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Preliminary research on Caribbean shipping, culture, history, technology, demographics and weather
Citation preview
aftermath of hurricane david in Dominica
in 2008 there were 8 hurricanes in the Caribbean
996 people were killed
the destruction cost 39.2 billion dollars
Hurricanes Gustav and Dean in Jamaica, The Dominican Republic and Haiti.
Houston, USA[1,171,768]
New Orleans, USA[775,889]
Altamira, Mexico[209,961]
Veracruz, Mexico[551,461]
Progresso, Mexico[66,331]
Puerto Barrios, Guatemala[198,633]
Santo Tomas de Castilla, Guatemala[193,623]
Miami, USA[981,700]
American Virgin Islands[37,643]
Cartegena, Columbia[551,865]
Barranquilla,Columbia[76,173]
La Guaira, Venezuela[125,604]
Aruba[72,563]
Puerto Cabello, Venezuela[629,282]
Santa Maria,Columbia[53,426]
British Virgin Islands[40,599] Anguilla
[20,299]
Antigua and Barbuda[44,522]St. Kitts-Nevis
[40,599]
Dominica[8256]
Guadeloupe[105,228]
caribbean ports: Container Handeling [Tens of Thousands]
Curacao[72,015]
Bahamas[618,580]
Barbados[72,649]
Cayman Islands[44,304]
Cuba[253,743]
Dominican Republic[516,390]
Grenada[40,599]
Haiti[73,266]
Jamaica[902,222]
Puerto Rico[1,892,635]
St. Lucia[45,810]
St. Vincent & Grenadines[40,599]
Trinidad & Tobago[303,393]
Martinique[143,877]
in the world
ther are currently over 30 million shipping containers
NOT being used
Images from pports in New Jersey, New York and Los Angeles
3 deaths
$ 0.25 millions6 deaths
$ 78 millions5 deaths
$ 1,520 millions 21 deaths
$ ~ 180 millions25 deaths
$ 8,300 millions101 deaths
$ 160 millions $532 deaths
$ 31,500 millions126 deaths
6 deaths$ 23 millions
$ 9.7 millions9 deaths
1 deaths$ 2,090 millions
$ ~ 96 millions1 deaths
Landfall pointHurrivcane
Arthur Ambergris Caye, BelizeBertha Bermuda (direct hit, no landfall)Cristobal Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
(direct hit, no landfall)Dolly Cancún, Mexico
Cabo Cruz, CubaMatanzas Province, Cuba
Gustav Jacmel, Haiti
Little Cayman, and CaymanBrac, Cayman Islands (directhit, no landfall)Isla de la Juventud, CubaPinar del Río Province, CubaCocodrie, Louisiana
Hanna ProvidencialesInagua, Bahamas (direct hit,no landfall)Northern Hispaniola (directhit, no landfall)Middle Caicos, Turks and Caicos IslandsNorth Myrtle Beach, South CarolinaIslip, New YorkConnecticut/Rhode Island Border
Ike Grand Turk IslandInagua, BahamasPunto de Sama, CubaPinar del Río Province, CubaGalveston Island, Texas
Kyle Yarmouth, Nova ScotiaMarco El Laurel, VeracruzOmar US Virgin Islands (direct hit, no landfall)Sixteen El Limón, HondurasPaloma Grand Cayman Island (directhit, no landfall)
Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, Cayman IslandsSanta Cruz del Sur, Cuba
Kingston, Jamaica
South Padre Island, TexasEdouard Gilchrist, TexasFay Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Key West, FloridaCape Romano, FloridaFlagler Beach, FloridaCarrabelle, Florida
Arthur
Bertha
TS Josephine
TS Nana
Ike
TS Cristobal
Dolly
TS Edouard
Fay
Gustav
Hanna
TS Laura
Kyle
TS Marco
OmarTD Sixteen
Paloma
Landfall points & Damage from 2008 Hurricanes
Legend A2 A3 A4 A51D 1S A1
Landfall Point A21S A1 A3 A4 A51D
container surplus The world’s introduction of the shipping container resulted in vast improvements in port handling efficiency. Lower shipping and freight charges helped boost trade flows. In today’s society, almost every consumer good spends some time in a shipping container. Today there are about 30 million containers in the world. At the same time, there are an estimated 700,000 sitting in U.S. ports alone due to the exploding growth of imports from China. This problem exist in many coun-tries where their imports exceed their exports. It is cheaper to manufacture a new container in China, than transporting it empty back to where it originated. In port cities and areas around inland freight transit terminals hundreds of thou-sands of empty containers are piling up.
Castries, St. Lucia
caribbean countries: Populations [Fifties of Thousands]
Houston, USA(2,200,000)
New Orleans, USA(239,124)
Altamira, Mexico(162,628)
Veracruz, Mexico(444,438)
Puerto Barrios, Guatemala(40,900)
Miami, USA(409,719)
American Virgin Islands(109,840)
Cartegena, Columbia(1,240,000)
Aruba(101,541)
Puerto Cabello, Venezuela(154,000)
British Virgin Islands(22,000)
Anguilla(13,477)
Antigua and Barbuda(84,522)
St. Kitts-Nevis[40,599]
Dominica(72,514)
Guadeloupe(452,776)
Bahamas(307,451)
Barbados(281,968)
Cayman Islands(47,862)
Cuba(11,423,952)
Dominican Republic(9,507,133)
Grenada(90,343)
Haiti(8,924,553)
Jamaica(2,804,332)
Puerto Rico(3,958,128)
St. Lucia(159,585)
St. Vincent & Grenadines(118,432)
Trinidad & Tobago(1,047,366)
Martinique(402,000)
container
In 1956, trucking tycoon Malcom McLean invented a better, faster, and more economical way to transport goods. His new container could be lifted by crane from truck to ship to train. These new stackable containers spread rapidly through the United States and engulfed the world market shortly thereafter. Between 1968 and 1970 the container was finally globally standardized. The majority of containers used today comply with ISO standardizations, with 20’ and 40’-long containers being used predominantly.
