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SURA BOOKS
MARCH - 2017Public Exam Question Paper with Answers
[Time Allowed : 2.30 Hours] SCIENCE [Maximum Marks : 75]
SECTION - I(MARKS : 15)
Note:(i) Answer all the 15 questions. 15 × 1 = 15 (ii) Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given in the brackets.
1. In persons suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes, _____ the cells of pancreas are degenerated.(Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta)
2. Thefirstvaccineinjectedintoajustbornbabyis________(Oral polio, DPT, DPT and Oral polio, BCG)
3. Theendocrineglandrelatedtotheimmunesystemis___________.(Thyroid,Thymus,Adrenal,Pineal)
4. If a water soaked seed is pressed, a small drop of water comes out through the __________.(Stomata,Lenticel,Micropyle,Radicle)
5. Mitralvalveisfoundbetween_________.(Rightauricleandrightventricle,Leftauricleand leftventricle,Rightventricleandpulmonaryartery,Leftventricleandaorta)
6. Inmonotropathespecialtypeofrootwhichabsorbsnourishmentisthe_______.(Haustoria,Mycorrhizalroot,Clingingroot,Adventitiousroot)
7. Thesedimentedandfloatingmaterialsareremovedbythistreatmentprocess.(Primarytreatment,Secondarytreatment,Tertiarytreatment,Peripheraltreatment)
8. Themixtureofgasesusedbydeep-seadiversis________.(helium-oxygen,oxygen-nitrogen,hydrogen-nitrogen)
9. Vinegar is present in acetic acid. Curd contains _____ acid.(Lactic acid, Tartaric acid, Citric acid)
10. An element which is an essential constituent of all organic compounds belongs to the ______ group.(14th group, 15th group, 16th group)
11. _________ is used for coagulating rubber from latex.(Ethanol, Ethanoic acid)
12. ScrewGaugeisaninstrumentusedtomeasurethedimensionsofverysmallobjectsupto________ .(0.1 cm., 0.01 cm., 0.1 mm., 0.01 mm)
[ 1 ]
10th
STD.
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2 Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers
13. Thephysicalquantitywhichisequaltorateofchangeofmomentumis________.(displacement, acceleration, force, impulse)
14. Kilowatt–hour is the unit of ________.(potentialdifference,electricpower,electricenergy,charge)
15. An electric current through a metallic conductor produces _________ around it.(magneticfield,mechanicalforce,inducedcurrent)
SECTION - II
(MARKS : 40)Note : Answer any twenty questions. 20 × 2 = 4016. Theinheritablecharactersvaryindifferentspeciesandwithinthesamespecies.Name
thevariationinthefollowingcases: (i) Theeyecolouramongthehumanbeingsarevariedasblue,black,brown,green,
etc.Thisiscalledas________variation. (ii) The dentition in the rabbit and the elephant are not the same. This is called as
________variation.17. What is Genetic Engineering?18. Matchthefollowingbyidentifyingthepair: (medicines, fuel, microbes, metabolism, organic acids) (i) Vaccine, (ii) Naturalgas, (iii) Citricacid, (iv) Vitamins19. MarasmusandKwashiorkararebothproteindeficiencydefects.Marasmusdiffersfrom
Kwashiorkarinenlargedbellyandswellingintheface.Arethesesymptomsfortheabovediseases correct? If not, correct it.
20. Copythediagramandlabelthepartswiththehelpofthecluesgiven:
(i) It is otherwise called supra renal gland. (ii) Itsecretestwohormones,namelyaldosteroneandcortisone.21. Drawthegivendiagramandlabelthefollowingparts. (i) Exine (ii) Tube nucleus
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Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers 3
22. Mentionanyfouradaptationsseeninthecamelsothatitcanlivesuccessfullyindeserts.23. Pick out the odd one out. (i) globulin,glomerulus,fibrinogen,albumin (ii) mountaingoat,bighornedsheep,grizzlybear,seal24. Completethetablegivenbelow:
Excretory organ Disposed as Excretory productsKidneys Urine Nitrogenouswasteproducts-
Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine etc.Lungs Exhaled / Expired air __________Skin __________ Excess water and salts
25. Observethediagram. (i) MentionthetypeofmovementsshowninfigureAandB. (ii) Howdoesthemovementdifferfromthemovementofmimosa?
