Section III: Islamic Rulers in IndiaSection III: Islamic Rulers in India(Pages 186-189)(Pages 186-189)

This section is about:This section is about: Muslims who invaded Muslims who invaded

India.India. Invaders such as Invaders such as

Tamerlane who pillaged Tamerlane who pillaged the area and left.the area and left.

Other invaders, like the Other invaders, like the Delhi sultanate and Babur, Delhi sultanate and Babur, who settled in India and who settled in India and improved conditions there.improved conditions there.

The co-existence of The co-existence of Hinduism and Islam in Hinduism and Islam in India.India.

There were a lot of people There were a lot of people fighting for control of India fighting for control of India from 550-1150 AD.from 550-1150 AD.

No one really ever could No one really ever could make India 1 big empire (it make India 1 big empire (it had a lot of small little had a lot of small little kingdoms).kingdoms).

There were always new There were always new people coming in and trying people coming in and trying to control the people.to control the people.

One of the Islamic invaders of One of the Islamic invaders of India was Mahmud of GhazniIndia was Mahmud of Ghazni

He invaded India 17 times He invaded India 17 times (took Hindu art, jewels, (took Hindu art, jewels, gold, silver, and slaves (and gold, silver, and slaves (and even the gates of the town).even the gates of the town).

Most invaders would do the Most invaders would do the same – go in, take India’s same – go in, take India’s wealth, and go back home.wealth, and go back home.

But in 1186, Qutb ud-Aibak But in 1186, Qutb ud-Aibak started an Islamic state in started an Islamic state in northern India.northern India.

His kingdom was called a His kingdom was called a sultanatesultanate (government (government headed by a sultan).headed by a sultan).

This was the beginning of This was the beginning of an Islamic presence in an Islamic presence in India.India.

The Delhi sultanate The Delhi sultanate became a center of became a center of

IslamIslam One of Qutb ud-Aibak’s first One of Qutb ud-Aibak’s first

acts was to destroy the acts was to destroy the Hindu temples.Hindu temples.

He then tried to force the He then tried to force the Hindu’s to convert to Islam.Hindu’s to convert to Islam.

If they didn’t – they had to If they didn’t – they had to pay extra taxes or were put pay extra taxes or were put in jail.in jail.

They were very wealthy They were very wealthy and built great palaces, and built great palaces, mosques, hospitals, mosques, hospitals, schools, and irrigation schools, and irrigation systems.systems.

While Qutb ud-Aibak was in While Qutb ud-Aibak was in charge, northern India was charge, northern India was peaceful and prosperous.peaceful and prosperous.

But But Muslims and HindusMuslims and Hindus didn’t get along too didn’t get along too well.well.

Their beliefs were so Their beliefs were so different, their different, their cultures didn’t blend cultures didn’t blend together too well.together too well.

For example – music is For example – music is important to Hindu important to Hindu ceremonies, but ceremonies, but Muslims condemned Muslims condemned music and dance in music and dance in religious ceremonies.religious ceremonies.

The only thing that The only thing that blended was a Hindu blended was a Hindu and Muslim language, and Muslim language, with Arabic letters with Arabic letters (Urdu)(Urdu)

But Delhi's sultanate was But Delhi's sultanate was

destroyeddestroyed by Timer Lenk (Tamerlane) – a Mongolby Timer Lenk (Tamerlane) – a Mongol

Tamerlane invaded Delhi, Tamerlane invaded Delhi, then the rest of the area, then the rest of the area, leaving death and destruction leaving death and destruction behind. behind.

It took Delhi more than 100 It took Delhi more than 100 years to recover.years to recover.

Tamerlane didn’t stay long – Tamerlane didn’t stay long – he went off to attack others.he went off to attack others.

He tried to control all the He tried to control all the Middle East and Asia.Middle East and Asia.

If someone opposed his rule, If someone opposed his rule, he had them destroyed, and he had them destroyed, and would sometimes build would sometimes build towers out of their skulls towers out of their skulls (next).(next).

In 1405, on his way to invade In 1405, on his way to invade China, he died.China, he died.

Delhi never recovered from Timerlane’s Delhi never recovered from Timerlane’s attacks.attacks.

In 1526, an Islamic Chief In 1526, an Islamic Chief asked Babur (Tamerlane's asked Babur (Tamerlane's descendant) to put down a descendant) to put down a Hindu rebellion.Hindu rebellion.

Babur did, but also took over Babur did, but also took over the Islamic Chief’s empire.the Islamic Chief’s empire.

His new empire was called the His new empire was called the Mughals (Islamic for Mongols).Mughals (Islamic for Mongols).

By the time he died, he By the time he died, he controlled much of India and controlled much of India and what is now Bangladesh. what is now Bangladesh.