B
D
A
FE
C
B
A
C
containerend framesEnd frames are provided at both the front and the rear of the container. These are welded assemblies of steel members which include the corner castings of standardized handling sockets (C). Heavy loads required for staking the containers require a thicker material in the end frames. 1/4-inch material formed into a box section is most commonly used.
longitudinal rails Side rails running longitudinally along the top and bottom of the container join the two end frames together and are used to mount the side panels. The rails-to-frame joint is usually bolted.
side panelsSide panels are attached to the end frames and side rails, and are usually a corrugated sheet metal. Steel is most common but aluminum and corten steel can also be used for this construction. A typical side panel is made from a 18-gauge (.049in.) sheet stock with corrugations of about 1.5 inches depth.
roof panelThe roof is generally the same material and construction as the side panels, however one-piece sheet material is preferred in order to maximize resistance to water. Adhesives are sometimes also used to minimize water infiltration.
bottom structureThe understructure and flooring transfer loads induced by deadweight and inertial reactions of the contents to the side rails. The cross members are formed channels or extruded shapes of steel or aluminum. The deck is usually a softwood floor board, shiplap jointed. Plywood is also used for flooring.
doorsDoors are usually heavy plywood clad with metal faces, referred to as plymetal. Doors are usually generously proportioned for the further reason that when firmly engaged to the end frame, they significantly contribute to the container’s resistance to racking forces. Locking bars, sometimes one or two per door, are used for security and added strength.
A
B
C
D
E
F
handling provisionsStandardized fittings (C) located on the corners of the container, are used for stacking and moving the containers. The fittings have elongated sockets on the top of the containers to which are engaged connecting fittings of a crane or mobile handling unit. Similar sockets are on the underside of the contain-ers to provide restraint when containers are on deck or on a land vehicle.
top
20’-0”8’-0”
8’-6
”
front side rear
plan
longitudinal section section
side
top
front rear
horizontal section
longitudinal section section
40’-0”8’-0”
8’-6
”
external diminsions:internal diminsions:
floor area:weight:
internal volume:
20-0 x 8-0 x 8-6 (L x W x H)19.4 x 7-8 x 7-10 (L x W x H)149 ft²6,460 lbs1165 ft³
external diminsions:internal diminsions:
floor area:weight:
internal volume:
40-0 x 8-0 x 8-6 (L x W x H)39.6 x 7-8 x 7-10 (L x W x H)304 ft²8,300 lbs2,378 ft³
40 GC
20 GC
An empty 40’ GP container can withstand a 140 mph. wind before overturning, whereas a 20’ GP container can sustain winds up to 150 mph.
caribbean-regionexport commodities
The Caribbean is Heterogeneous, an
Idiosyncratic series of independent
islands and cultures, identified by local
traditions and traits
Artist, David Boxer
“The Caribbean is not a closely knit
homogenous society. It is still very much
a group of societies and those societies
are different by…unfortunately, but this is
how it is defined by the colonial past. In
the English speaking territories we are
closer we do deal with the same past.
There are coming out is this the histories
of the French Certainly and when and
you think of Haiti and with the Spanish
men you think of Cuba or Santa
Domingo, but in each of the areas the
French treated, for instance, their slaves
differently, probably it accounts for the
different personalities, the different racial
personalities within the Caribbean, but
we will always feel closer to those from
Barbados and Jamaica here, we will feel
close to those from Barbados, from
Trinidad, from Antigua, from the English
speaking territories then we do with
those from the French, or those from the
Dutch, or even the Spanish.”
–David Boxer St. Andrew Jamaica
0
50 million
100 million
150 million
200 million
250 million
300 million
country 303.8m 37.5m 65.1m 109.9m 191.9m
carib
bean r
egio
n
population
demographics
land
sea
united
sta
tes
mexic
o
france
bra
zil
7,000
2,515,900 sq km
13 sovereign states
2 overseas departments
14 dependent territories
European Union or
United States
African (Kongo, Igbo, Yoruba, Akan)
Native American (Arawak, Caribs, Taino)
European (Spanish, French, English, Portuguese, Dutch)
Asian (Chinese, Indian)
# of islands:
caribbean sea:
government types:
ethnicities:
Cuba
Cayman Islands
Jamaica Haiti Dominican Republic
Bahamas
Miami
New Orleans
Puerto Rico
U.S. virgin
Islands
U.K. virgin
Islands
Anguilla
Antigua-Barbuda
Guadeloupe
Dominica
Martinique
Barbados
St. Vincent
Grenadines
Grenada
Trinidad
& Tobago
Puerto Rico
U.S. virgin
Islands
U.K. virgin Islands
Anguilla
Antigua-Barbuda
Guadeloupe
Dominica
Martinique
Barbados
St. Vincent
Grenadines
Grenada
Trinidad
& Tobago
The Caribbean and the Sea
KCHO (Alexis Leyva Machado)
“I believe that for the Caribbean, the sea is everything.
Our door, our enemy, our friend, our mom…And this,
when you are far from the sea, you feel it. And you
feel it is fundamental for you, and that your island is
that way, and you feel that all your islands from the
Caribbean are that way, and that the sea is in that
direction. And you feel that the sea is your escape,
and that though you are in the middle of the continent,
you can smell it, and know in which direction you need
to go.” - KCHO
land area = 27,600 sq km
or
2.7 million soccer fields
291 km
haiti-port-au-prince
27
,60
0 s
q k
m t
ota
lpermanent crops
arable land
other (developed, rural)
export commodities
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country
citycity11,423,900 8,925,000 39,800
5,600,000 2,500,000 15,500
cub
a
haiti
st
kitts
& n
evis
bassete
rre
population
port
-au-p
rince
havana
demographics
land use
labor
3.6
millio
n t
ota
l w
ork
ers
2/3
unem
plo
ym
entagriculture labor
industry labor
service labor
republic
95% black, 5% mulatto, white
french, creole
80% roman catholic, 16% protestant
flooding, earthquakes, droughts, hurricanes
(purchasing power parity): $12.15 billion
(purchasing power parity): $1,400 (U.S.: $45,800)
52.9% (shortage of skilled labor)
5.6%
government:
ethnicity:
language:
relegion:
hazards:
GDP:
GDP per capita:
literacy:
hiv/aids prevalence:
hurricanes
Jeanne 2004 killed 3000
Flora 1963 killed 8000
unnamed 1935 killed 2000
Hazel 1954 killed 1000
Gordon 1994 killed1000
Georges killed 400
destroyed 80% crops
Haiti is by far the most poverty stricken country in the Carib-bean. Most Haitians live in small, often remote, villages or isolated settlements, with no access to electricity, clean water, or social services. Some rudimentary education is offered by church and other charitable organizations, but the distances children must travel to school, the costs of books and uniforms, and the necessity for them to work from an early age means that illiteracy is estimated at over half of the adult population. Illness can often spell financial disaster, as meager savings or investments such as a pig must be sold to pay for medi-cines. In some areas large numbers of people are depen-dent on aid agencies for food supplies.