26. Sugarsolutionisconvertedintoalcohol. (i) Intheabovereactionwhatkindofprocesstakesplace? (ii) Whichmicro-organismisinvolved?27. Matchthefollowing:
A B(a) Ammonotelic (i) annelids(b) Ureotelic (ii) fish(c) Uricotelic (iii) mammal(d) Nephridia (iv) birds
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4 Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers
28. Depictafoodchainbyplacingthefollowingorganismsinthecorrecttrophiclevels: (Snake, Grass, Eagle, Frog, Grasshopper) 29. Whatarethevariousliquidbiofuelsfortransportation?(Anyfour)30. Match the suitable renewable and non-renewable sources.
Sources A B CRenewable Coal Wind PetroleumNon–Renewable Hydrogen Naturalgas Solarenergy
31. Fossilfuelsareformedbydecompositionofbiomassburiedundertheearthovermillionsofyearsago.Nameanytwofossilfuels.
32. WhatisBrownianmovement?33. Find the concentration of solution in terms of weight percent if 20 g of common salt is
dissolvedin50gofwater.34. Calculate number of moles in 12.046 × 1022 atoms of copper.35. Two acids ‘A’ and ‘B’ were kept in beakers. Acid ‘A’ undergoes partial dissociation in
water, whereas acid ‘B’ undergoes complete dissociation in water. (i) Of the two acids ‘A’ and ‘B’ , which is weak acid and which is strong acid? (ii) Giveoneexampleforweakacidandstrongacid.36. Picktheoddoneout: (i) Inorganicacid:HCl,HNO3, H2SO4, HCOOH (ii) BasicNature:Blood,BakingSoda,Vinegar,Householdammonia.37. Correctthemistakes,ifanyinthefollowingstatement. (i) Secondperiodisashortperiod.Itcontainsonlytwoelements. (ii) Group18elementsarecalledHalogenfamily.38. Assertion : Agreenishlayerappearsoncoppervessels,ifleftuncleaned. Reason : Itisduetotheformationofalayerofbasiccoppercarbonate. (a) Assertionandreasonarecorrectandrelevanttoeachother. (b) Assertionistruebutreasonisnotrelevanttotheassertion.39. Anorganiccompound(A)iswidelyusedasapreservativeinpickleandhasamolecular
formula C2H4O2. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling compound (B).
(i) IdentifythecompoundsAandB. (ii) Nametheprocessandwritecorrespondingchemicalequation.
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Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers 5
40. Assertion (A) : MRIisusedtoscantheinnerorgansofhumanbodybypenetratingveryintensemagneticfield.
Reason (R) : Byuseofveryintensemagneticfield,veryhighresolutionimagescanbe obtained.
(a) (A) is incorrect and (R) is correct. (b) (A) is correct and (R) is incorrect. (c) Both (A) and (R) are incorrect. (d) (A) is correct and (R) supports (A).41. Anobjectofmass1kgisdroppedfromaheightof20m.Ithitsthegroundandrebounds
with the same speed. Find the change in momentum. (Take g = 10 m/s2)42. Matchthefollowing:
COMPONENTS SYMBOLS(a) An electric cell (i)
(b) Plugkey(or)switch(closed) (ii) + -
(c) Awirejoint (iii)
(d) AresistorofresistanceR (iv) ( )
43. Fill in the blanks. (i) Potential difference : Voltmeter ; then Current : ________ (ii) Hydro power plant : Conventional source of energy ; then Solar energy : ________44. Writeaboutoceanthermalenergy.45. Theraydiagramshownbelowisintroducedtoshowhowaconcavemirrorforms the
imageofanobject. (a) Identify themistake and draw the correct ray
diagram. (b) Writethejustificationsforyourcorrections.
46. DefineFleming’srighthandrule.47. Ifanobjectisplaced25cminfrontoftheconverginglensformsanimage20cmbehind
the lens, then what is the focal length of the lens?