He also used weapons that He also used weapons that had a new chemicalhad a new chemical

So the Mughals are sometimes So the Mughals are sometimes called the first gunpowder called the first gunpowder empire)empire)

Babur’s grandson (Babur’s grandson (AkbarAkbar) took ) took overover

He was only 13 but is considered the greatest He was only 13 but is considered the greatest

Mughal rulerMughal ruler He felt it was impossible to keep He felt it was impossible to keep

his empire united if all people his empire united if all people were forced to be Muslims, so were forced to be Muslims, so people had religious freedom.people had religious freedom.

He even married a Hindu princess He even married a Hindu princess and gave important government and gave important government jobs to Hindus.jobs to Hindus.

He did away with the “you’re not He did away with the “you’re not a Muslim” tax.a Muslim” tax.

He had great military victories, He had great military victories, improved trade, made improved trade, made government more efficient, government more efficient, advanced the arts and helped the advanced the arts and helped the empire survive for another 150 empire survive for another 150 years.years.

Akbar’s son then ruled for 22 Akbar’s son then ruled for 22 years, and then his grandson years, and then his grandson (Shah Jahan - 30 more). He also (Shah Jahan - 30 more). He also built…built…

The Taj MahalThe Taj Mahal

Mumtaz Mumtaz MahalMahal She was the very lady to whom She was the very lady to whom

Taj Mahal is dedicated. Taj Mahal is dedicated. The most loved wife of Shah The most loved wife of Shah

Jahan died after delivering her Jahan died after delivering her 14th child. 14th child.

It is said that Mumtaz Mahal on It is said that Mumtaz Mahal on her deathbed asked Shah Jahan her deathbed asked Shah Jahan to create a symbol of their love to create a symbol of their love and her loyal husband accepted and her loyal husband accepted it immediately. it immediately.

But many historians do not agree But many historians do not agree with this story claiming that it with this story claiming that it was the grief-stricken emperor was the grief-stricken emperor himself who decided to build the himself who decided to build the most memorable symbol of love most memorable symbol of love in the world. in the world.

It took him 22 years and most of It took him 22 years and most of his royal treasury to built a his royal treasury to built a monument befitting the memory monument befitting the memory of his beloved of his beloved

The The GardensGardens

InsideInside

The actual The actual tombstombs

The actual tombs of the The actual tombs of the Shah and his wife rest Shah and his wife rest within the Taj itself. No within the Taj itself. No shoes are allowed so all shoes are allowed so all visitors must take them visitors must take them off and pay a small fee off and pay a small fee to workers to watch to workers to watch them before they enter. them before they enter. Socks are Socks are recommended because recommended because the heat of the Indian the heat of the Indian sun makes the marble sun makes the marble feel hotter than a frying feel hotter than a frying pan! pan!

The Taj Mahal

10 Facts about the Taj Mahal

One person who combined One person who combined Hindus and Muslims was Guru NanakHindus and Muslims was Guru Nanak

He believed all people were He believed all people were brothers and sisters. He brothers and sisters. He condemned all forms of condemned all forms of inequality (remember inequality (remember India’s caste system?).India’s caste system?).

Guru Nanak asked his Guru Nanak asked his followers – followers – SikhsSikhs (means (means “disciples / followers”) to “disciples / followers”) to find the truth within find the truth within themselves.themselves.

At first, everything was At first, everything was peaceful, but later Mughal peaceful, but later Mughal rulers began to torture and rulers began to torture and kill Sikhs.kill Sikhs.

Sikhs became more Sikhs became more militant militant (willing to fight) and took (willing to fight) and took the name Singh (means the name Singh (means “lion”)“lion”)

There are three Sikh actions to understanding God:

1. Meditating on God’s name

2. Giving charity

3. Bathing

The Mughal empire eventually The Mughal empire eventually declineddeclined

Akbar’s successor’s didn’t Akbar’s successor’s didn’t understand how it helped understand how it helped to have Hindus and to have Hindus and Muslims get along.Muslims get along.

One ruler after Shah Jahan One ruler after Shah Jahan even required all people even required all people to be Muslims (that didn’t to be Muslims (that didn’t work).work).

They built to big of an They built to big of an empire (too hard to empire (too hard to control).control).

European countries began European countries began to come to India to trade to come to India to trade and eventually began to and eventually began to get more and more power.get more and more power.

It’s time to look at the two different sides of the It’s time to look at the two different sides of the CrusadesCrusades

We usually only hear the Western version. We usually only hear the Western version. Here’s one side (it’s also on the sheet you have):Here’s one side (it’s also on the sheet you have):

Muslims brought civilization to Jerusalem and all of Palestine. Muslims brought civilization to Jerusalem and all of Palestine. Instead of beliefs that showed no respect for other peoples' Instead of beliefs that showed no respect for other peoples' sacred values, and which killed them simply out of differences sacred values, and which killed them simply out of differences of faith, there reigned the just, tolerant and moderate culture of faith, there reigned the just, tolerant and moderate culture of Islam. Christians and Jews lived together in peace and of Islam. Christians and Jews lived together in peace and harmony in Palestine. Muslims never tried to use force to harmony in Palestine. Muslims never tried to use force to make people convert, although some non-Muslims who saw make people convert, although some non-Muslims who saw that Islam was the true religion did so of their own free will.that Islam was the true religion did so of their own free will.