Aerial view of the flooding caused by Hurricane Hanna in Gonaives, Haiti's second largest city (pop. 300,000).
poverty
land area = 10,800 sq km
or
1 million soccer fields
228 km
jamaica-kingston
10
,80
0 s
q k
m t
ota
l
permanent crops
arable land
other (developed, rural)
export commodities
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country
citycity11,423,900 2,804,300 39,800
5,600,000 96,000 15,500
cub
a
jam
aic
a
st
kitts
& n
evis
bassete
rre
population
kin
gsto
n
havana
demographics
land use
labor
1.2
6 m
to
tal w
ork
ers
10
.1%
unem
plo
ym
ent
agriculture labor
industry labor
service labor
constitutional parliamentary democracy
91% black, 6.2% mixed
english
62.5 protestant, 14.2 unspecified
hurricanes, deforestation, pollution
(purchasing power parity): $21.57 billion
(purchasing power parity): $7,700 (Haiti: $1,300)
mostly mountains, narrow-discontinuous coastal plain
hot, humid
government:
ethnicity:
language:
relegion:
hazards:
GDP:
GDP per capita:
terrain:
climate; tropical:
1km 2km 3km 4km
land area = 754 sq km
or
75,400 soccer fields
47 k
m
dominica-roseau
75
4 s
q k
m t
ota
lpermanent crops
arable land
other (developed, rural)
export commodities
hurrincane
david August, 1979
37 killed
5,000 injured
56,000 left homeless
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country
citycity11,423,900 72,500 39,800
5,600,000 15,900 15,500
cub
a
dom
inic
a
st
kitts
& n
evis
bassete
rre
population
roseau
havana
demographics
land use
labor
25
,00
0 t
ota
l w
ork
ers
23
% u
nem
plo
ym
ent
agriculture labor
industry labor
service labor
parliamentary democracy
87% black, 8.9% mixed, 2.9% carib
english, french patois
61.5% roman catholic, christian 7.7%
floods, hurricanes
(purchasing power parity): $688.7 million
(purchasing power parity): $9,500 (Haiti: $1,300)
rugged mountains of volcanic origin
northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
government:
ethnicity:
language:
relegion:
hazards:
GDP:
GDP per capita:
terrain:
climate; tropical:
1km 2km 3km 4km
land area = 431 sq km
or
43,100 soccer fields
32 k
m
barbados-bridgetownexport commodities
population
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country
citycity11,423,900 282,000 39,800
5,600,000 96,500 15,500
cub
a
barb
ad
os
st
kitts
& n
evis
bassete
rre
brid
geto
wn
havana
demographics
land use
labor
43
1 s
q k
m t
ota
l1
28
,50
0 t
ota
l w
ork
ers
10
.7%
unem
plo
ym
ent
agriculture labor
industry labor
service labor
permanent crops
arable land
other (developed, rural)
parliamentary democracy
90% black, 6% asian, 4% white
english
63% protestant, 28% angilican, 19% pentecostal
hurricanes, landslides, pollution
(purchasing power parity): $5.7 billion
(purchasing power parity): $20,200 (Haiti: $1,300)
160,000
1bridgetown
government:
ethnicity:
language:
relegion:
hazards:
GDP:
GDP per capita:
internet users:
maritime ports:
hurricanes
1780 killed 4,326 in Barbados.
1831 killed 1,500
1887 just north; 80mph winds
1895 just south; 110mph
winds
1898 95mph; hundreds killed
1916 just north; 85mph
1955 janet; 120mph winds
killed 35 people; damaged
1800 homes,20,000
homeless..
1963 just north; 95mph winds
1979 david passes to the north
with 140mph winds
1980 Allen; 125mph winds; 6
Million dollars in damage
1995 Marilyn to north; 75mph
winds; minor damage
Barbados has a comparatively
high density at 1,561people per
square mile.
land area = 907 sq km
or
90,700 soccer fields
236 km
united states-new orleansexport commodities
population
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country
citycity11,423,900 303,824,640 39,800
5,600,000 96,500 15,500
cub
a
united
sta
tes
st
kitts
& n
evis
bassete
rre
new
orleans
havana
demographics
land use
labor
data
based
on u
s
sq
km
tota
l
7.2
% u
nem
plo
ym
ent
in n
ew
orleans 2
00
6agriculture labor
industry labor
service labor
permanent crops
arable land
other (developed, rural)
constitution based federal republic
67% black, 28% white, 2.3% asian
english
51% protestant, 23% roman catholic
hurricanes, polluction,
(purchasing power parity): $14.6 trillion
(purchasing power parity): $38,800 (Haiti: $1,300)
2.48 new orleans, density 2,684 people per sq mile
3.23 new orleans
government:
ethnicity:
language:
relegion:
hazards:
GDP:
GDP per capita:
avg household:
avg family size:
hurricanes
August 2005 - Katrina
80 percent of city flooded
$200 billion estimated damages
1,2000 estimated deaths
Noteable Economic Losses
302,000 housing units destroyed on Gulf Coast
142,000 housing units destroyed New Orleans
112,000 housing units destroyed were low income or affordable
land area = 48,400 sq km
or
4.8 million soccer fields
380 km
dominican rep.-santo domingo
48
,40
0 s
q k
m t
ota
lpermanent crops
arable land
other (developed, rural)
export commodities
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country
citycity11,423,900 9,507,000 39,800
5,600,000 2,253,000 15,500
cub
a
dom
inic
an r
ep
ub
lic
st
kitts
& n
evis
bassete
rre
population
santo
dom
ingo
havana
demographics
land use
labor
4.1
millio
n t
ota
l w
ork
ers
15
.4%
unem
plo
ym
ent
agriculture labor
industry labor
service labor
democratic republic
73% mix, 16% white, 11% black
spanish
95% roman catholic
water shortage, erosion, coral reef, deforestation
(purchasing power parity): $83.3 billion
(purchasing power parity): $8,800 (Haiti: $1300)
4,061,000
5
government:
ethnicity:
language:
relegion:
hazards:
GDP:
GDP per capita:
urban populations total:
maritime ports:
hurricanes
Georges. (Category 3) 1998.