C F P
N
M
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6 Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers
SECTION - III
(MARKS : 20)Note: (i) Answer any four questions by choosing one question from each part. (ii) Each question carries five marks. (ii) Draw diagrams wherever necessary. 4 × 5 = 20
PART - I48. Thereisawidespreadoutbreakofmalariainyourarea. (a) Suggest some controlling measures to the local authorities concerned. (b) Writethesymptomsformalaria.49. (a) Usewordsfromthegivenlisttocompletethefollowingparagraph. (Vertebral column, Piamater, Arachnoid membrane, Meninges, Duramater) Thecentralnervoussystemiscoveredbythreeprotectivecoveringscollectively
called___(1)____.Theoutermostcoverlyingbelowtheskulland____(2)____is double thick and is called ____(3)____.Themiddle covering is thin andvascularisedandiscalled____(4)____.TheinnermostcoverisaverythindelicatemembraneandiscloselystretchedovertheoutersurfaceofBrainandSpinalCordand is called _____(5)_____.
(b) Nameany5typesofnervecells.PART - II
50. Describe the structure of a dicot seed with a neat diagram.51. (a) WhatisGreenChemistry? (b) WritethefutureproductsofGreenChemistry.
PART - III52. Modernatomictheorytakesupthewaveconcept,principleofuncertaintyandother
latestdiscoveriestogiveaclearcutpictureaboutanatom.Statethefindingsofmodernatomictheory.
53. Explain the manufacturing of Ethanol from Molasses.PART - IV
54. (a) Newton’sfirstlawofmotiongivesaqualitativedefinitionofforce.Justify. (b) Thefigurerepresentstwobodiesofmasses10kgand15kg,movingwithaninitial
velocityof10ms–1 and 5 ms–1respectively.Theycollidewitheachother.Aftercollision,theymovewithvelocities4ms–1 and 9 ms–1respectively.Thetimeofcollisionis2s.NowcalculateF1 and F2.
10 kg 15 kg 10 kg 15 kg 10 kg 15 kg
10m/s 5m/s F1 F24m/s
9m/s
55. StateandexplainthedefectsofVision.Howcanthesedefectsberectified?
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Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers 7
ANSWERS
Section - I
1. Beta 2. BCG3. Thymus 4. Micropyle5. Leftauricleandleftventricle 6. Mycorrhizalroot7. Primarytreatment 8. Helium-oxygen9. Lactic acid 10. 14th group11. Ethanoic acid 12. 0.01 mm13. force 14. electricenergy15. magneticfield
Section - II16. (i) intraspecific (ii) intergeneric17. Geneticengineeringisthemodificationofthegeneticinformationoflivingorganisms
bymanipulationofDNAbyadding,removingorrepairingpartofgeneticmaterialandchangingthephenotypeoftheorganism.
It is also known as gene manipulation or Recombinant DNA Technology (r-DNATechnology).
18.
(i) Vaccine microbes(ii) Naturalgas fuel(iii) Citric acid organic acids(iv) Vitamins metabolism
19. Symptomsof theMarasmusdiseasearenotcorrectlygivenhere.For thediseaseofKwashiorkaronly,thechilddevelopsanenlargedbellyandswellinginthefaceandfeet.IncaseofMarasmusdisease,thesymptomsarelossofweightandseverediarrhoeaanditwillappearasthoughbonesarecoveredbytheskin.
20. (i) Adrenal Gland. (ii) Adrenal Cortex.
Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex
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8 Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers
21. (i) Exine
(ii) Tube nucleus
22. (a) Theskinofcamelisdoublythick. (b) Theskincontainswater-storingosmoticcellstoconservewater,astheylivein
deserts. (c) Theyhavethickbushyeyebrowscoveringtheeyestoprotecttheireyesfromsand
storms. (d) Their nostrils can be closedduringdesert storms to prevent the entry of sand
particles.23. (i) Glomerulus. Reason : It is a network of blood capillaries. The other three are the blood proteins
seen in plasma. (ii) Seal. Reason : The habitat of seal is Ocean. The habitats for the other three are High
mountains.24.
Excretory organ Disposed as Excretory productsKidneys Urine NitrogenouswasteproductsUrea,
Uric acid, Creatinine etc.Lungs Exhaled / Expired air Carbon dioxide and water vapourSkin Sweat Excess water and salts
25. (i) A - Geotropism B - Phototropism (ii) Themovementsingeotropismandphototropismaredependentongrowthbutin
Mimosathemovementisindependentofgrowth.26. (i) Fermentation (ii) Yeast27.