The peace and harmony in Palestine lasted as long as Muslim The peace and harmony in Palestine lasted as long as Muslim rule in the region. However, at the end of the 11th century, a rule in the region. However, at the end of the 11th century, a conquering force entered the region from abroad, and the conquering force entered the region from abroad, and the civilized land of Jerusalem was barbarically and savagely civilized land of Jerusalem was barbarically and savagely plundered, in a way never before seen. These barbarians were plundered, in a way never before seen. These barbarians were the Crusaders.the Crusaders.

http://harunyahya.com/en/works/735/islam-denounces-terrorism/chapter/1655

Under Muslim rule, Muslims, Christians and Jews lived together in Jerusalem in contentment and

peace.

While members of all three religions were living While members of all three religions were living peaceably together in Palestine, the Christians in peaceably together in Palestine, the Christians in Europe decided to organize a crusade. Following a Europe decided to organize a crusade. Following a call by Pope Urban II, more than 100,000 people call by Pope Urban II, more than 100,000 people from all over Europe set out for Palestine to free the from all over Europe set out for Palestine to free the Holy land from the Muslims and find the fabled Holy land from the Muslims and find the fabled wealth of the East. After a long and wearying wealth of the East. After a long and wearying journey, and much plundering and slaughter along journey, and much plundering and slaughter along the way, they reached Jerusalem. The city fell after the way, they reached Jerusalem. The city fell after a siege of nearly five weeks, and the Crusaders a siege of nearly five weeks, and the Crusaders moved in. And they carried out a savagery the like moved in. And they carried out a savagery the like of which the world has seldom seen. All Muslims of which the world has seldom seen. All Muslims and Jews in the city were put to the sword.and Jews in the city were put to the sword.

The peace and harmony in Palestine ended in The peace and harmony in Palestine ended in terrible slaughter. The Crusaders violated all the terrible slaughter. The Crusaders violated all the ethical laws of Christianity, a religion of love and ethical laws of Christianity, a religion of love and compassion, and spread terror in the name of compassion, and spread terror in the name of Christianity.Christianity.

King Richard ruthlessly executed 3000 Muslim civilians in

the Castle of Acre, among whom were many women and children ...

Saladin and the Muslims in his command treated the Saladin and the Muslims in his command treated the Christians with great mercy and justice, and even showed Christians with great mercy and justice, and even showed them more compassion than their own leaders had. Not only them more compassion than their own leaders had. Not only the Christians but also Jews attained peace and security with the Christians but also Jews attained peace and security with the conquest of Jerusalem by Muslims. the conquest of Jerusalem by Muslims.

After Jerusalem, the Crusaders continued their barbarity and After Jerusalem, the Crusaders continued their barbarity and the Muslims their justice in other cities in Palestine. In 1194, the Muslims their justice in other cities in Palestine. In 1194, Richard the Lionheart, who is portrayed as a great hero in Richard the Lionheart, who is portrayed as a great hero in British history, had 3,000 Muslims, among whom were many British history, had 3,000 Muslims, among whom were many women and children, executed in Castle Acre. Although the women and children, executed in Castle Acre. Although the Muslims witnessed this savagery, they never resorted to the Muslims witnessed this savagery, they never resorted to the same methods. They abided by Allah's command "Let not same methods. They abided by Allah's command "Let not the hatred of a people [who once] obstructed you from the the hatred of a people [who once] obstructed you from the Sacred Mosque lead you to transgress..." 2) and never used Sacred Mosque lead you to transgress..." 2) and never used violence against innocent civilians. They never employed violence against innocent civilians. They never employed unnecessary violence, not even against the Crusader armies unnecessary violence, not even against the Crusader armies they defeated.they defeated.

The savagery of the Crusaders and the justice of the Muslims The savagery of the Crusaders and the justice of the Muslims once more revealed a historic truth: An administration built once more revealed a historic truth: An administration built on the principles of Islam allowed people of different faiths to on the principles of Islam allowed people of different faiths to live together. This fact continued to be demonstrated for 700 live together. This fact continued to be demonstrated for 700 years after Saladin, particularly during the Ottoman periodyears after Saladin, particularly during the Ottoman period

Although the Ottoman Empire was a Muslim state, it granted its subjects religious freedom. As seen in this picture, the state protected its citizens in accordance with Muslim moral teaching, providing for its poor no

matter what religion they practiced.