Hortense. (Category 3-1) 1996
Gilbert. (Category 3) 1988
Emily. (Category 4-2) 1987
David. (Category 5-4)1979
Beulah. (Category 4) 1967
Inez. (Category 4-3) 1966
Edith. (Category 2) 1963
San Zenon. (Category 3) 1930
land area = 110,800 sq km
or
11.1 million soccer fields
1,100 km
cuba-havana
11
0,8
00
sq
km
to
tal
permanent crops
arable land
other (developed, rural)
export commodities
dom
inic
an r
ep
ub
lic
santo
dom
ingo
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country
citycity9,507,000 11,423,900 39,800
2,253,000 5,600,000 15,500
cub
a
st
kitts
& n
evis
bassete
rre
population
havana
demographics
land use
labor
4.9
6 m
to
tal w
ork
ers
1.8
% u
nem
plo
ym
ent
agriculture labor
industry labor
service labor
communist state
65.1% mulatto, 24.8% mestizo, 10.1% black
spanish
85% roman catholic
hurricanes, deforestation, pollution, biodiversity loss
(purchasing power parity): $144.6 billion
(purchasing power parity): $12,700 (Haiti: $1,300)
1.31 million
198,300
government:
ethnicity:
language:
relegion:
hazards:
GDP:
GDP per capita:
internet users:
cell phones:
hurricanes
August 2008,
Hurricane Gustav made landfall on western Cuba
with winds of 150 mph destroying 100,000
homes.
The hurricane destroyed nerouns food sources
making it very difficult to feed the 86,000
plus population that was hit.
1km 2km 3km 4km
land area = 8,900 sq km
or
890,000 soccer fields
175 km
puerto rico-san juanexport commodities
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country
citycity11,423,900 3,958,100 39,800
5,600,000 433,700 15,500
cub
a
puert
o r
ico
st
kitts
& n
evis
bassete
rre
population
san juan
havana
demographics
land use
labor
8,9
00
sq
km
to
tal
1.3
millio
n t
ota
l w
ork
ers
12
%unem
plo
ym
ent
agriculture labor
industry labor
service labor
permanent crops
arable land
other (developed, rural)
common wealth U.S.
80.5% white (spanish origin), 8% black
spanish, english
85% roman catholic, 15% protestant & other
erosion, droughts, hurricanes
(purchasing power parity): $75 billion
(purchasing power parity): $18,700 (Haiti: $1,300)
182,100 units
3,517 per sq km
government:
ethnicity:
language:
relegion:
hazards:
GDP:
GDP per capita:
urban housing:
urban density:
hurricanes
San Felipe 1928 category 5
San Cyprian 1932
Hugo 1989 category 5
Georges 1998
St. Jeanne 2004
TS. Olga 2007
ornamentationCutout trim or fretwork can be seen on a majority of Caribbean houses. No two houses are the same and each detail is the personal expression of its pridefull owner.
Fret sawTraditional fretwork ornamentation designs were first hand-carved in wood. In 1865 the invention of the mechanical fret saw lead to even more decorative designs that could be mass-produced. American industries began producing the fretwork designs which could be bought by the yard. The detail became easier and more affordadble for the average Caribbean to puchase for their homes.
Unlike low-income housing in many developing regions, in the Caribbean there is an architectural form which shows remarkable consistancy. The Caribbean popu-lar house or case, can be seen throughout the Islands. The major-ity of houses in the Caribbean are built by process of individual and extended community self-help. In St. Lucia, for example, this is referred to as coup-de-main, whereby friends, relatives and neighbors are asked to assist in the process of house construction, normally at weekends. In some cases where the resident might not own his land, a house might be built with light weight wood construction with no nails, so the houses can be easily disasembled, “flat-packed”, and moved to another location. Other types of modular construction can be seen in the design of these houses.
case houses
Sugar CaneWith the industrial cultivation of sugarcane, the demand for labor-ers was not locationally constant. Therefore, a permanent structure for housing was incompatible with the need to move workers around the plantation or from on plantation to another, and a movable hut style was required..
chattel house- literally, moveable property, a name given to a small, usually wooden house in the Caribbean. The term goes back to the plantation days when the home owners would build houses designed to move from one property to another. Chattel houses were set on blocks rather than being anchored into the ground. Some houses were built entirely out of wood and assembled without nails. This allowed them to be disassembled (along with the blocks) and moved from place to place. In some cases, the entire small house was moved by donkey or mule cart.
Remnants of these chattel houses are commonly seen today, and are popular dwellings for lower class citizens of the Carribean. No longer being portable, many of the homes have been added on to, and modified to meet the needs of the owner.
Regional Sun/DaylightAnual amount of Electrici Energy of Daily Life
How can we get the Energy og Daily Life?