A B(a) Ammonotelic (ii) fish(b) Ureotelic (iii) mammal(c) Uricotelic (iv) birds(d) Nephridia (i) annelids
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Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers 9
28. grass → grass hopper → frog → snake → eagle grass - producer grasshopper - primaryconsumer(Herbivores) frog - Primarycarnivores snake - Secondarycarnivores eagle - Tertiary carnivores.29. Thevariousliquidbiofuelsfortransportationare, 1. Bio alcohol 2. Green diesel 3. Bio diesel 4. Vegetable oil.30.
Sources A B CRenewable Hydrogen Wind SolarenergyNon–Renewable Coal Naturalgas Petroleum
31. Coal,Petroleum,Naturalgas.32. Thephenomenonbywhichthecolloidalparticlesareincontinuousrandommotionis
called Brownian movement.33. WeightofNaCl = 20g Weight of H2O = 50 g
Weight percent = Weight of soluteWeight of solute + Weight of solvent
× 100
= 2020+50
× 100
= 28.57%.
34. Solution :
Numberofmolesofatoms= Number of AtomsAvogadro's number
= 22
23
12.046 10 12106.023 10
× = ××
= 0.2 moles.
35. (i) Acid A is a weak acid. Acid B is a strong acid. (ii) Exampleforweakacid:CH3COOH. Exampleforstrongacid:HCl.
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10 Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers
36. (i) HCOOH. Reason : It is Organic acid. (ii) Vinegar Reason : It is acidic in nature.37. (i) Second period is a short period. It contains eight elements.
(or) First period is the shortestperiod.Itcontainsonlytwoelements. (ii) Group 17elementsarecalledHalogenfamily.
(or) Group 18 elements are noble gases or insert gases.38. (a) Assertionandreasonarecorrectandrelevanttoeachother.39. (i) Compoundusedinpicklesasapreservativeisvinegar–Aceticacid–CH3COOH.
When Acetic acid reacts with ethanol, in the presence of conc. H2SO4, it forms ester with sweet smell.
Compound Molecular formula NameA CH3COOH Acetic acid (or) ethanoic acidB CH3COOC2H5 Ethylethanoate
(ii) The process is called Esterification.
→2 5 3 3 2 5 22 4
Ethanol Ethanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate(A) (B)
conc.H SOC H OH + CH COOH CH COOC H + H O
40. (d) (A)iscorrectand(R)supports(A).41. m = 1 kg h = 20 m Velocitywithwhichtheobjecthitstheground v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = o2 + 2ghv = v= 2gh
v = 2gh
2×10×20 4001
= =
= −20 1ms
Velocitywithwhichtheobjectrebounds v2 = –20 ms–1
Change in momentum = Final momentum - Initial momentum = mv2–mv1 = [(1 × (–20)] – (1 × 20) = –20 – 20 = – 40 kg ms–1
\ Magnitude of change in momentum is 40 kg ms–1.
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Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers 11
42. Components Symbols
(a) An electric cell (ii) + -
(b) Plugkey(or)switch(closed) (iv) ( )
(c) Awirejoint (i)
(d) AresistorofresistanceR (iii) 43. (i) Ammeter (ii) Non–conventionalsourceofenergy44. Oceanthermalenergy: • Oceanthermalenergyconversionusesthetemperaturedifferencebetweencooler
deep and warmer shallow or surface water. • Ingeographicalareaswithwarmsurfacewaterandcolddeepwater,thetemperature
differencecanbeleveragedtodriveasteamcyclethatturnsaturbineandproducepower.
• Warmsurfaceseawaterpassesthroughaheatexchanges,vaporisingalowboilingpointworkingfluidtodriveaturbine,generatorproducingelectricity.
45. (a)
PF
C r i
N
M
(b) Araypassingthroughtheprincipalfocusofaconcavemirror,afterreflection,willemerge parallel to the principal axis.
46. Fleming’s right hand rule:Stretchthethumb,forefingerandmiddlefingerofrighthandsothattheyaremutuallyperpendiculartoeachother.Iftheforefingerindicatesthedirectionofthemagneticfieldandthethumbshowsthedirectionofmotionofconductor,thenthemiddlefingerwillshowthedirectionofinducedcurrent.
