.1.7.2 Bicycles Work has already been done on identifying the quantity of the byclce parking required on the City Campus. A strategy has been developed that considers various types of bicycle parking facilities required, including distributed systems (hoop style), land use planning and secure parking. The strategy considers other facilities that bicycle commuters require such as showers and lockers. A promotional campaign, in conjunction with University bicycle users (staff and students) and Bicycle Victoria will be developed.

4.B.1.7.3 Minimising Energy Used in Commuting to and from University Consideration will be given to how RMIT can promote and provide incentives for the use of public transport and car pooling for commuter travel.

4.B.1.7.4 Intercampus Travel An examination of the most effective method in terms of environmental and economic impact will be made to support staff and students travel between sites/campus. Thought will be given to encouraging teleconferencing wherever possible.

4.B.1.7.5 Salary Packages An assessment of the options for implementing energy saving options as part of salary packages, eg, public transport tickets, bicycles etc.

4.B.1.8 PROCUREMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT It is planned to develop a strategy and process to ensure that life cycle assessment (eg, energy efficiency) is taken into account during equipment procurement decisions by departments and groups. In the long-term, the introduction of charge back should provide incentives for departments/groups to consider the energy impact of equipment during the purchasing process.

Documents

Section 4 Energy Management