160-447kWh
114-296kWh
290-710kWh
31-311kWh
Watching TV for 3.5 hours everyday
Turning on the Lightfor 5.5 hours everyday
Turning on the Airconditionerfor 3.6 months
Keeping foods in the Refrigerator86F° : 180 days54F° : 186 days
(mi/h) New orleansSunlightDaylight
Maiami Bahamas Cuba CaymanIsland Jamaica Haiti Dominican
RepublicPuertoRico
US Virginislands
St.Kittsand Nevis
Antiqua and
BarbudsGuadeloupeDominica Martinique St.Lucia
St. Vincentand
GrenadinesGrenada Barbados
TrinidadandTobago
Aruba Bermuda
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
SunlightMax10H
SunlightMin4H
DaylightMax14H
DaylightMax10H
Monthly Sunlight and Daylight ( in Hour )
DishwasherFacewasher
Clotheswasher
ShowerToilet
15.9gal
4.0gal
5.3gal1gal
5.3gal
Wind
Water
Sun Light
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Technology and Design
New orleans Maiami Bahamas Cuba CaymanIsland Jamaica Haiti Dominican
RepublicPuertoRico
US Virginislands
St.Kittsand Nevis
Antiqua and
BarbudsGuadeloupeDominica Martinique St.Lucia
St. Vincentand
GrenadinesGrenada Barbados
TrinidadandTobago
Aruba Bermuda
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
°F
Max86.7
Min54.5
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Regional TempretureAnual Average Tempreture ( in F°)
Monthly Tempreture ( in F°)
United StatesNew Orleans
Maiami
Cuba
JamaicaHaiti
Aruba
Trinidad and Tobago
DominicanRepublic
Bahamas
Puerto Rico
Bermuda
Bermuda
St.Kitts and Nevis
US Virgin islands
Antiqua and BarbudaGuadeloup
Dominica
Martinique
St.Lucia
St.Vincent andGrenadines
Grenada
Barbados
70.3
77.5
78.2
76.2
81.8
83.2
78.7 80.8
80.678.8 80.9
80.679.9
81.080.5
81.7
82.3
81.6
81.4
81.8
84.4
72.2
Regional Sun/DaylightAnual amount of Electrici Energy of Daily Life
How can we get the Energy og Daily Life?
160-447kWh
114-296kWh
290-710kWh
31-311kWh
Watching TV for 3.5 hours everyday
Turning on the Lightfor 5.5 hours everyday
Turning on the Airconditionerfor 3.6 months
Keeping foods in the Refrigerator86F° : 180 days54F° : 186 days
(mi/h) New orleans
Sunlight Daylight
Maiami Bahamas CubaCaymanIsland Jamaica Haiti
DominicanRepublic
PuertoRico
US Virginislands
St.Kittsand Nevis
Antiqua and
BarbudsGuadeloupe Dominica Martinique St.Lucia
St. Vincentand
GrenadinesGrenada Barbados
Trinidadand
TobagoAruba Bermuda
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
SunlightMax10H
SunlightMin4H
DaylightMax14H
DaylightMax10H
Monthly Sunlight and Daylight ( in Hour )
DishwasherFacewasher
Clotheswasher
ShowerToilet
15.9gal
4.0gal
5.3gal
1gal
5.3gal
Wind
Water
Sun Light
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Technology and Design
New orleans Maiami Bahamas CubaCaymanIsland Jamaica Haiti
DominicanRepublic
PuertoRico
US Virginislands
St.Kittsand Nevis
Antiqua and
BarbudsGuadeloupe Dominica Martinique St.Lucia
St. Vincentand
GrenadinesGrenada Barbados
Trinidadand
TobagoAruba Bermuda
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
°F
Max86.7
Min54.5
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Regional TempretureAnual Average Tempreture ( in F°)
Monthly Tempreture ( in F°)
United StatesNew Orleans
Maiami
Cuba
JamaicaHaiti
Aruba
Trinidad and Tobago
DominicanRepublic
Bahamas
Puerto Rico
Bermuda
Bermuda
St.Kitts and Nevis
US Virgin islands
Antiqua and BarbudaGuadeloup
Dominica
Martinique
St.Lucia
St.Vincent andGrenadines
Grenada
Barbados
70.3
77.5
78.2
76.2
81.8
83.2
78.7 80.8
80.6
78.880.9
80.6
79.9
81.0
80.5
81.7
82.3
81.6
81.4
81.8
84.4
72.2
(mi/h) New orleans Maiami Bahamas CubaCaymanIsland Jamaica Haiti
DominicanRepublic
PuertoRico
US Virginislands
St.Kittsand Nevis
Antiqua and
BarbudsGuadeloupe Dominica Martinique St.Lucia
St. Vincentand
GrenadinesGrenada Barbados
Trinidadand
TobagoAruba
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Regional Wind-force
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Max19.5 mi/h
Min3.2mi/h
Air-X Land 12V Wind Turbine Start up speed
8 mi/h
Air-X Land 12V Wind Turbine 38kwh/month
@12 mi/h
Electrici COnsumption and Production by country
United States Cuba Jamaica Haiti DominicanRepublic
Trinidad andTobago
Residential [Gwh] 1,351,520 5,705 1,097 109 4,168 1,688
Population 298,444,215 11,382,820 2,758,124 8,308,504 9,183,984 1,065,842
Residential/p [kwh] 4,529 501 398 13 454 1,584
Total Production [Gwh] 4,300,100 16,469 7,473 570 14,150 7,045
Production from:
- coal 2,128,446 0 0 0 1,901 0
- oil 80,550 15,920 7,201 299 9,519 15
- gas 839,262 0 0 0 1,293 7,003
- biomass 49,019 455 106 0 29 27
- waste 22,926 0 0 0 0 0
- nuclear 816,195 0 0 0 0 0
- hydro* 317686 94 166 271 1408 0
- geothermal 16,581 0 0 0 0 0
- solar PV 15 0 0 0 0 0
- solar thermal 550 0 0 0 0 0
- wind 26,676 0 0 0 0 0
- tide 0 0 0 0 0 0
- other sources 2,196 0 0 0 0 0
2006(2000)
L/p/yr
United States of America 283,230,000 203000
Mexico 98,872,000 47000
Canada 30,757,000 157000
Other_North_Central_America 56,909,000 15000
Brazil 170,406,000 93000
Argentina 37,032,000 67000
Chile 15,211,000 66000
Other_South_America
Three area’s Average
97,261,000 49000
145,800,000 89000
Population gal/p/yr
53,627
12,416
41,475
3,963
24,568
17,700
17,435
12,944
23,511
DishwasherFacewasher
Clotheswasher
ShowerToilet
15.9gal
4.0gal
5.3gal
1gal
5.3gal
15.9gal per 5mini(60L)
4.0gal(15L)
5.3gal(20L)
5.3ga(20L)
Shower Toilet Dishwasher Clotheswasher
Domestic use water consumption
Rainfall means
Anual Rainfall gal and alival number for one 20’ × 8’ container’s Roof
Anual Rainfall Average of these area
Anual Average of Domestis use water consumption in these area
1 person can live for two 20’× 8’ container !!