47. (i) u = –25 cm v = +20cm f = ?
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12 Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers
1f
= 1 1v u
−
= 120
125
−−
= 120
125
+
= 5 4100
9100
+ =
\ f = 1009
11 11= . cm
Section - II
PART - I48. (a) 1. Sanitarymeasuresincludegroundfoggingwithdisinfectants. 2. Preventwaterstagnationandcoverditchesanddrains. 3. Usemosquitonetsandrepellants. (b) Chills,shiveringandariseintemperature.
49. (a) (1) Meninges. (2) Vertebral column. (3) Duramater. (4) Arachnoid membrane. (5) Piamater. (b) Types of nerve cells: (1) MyelinatedorMedullatedorWhiteneurons. (2) Non-MyelinatedorNon-MedullatedorGreyneurons. (3) Unipolar neurons. (4) Bipolar neurons. (5) Multipolar neuron.
PART - II50. Structure of a dicot seed (bean) : Theseedisbulky,ovalandslightlyindentedononeside.Onthissidethereisa
short longitudinal, whitish ridge called the raphae. Atoneendoftheraphaethereisaminuteopeningknownasgermporeormicropyle. Ifawatersoakedseedispressedgentlyasmalldropofwateralongwithairbubbles
willbefoundcomingoutthroughthemicropyle. Theembryoisenclosedbytheseedcoat.Itconsistsofcotyledonsattachedtothe
primaryaxiswhichhasrudimentaryrootportioncalledtheradicleandarudimentarystem portion known as plumule.
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Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers 13
Thetipoftheradicleprojectsoutside,andisnearertothemicropyle.Theplumuleisplacedbetweenthetwocotyledonsandconsistsofashootaxis,andasmallbudhavingtwotinylittlefoldedleaves.
Seed coatplumule
Radicle
Cotyledons
Dicot Seed (Bean)
51. (a) Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminatetheuseandgenerationofhazardoussubstances.
(b) Future Products : • Arawmaterialfeedstockshouldberenewableratherthandepleting,whenever
technicallyandeconomicallypractical. • Catalyticreagentsaresuperiortostoichiometricreagents. • GreenChemistryisapplicabletoallaspectsoftheproductlifecycleaswell. • Newleadfreesolderswithlowerheatrequirementsarebeingdeveloped.
PART - III
52. The findings of modern atomic theory are given as follows: (i) An atom is the smallest particle which takes part in chemical reactions. (ii) Anatomisconsideredtobeadivisibleparticle. (iii) Theatomsofthesameelementmaynotbesimilarinallrespects. e.g.:Isotopes[17Cl35, 17Cl37] (iv) Theatomsofdifferentelementsmaybesimilarinsomerespects. e.g.:Isobars[18Ar40, 20Ca40] (v) Theratioofatomsinamoleculemaybefixedandintegralbutmaynotbesimple.
e.g.:C12H22O11 is not a simple ratio (Sucrose) (vi) The atomsof one element canbe changed into atomsof another element by
transmutation.
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14 Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers
(vii) Themassofanatomcanbeconvertedintoenergy.ThisisinaccordancewithEinstein’sequationE=mc2.[E=Energy,m=mass,c=speedoflight].
UsingEinstein’sequationE=mc2stabilityandreactivityoftheelementsandmoleculesarededucedusingmodernatomictheoryaswelltheusageofatomasasourceofenergyisalsoknown.
53. Manufacture of Ethanol:Molasses is dark coloured syrupy liquid left after thecrystallizationofsugarfromtheconcentratedsugarcanejuice.Molassesstillcontainsucroseandthissucroseisconvertedintoethanolbythefollowingsteps:
(i) Dilution :Molassesisfirstdilutedwithwatertobringdowntheconcentrationofsugar to about 8 to 10%.
(ii) Addition of ammonium salts :Molassesusuallycontainsenoughnitrogenousmattertoactasfoodforyeastduringfermentation.Ifthenitrogencontentofthemolasses ispoor, itmaybe fortifiedby theadditionofammoniumsulphateorammonium phosphate.
(iii) Addition of yeast : The solution from step (ii) is collected in large ‘fermentation tanks’andyeastisaddedtoit.Themixtureiskeptatabout303Kforafewdays.Duringthisperiod,theenzymesinvertaseandzymasepresentinyeast,bringabouttheconversionofsucroseintoethanol.