1m1m
1ft 8ft20ft
1ft
1L/squ m=1/3.785 411 784gal/squ m
0.3048・0.3048L/squ ft=0.2642・0.3048・0.3048gal/squ ft
160・0.3048・0.3048L/20’container=160・0.2642・0.3048・0.3048gal/20’container
1L
0.3048・0.3048L
=
=
=
1 square m 1 square ft 20’ Container
1L/squ m 3.92719.....gal/20’container
12,009.0 gal/year/20’container3,057.9L/year/squ m
23,511.3gal/p/year 0.5 person/year/20’container≒
≒
Regional RainfallDomestis use water consumption each nation
New orleans Maiami Bahamas CubaCaymanIsland Jamaica Haiti
DominicanRepublic
PuertoRico
US Virginislands
St.Kittsand Nevis
Antiqua and
BarbudsGuadeloupe Dominica Martinique St.Lucia
St. Vincentand
GrenadinesGrenada Barbados
Trinidadand
TobagoAruba Bermuda
10.8 9.5 9.7 9.8 10.9 16.3 9.6 10.8 13.0 9.2 7.7 7.6 24.1 14.4 14.5 17.1 17.9 11.8 9.2 13.4 6.6 10.30.2(person)
(million gal)0.2 2.5 2.5
US North & Central America South America
2.8 4.1 2.4 2.7 3.3 2.3 1.9 1.9 6.1 3.6 3.7 4.3 4.5 3.0 0.7 1.0 0.5 2.6
Max1137gal/squ ft
Min145gal/squ ft
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Monthly Rainfall ( in gal/squ ft )
New orleans Maiami Bahamas CubaCaymanIsland Jamaica Haiti
DominicanRepublic
PuertoRico
US Virginislands
St.Kittsand Nevis
Antiqua and
BarbudsGuadeloupe Dominica Martinique St.Lucia
St. Vincentand
GrenadinesGrenada Barbados
Trinidadand
TobagoAruba Bermuda(gal/squ ft)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
passive
active
SOLAR
SOLAR
That is a really thin solar panel
It only cost 99cents per watt
nanosolar
2
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
1
1
ceramic insulation
aerogel 3
60% of building-related co2 emissions are due to residential building
3
passive comfort measures
active comfort measures
natural ventilationmechanical ventilation
evaportive coolingartificial ventilation
heavy constructionlightweight construction
solar heating
free cooling
incidental heatinginsullation/permeabilitysolar control/shading
artificial lightingdaytime
daylight
not important importanttropical
night ventilation
free heating
passive solar technologies take advantage of sunlight for useful energy withoutuse of active mechanical systems. these technologies convert this energy into usable heat, water, air, thermal mass, and cause air movement for ventilation.
roll print solar cells are 1/100TH as thick as standare solar cells. It is the most cost effective, and can be rolled onto any surface. The panel, is constructed of light-weight solar-electric cell foil which can be cut to any size. ENERGY HARVESTING TEXTILES THE DISTRIBUT RENEWABLE ELECTIRCAL POWER. GENERATE UP TO 16,000 WATT HOURS OF ELECTRICITY.
TRANSLUCENT MOVABLE CURTAINS CREATE SHADE AND FORM AN INSULATING AIR LAYER FOR THE BUILDING ENVELOPE.
hollow microscopic thermal balls filled with air. it has the appearance of an off white powder becasue the balls are so tiny. - Thermal coating - Sound absorption - UV coating - Antiseptic and anti-mold - Anti-rust, corrosion - Fire Retardant
consist of a sandwich of two layers of structural board with an insulating layer of foam in-between.
low-density solid-state material derived from gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas. are good thermal insulators because they almost nullify the three methods of heat transfer (convection, conduction and radiation).
2
sip panels 4
kennedy&violich 5
Regional Energy Production
Electricity Consumption and Production by country
United States Cuba Jamaica Haiti DominicanRepublic
Trinidad andTobago
Residential [Gwh] 1,351,520 5,705 1,097 109 4,168 1,688
Population 298,444,215 11,382,820 2,758,124 8,308,504 9,183,984 1,065,842
Residential/p [kwh] 4,529 501 398 13 454 1,584
Total Production [Gwh] 4,300,100 16,469 7,473 570 14,150 7,045
Production from:
- coal 2,128,446 0 0 0 1,901 0
- oil 80,550 15,920 7,201 299 9,519 15
- gas 839,262 0 0 0 1,293 7,003
- biomass 49,019 455 106 0 29 27
- waste 22,926 0 0 0 0 0
- nuclear 816,195 0 0 0 0 0
- hydro* 317686 94 166 271 1408 0
- geothermal 16,581 0 0 0 0 0
- solar PV 15 0 0 0 0 0
- solar thermal 550 0 0 0 0 0
- wind 26,676 0 0 0 0 0
- tide 0 0 0 0 0 0
- other sources 2,196 0 0 0 0 0
2006
1
5 54
passive
active
WATER
WATER
cisterns
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
1
3
4
THIS HIPPO IS REALLY EASYTO PUSH
THIS BUCKET REALLY HURTSMY HEAD
2
3
passive water technologies are notably in developing countries, are exerting tremendousand increasing pressure on the use of graound water resources. untreated human waste remainsthe biggest pollution threat to water resources.
A Product that enables anyone, in a most simple fashion, an independent, cheap and mobile solar potable water generation from sea water or brackish water on the base of condensation by solar still. The WATERCONE(r) is a long lasting UV resistant Poly Carbonate product and can be used up to 5 years daily. The WATERCONE(r) system can be referred to as a one step water condensation process with a 40% effectiveness degree
agriculture - 82% low income
industrial - 22% low income
domestic - 8% low income
water conservation priorities, water use by sector
innovative technology is based on the fact that water can be collected from fogs. Full-scale fog collectors are simple, flat, rectangularnets of nylon supported by a post at either end and arranged perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing wind. extracts about30% of the water from the fog passing through the nets. the droplets join to form larger drops that fall under the influence of gravity into a trough or gutter at the bottom of the panel, from which it is conveyed to a storage tank or cistern
a solar heating system can provide up to 85% of domestic hot water energy. The typical 50 gallon electric water heater uses11.1 barrels of oil a year, which translates into the same amount oil used by a typical 4 door sedan driven by the average consumer.
A Hippo Water Roller is a tool designed to transport water more easily and efficiently. Used mostly in developing countries, it carries 24-gallons (90-litres) of water - 5 times the amount possible using traditional methods. A full Hippo contains 200lbs (90 kg) of water, but because the weight is bourne on the ground, it only feels like 22lbs (10kg
cisterns are built to catch and store rainwater. Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, or accumulating and storing, of rainwater.Rain water harvesting is essential when: Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water.-Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has decreased drasticallyand recharging of ground water has diminished.water cone 1
hippo 2
solar water heating 4
THE AVERAGE 50 GALLON WATERHEATER USES 11 BARRELS OF OIL A YEAR
fog harvesting 5
passive
active
passive wind technologies allow for natural ventilation to increase comfort, for health or for building cooling. natural means of ventilation utilise the motive force of air pressure differentials from external wind effects on the building.
there are two ways in which ventilation can improve comfort. one is a direct physiological effect; by letting in more wind through apertures or the useof wing walls. the other method is through nocturnal cooling, which cools the interior at night and transfers the cool air into the daytime.
+ _
+
_
+
_ +
_
+
_
+ _ +_
+
+
+
+
_
_
_
_
__
best good poor poor
aper
ture
pla
cem
ent
turbine can charge “any size battery bank from 25 to 25,000 amp hours or higher”. The internal charge controller periodically stops charging, reads the battery voltage, and decides on the spot whether to continue charging or stop completely. The result is longer battery life and no overcharging. the turbine is maintenancefree, and only has two moving parts.
sheathes structures with solar weave studded with micro-turbines. The concept takes advantage of a structure’s maximum available surface space. First, it soaks up sunlight via a photovoltaic layer, and transfers energy via nano-wires to storage units at the end of each panel. Second, its tiny turbines employ “polarized organisms” to create chemical reactions, generating power each time the turbine makes contact with the structure. Third, the organisms present in the inner skin of each turbine soak up C02.
planted areas can be as much as 10-15 F cooler than built-up areas due to a combination evapotranspiration, reflection, shading, and storage of cold. plants cool by both shading and evaporative cooling.
WIND
WIND
(mi/h) New orleans Maiami Bahamas CubaCaymanIsland Jamaica Haiti
DominicanRepublic
PuertoRico
US Virginislands
St.Kittsand Nevis
Antiqua and
BarbudsGuadeloupe Dominica Martinique St.Lucia
St. Vincentand
GrenadinesGrenada Barbados
Trinidadand
TobagoAruba
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Max19.5 mi/h
Min3.2mi/h
Air-X Land 12V Wind Turbine Start up speed
8 mi/h
Air-X Land 12V Wind Turbine 38kwh/month
@12 mi/h
AirX produces enoughenergy for both our houses!!
airX
guide for landscape design based on built form
increased velocity area
wind direction
reduced velocity area
planplan
plan
pla
n
pla
n
wind eastwind northwind north eastwind east wind north east
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
1
2
1
green edges
nano vent skin 3
2
3
3
passive
active
LIGHT
LIGHT
led
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
1
1
kennedy&violich 2
2
2
passive light technologies objective in ecological design is to maximize the use of daylighting and to decrease the need for energy-consuming artificial lighting. most techniques wor to control incoming daylight in order to minimise its potentially negativeeffect on visual comfort, glare, and reduce the building;s cooling load by reducing heat gain.
summer sun
winter sun
exterior light shelf
view window
reflectance (%)
colo
r8580
7075
7035
2525
2010daylight reflectance of colors
have a 50,000+ hour lifespan, in this same amount of time you will buy over 50 regular incandescent bulbs or 5 compact florescent bulbs! most powerful replacement bulb (XR-10) uses only 10 watts of electricity, yet it performs on par with a 100 watt incandescent bulb. One - 100 Watt bulb costs approximately $43 dollars to run per year at 12 hours per day. One - 10 Watt EarthLED XR-10 costs approximately$4.30 to run per year at 12 hours per day.
KVA Matx developed energy harvesting textiles to provide light and electrical power for portable media and appliances in the homeby using household textiles. the textiles used in the house, ranging from moveable textile curtains, translucent screens and luminous room enclosures are integrated with plastic photo-voltaics can generate up to 16,000 watt-hours of electricity, a little more than half of the average power needs of an average household.
KVA Matx developed a Portable Light for developing countries, it can provide 10 hours of light with 3 hours exposure. Textile with embedded plastic photo-voltaics.