12 22 11 2 6 12 6 6 12 6
6 12 6 2 5 2
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
Glucose or Fructose Ethanol
invertase
zymase
C H O + H O C H O + C H O
C H O 2C H OH + 2CO
→
→ ↑
Thefermentedliquidistechnicallycalledwash. (iv) Distillation of wash : Thefermentedliquidcontaining15to18%alcoholandthe
restofwater,isnowsubjectedtofractionaldistillation.Themainfractiondrawn,isanaqueoussolutionofethanolwhichcontains95.5%ofethanoland4.5%ofwater.Thisiscalledrectifiedspirit.Themixtureisthenheatedunderrefluxoverquicklimefor about 5 to 6 hours and then allowed to stand for 12 hours. On distillation of this mixture, pure alcohol (100%) is obtained. This is called absolute alcohol.
PART - IV54. (a) Newton’sfirstlawofmotionstatesthatanobjectremainsinthestateofrestor
ofuniformmotioninastraightlineunlesscompelledtochangethatstatebyanapplied unbalanced force.
Reason : Wetendtoremainatrestwithrespecttotheseat,untilthedriverappliesbrake to stop the motor car. With the application of brake, the car slows downbutourbodytendstocontinueinthesamestateofmotionbecauseof inertia.A sudden applicationof brakemay cause injury to us bycollision with the panels in front.
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Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers 15
(b) 10 kg 15 kg 10 kg 15 kg 10 kg 15 kg
10 m/s 5 m/s F1 F24 m/s
9 m/s
A B A B A B
MassofabodyA,(m1) = 10 kg MassofabodyB,(m2) = 15kg InitialvelocityofA,(u1) = 10 m/s InitialvelocityofB,(u2) = 5 m/s FinalvelocityofA,(v1) = 4 m/s FinalvelocityofB,(v2) = 9 m/s The time of collision, (t) = 2 seconds. AccordingtoNewton’ssecondlawofmotion, Force acting on B (action), F1 = mass of B × acceleration on B
F1 = m v ut
2 2 2( )−
= 15 9 52
15 42
30( )−
= × = N
F1 = 30N
Force acting on A (reaction), F2 = mass of A × acceleration on A
F2 = m v ut
1 1 1( )−
= 10 4 102
10 62
30( ) ( )−
=× −
= − N
F2 = –30N
AccordingtoNewton’sthirdlawofmotion F1 = –F2
\ F1 = 30N F2 = –30N
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16 Sura’s Science – X Std. Public Exam Question Paper - March 2017 with Answers
55. Defects of vision :Therearethreecommonrefractivedefectsofvision. (1) Myopia or near-sightedness : Apersonwithmyopiacanseenearbyobjectsclearly
butcannotseethedistantobjectsdistinctly. Theimageofadistantobjectisformedinfrontoftheretinaandnotattheretina
itself.
(a) Far point of myopia eye (b) Myopia eye
(c) Correction of myopia eye
(2) Hypermetropia or far-sightedness : Apersonwithhypermetropiacanseedistantobjectsclearlybutcannotseenearbyobjectsdistinctly.
Thisisbecausethelightraysfromaclosebyobjectarefocussedatapointbehindthe retina.
(a) Near point of hypermetropic eye (b) Hypermetropia eye
(c) Correction of hypermetropia eye
(3) Presbyopia : Thepowerofaccomodationoftheeyeusuallydecreaseswithageing.Theyfind it difficult to see near by objects confortably anddistinctlywithoutcorrectiveeye-glasses.Thisdefectiscalledpresbyopia.
Defects be rectified : (i) Myopia :Thisdefectcanbecorrectedbyusingaconcavelensofsuitablepower. (ii) Hypermetropia : Thisdefectcanbecorrectedbyusingaconvexlensofappropriate
power. (iii) Presbyopia :Suchdefectsarerectifiedusingby-focallenses.Acommontypeof
by-focal lensesconsistsofbothconcaveandconvex lenses.Theupperportionconsistsofaconcavelens.Itfacilitatesdistantvision.Thesedays,itispossibletocorrecttherefractivedefectslikePresbyopiawithcontactlenses.
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