KVARCH MADE A PROTOTYPEREADING LIGHTS FOR CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
ITS MADE FORM TEXTILES AND PHOTO-VOLTAICS
2
1
History & Culture
The original, non-European inhabitants of Dominica were a tribe named the Kalinago, part of the larger Carib nation which inhabited much of the Caribbean on the eve of Columbus’ voyage. Described by Columbus as a “warlike people”, they often engaged in acts of war with other tribes in an attempt to take future brides. They were skilled shipbuilders and fishermen whose diet was supplemented by hunting and gathering. Carib religion centered mainly on ancestor worship and the preservation of ancestral remains, leading many to believe the Kalinago tribe engaged in acts of cannibalism, although this is still disputed between anthropologists to this day. Prior to 1492 A.D., they numbered in the millions but in the three decades following Spanish colonization the Carib nation had been reduced to a few thousand. The mountainous terrain of Dominica and her impenetrable jungles offered refuge to those hoping to escape Spanish rule and led for the island to be uncolonized for over a century following European settlement. Today, Dominica is home to the only Carib reservation with a small 3,000 member populaton located on the northeast of the island. [Source]: The Washington Post, Lennox Honychurch.
Native Dominicans: Caribs
Although the official Language is English, the “street language” is Creole. The island is very Catholic, as evidenced by having counties divided into Catholic Parishes, which number ten. Dominica is almost entirely black, although small Carib, Asian and white populations exist as the island being a crossroads of culture and history. There are only two major cities, which are the capitol: Roseau and Portsmouth located in the north. Until recently, there was no road connecting the two and the only way to reach each city was by boat. Two major airports also service the 72,500 population which proudly calls themselves Dominicans. [Source]: U.S. Department of State
Demographics Today
Dominica is known as the “Nature Isle of the Caribbean,” with more than two-thirds of island covered in tropical rain forest. This exotic destination is home to approximately 1200 different plant species as well as the first UNESCO World Heritage Site in the eastern Caribbean. In addition, Dominica hosts regular geothermal activity from its active volcano.
Landscape
Over 40% of the population works in some form of agriculture, with an overwhelming majority centered in banana production. Bananas are by far the predominant agricultural product of the isle, which brings in over a million dollars a week in export profits. The need to diversify this agricultural economy has been evidenced by 1979’s Hurricane David destroying over damaging over 70% of the island’s banana crop which brought the economy to a standstill. Market forces brought about by the European Union’s regulation of agricultural products have also recently caused banana prices to drop, further weakening the banana-dependant economy. Thus, there is a need to diversify bananas due to fluctuating markets and hurricanes. Solutions to this can be found in the world’s 1,200 varieties of bananas, some of which may be more hurricane-resistant than others. Other agricultural products need to be introduced to Dominican cultivation. Tourism development has been slow due to a lack of desirable beaches, yet the expanding eco-tourism industry has set the stage to reap huge benefits for Dominica. [Source]: Lennox Honychurch
Economy
“Luxuriant natural tropical forest blends with scenic volcanic features of great scientific interest in this national park centered on the 1,342-m-high volcano known as Morne Trois Pitons. With its precipitous slopes and deeply incised valleys, 50 fumaroles, hot springs, three freshwater lakes, a ‘boiling lake’ and five volcanoes, located on the park’s nearly 7,000 ha, together with the richest biodiversity in the Lesser Antilles, Morne Trois Pitons National Park presents a rare combination of natural features of World Heritage value.”
- UNESCO.org
Morne Trois Pitons National Park
Among the Morne Trois Piton National Park’s most notable attractions are Boiling Lake, Middleham Falls, Trafalgar Falls, Valley of Desolation, Emerald Pool Nature Trail, Boeri Lake, Morne Nichols, Freshwater Lake, Breakfast River, and the Rain Forest Aerial Tram. These attractions contribute to Dominica’s tourist industry and demonstrate the diverse characteristics of the island’s landscape.
- Oranges- Lemons- Limes- Citrons- Shaddocks- Water Lemons- Granadillas- Sappadillas- Pomegranates- Alligator Pears- Mountain Pears- Pineapples- Rose Apples- Star Apples- Sugar Apples- Custard Apples- Mamma Apples- Guavas- Sea-side Grapes- Cocoa Nuts- Conk Nuts- Soursops- Papaws- Cashew Apples- Tamerinds
Fruits Peculiar to the West Indies
- English and American apples- Strawberries- Raspberries- Muscadine Grapes- Figs- Musk Melons- Watermelons- Cucumbers- Gourds- Pompions- English and American Beans- English and American Peas- Cabbages- Carrots- Turnips- Parsnips- Lettuces- Radishes- Horse-radish- Asparagus- Artichokes- Spinage- Celery- Onions- Eschallots- Thyme- Sage- Mint- Rue- Balm- Parsley
Non-native Fruits of Dominica
caribbean-region-program
cub
a
havana
dom
inic
an r
ep
ub
lic
santo
dom
ingoh
aiti
port
-au-p
rince
dom
inic
a
roseau
jam
aic
a
kin
gsto
n
export commodities
40 GC = foor area: 304 ft sq
20 GC = foor area: 149 ft sq
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
country 72,500 2.8m 8.9m 9.5m 11.4m
population
demographics
15,900 96,000 2.5m 2.25m 5.6m
(purchasing power parity)
$9,500
$7,700
$1,400
$8,800
$12,700
GDP per capita:
Dominica:
Kingston:
Port-au-Prince:
Santo Domingo:
Havana:
Cuba
Cayman Islands
Jamaica Haiti Dominican Republic
Bahamas
Miami
New Orleans
Puerto Rico
U.S. virgin
Islands
U.K. virgin
Islands
Anguilla
Antigua-Barbuda
Guadeloupe
Dominica
Martinique
Barbados
St. Vincent
Grenadines
Grenada
Trinidad
& Tobago
Puerto Rico
U.S. virgin
Islands
U.K. virgin Islands
Anguilla
Antigua-Barbuda
Guadeloupe
Dominica
Martinique
Barbados
St. Vincent
Grenadines
Grenada
Trinidad
& Tobago
Dominica : Programming
6-12 people per household
2-3 room plan
non-traditional, non-nucleur family
plumbing: full shower, toilet
day time activity primarily outside (laundry, food
preperation-cleaning of fish)
gardens: typical to rural and possibly urban typologies