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27 Segmental neurofibromatosis: A rare variant of a common genodermatosis Acta Dermatoven APA Vol 19, 2010, No 3 Case report Segmental neurofibromatosis: A rare variant of a common genodermatosis P. Morais, O. Ferreira, H. Bettencourt, and F. Azevedo K E Y WORDS segmental neurofibromatosis, type V neurofibromatosis, mosaic-localized neurofibromatosis type 1 S UMMARY Segmental neurofibromatosis is a rare disorder characterized by features of neurofibromatosis type 1 circumscribed to a particular body segment. This entity is considered to be the result of a somatic mosaicism and is still under-diagnosed. We report a case of segmental neurofibromatosis and give a brief and up-to-date overview of the disease. Introduction Type V, segmental, or mosaic-localized neurofibro- matosis is a rare condition that occurs 10 to 20 times less frequently than neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1; 1, 2). It is characterized by café-au-lait macules, freckles, and/or cutaneous neurofibromas, and it is limited to a circumscribed body segment (3). The first descriptions of this disorder were those of Gammel in 1931 (4) and Crowe et al. in 1956 (5). Miller and Sparkes proposed the term segmental neurofibromatosis (SN) in 1977 (6) and, five years later, Riccardi proposed a classification of NF that included eight different types, including the segmental form (type V; 3). In 1987, Roth et al. pro- posed a subclassification of SN into four categories: true segmental (type V Riccardi), localized with deep involvement, hereditary, and bilateral (7). Here we re- port a case of SN located in the thoraco-lumbar re- gion. Case report A 64-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 5-year history of multiple, soft-to-firm, dome-shaped, and flesh-colored papules and nodules grouped over the left thoraco-lumbar transition in a dermatomal distribution (Fig. 1). They had gradually increased in size over time and were slightly painful. There was no history of seizures or other neurologic disorders, café- au-lait macules, or axillary freckling. Her past medical history and family history were non-contributory. The patient was married and had two apparently healthy children. Laboratory evaluation was within normal limits. Craniospinal magnetic resonance imaging, ab- dominal ultrasound, and ophthalmological examina- tion were normal. A histology of one of the nodules revealed a dermal well-circumscribed spindle-cell neoplasm whose cells had wavy nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm interspersed with a stro- ma composed of fibrillary collagen (Fig. 2). The clini- cal and histopathological findings were suggestive of neurofibromas in a segmental distribution.

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Segmental neurofibromatosis: A rare variant of a common genodermatosis

Acta Dermatoven APA Vol 19, 2010, No 3

C a s e r e p o r t

Segmental neurofibromatosis: A rare variant of a common

genodermatosisP. Morais, O. Ferreira, H. Bettencourt, and F. Azevedo

K E YW O R D S

segmental neurofibromatosis,

type V neurofibromatosis,

mosaic-localized neurofibromatosis

type 1

S U M M A R Y

Segmental neurofibromatosis is a rare disorder characterized by features of neurofibromatosis type 1 circumscribed to a particular body segment. This entity is considered to be the result of a somatic mosaicism and is still under-diagnosed. We report a case of segmental neurofibromatosis and give a brief and up-to-date overview of the disease.

IntroductionType V, segmental, or mosaic-localized neurofibro-

matosis is a rare condition that occurs 10 to 20 times less frequently than neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1; 1, 2). It is characterized by café-au-lait macules, freckles, and/or cutaneous neurofibromas, and it is limited to a circumscribed body segment (3). The first descriptions of this disorder were those of Gammel in 1931 (4) and Crowe et al. in 1956 (5). Miller and Sparkes proposed the term segmental neurofibromatosis (SN) in 1977 (6) and, five years later, Riccardi proposed a classification of NF that included eight different types, including the segmental form (type V; 3). In 1987, Roth et al. pro-posed a subclassification of SN into four categories: true segmental (type V Riccardi), localized with deep involvement, hereditary, and bilateral (7). Here we re-port a case of SN located in the thoraco-lumbar re-gion.

Case reportA 64-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a

5-year history of multiple, soft-to-firm, dome-shaped, and flesh-colored papules and nodules grouped over the left thoraco-lumbar transition in a dermatomal distribution (Fig. 1). They had gradually increased in size over time and were slightly painful. There was no history of seizures or other neurologic disorders, café-au-lait macules, or axillary freckling. Her past medical history and family history were non-contributory. The patient was married and had two apparently healthy children. Laboratory evaluation was within normal limits. Craniospinal magnetic resonance imaging, ab-dominal ultrasound, and ophthalmological examina-tion were normal. A histology of one of the nodules revealed a dermal well-circumscribed spindle-cell neoplasm whose cells had wavy nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm interspersed with a stro-ma composed of fibrillary collagen (Fig. 2). The clini-cal and histopathological findings were suggestive of neurofibromas in a segmental distribution.

INTRON® A IMA PREDNOST PRI ZDRAVLJENJU MELANOMA

0231

Ime zdravila> IntronA 18 milijonov i.e., raztopina za injiciranje, veËodmerni peresnik;IntronA 60 milijonov i.e., raztopina za injiciranje, veËodmerni peresnik. Kakovostna in koli;inska sestava>Vsak vloæek zdravila IntronA raztopina 18 MIE za injiciranje, veËodmerni peresnik, vsebuje 15 milijonov i.e./ml (6 odmerkov po 3 milijoni i.e. ali 12 odmerkov po 1,5 milijona i.e. za skupno koliËino 18 milijonov i.e.) rekombinantnega interferona alfa-2b. Vsak vloæek zdravila IntronA raztopina 60 za injiciranje, veËodmerni peresnik, vsebuje 50 milijonov i.e./ml (6 odmerkov po 10 milijonov i.e. ali 12 odmerkov po 5 milijonov i.e. za skupno koliËino 60 milijonov i.e.) rekombinantnega interferona alfa-2b. Seznam pomoænih snovi> natrijev hidrogenfosfat dihidrat, natrijev dihidrogenfosfat, dinatrijev edetat, natrijev klorid, meta-krezol, polisorbat 80, voda za injekcije q.s. Volumen raztopine, ki jo je mogoËe injicirati s peresnikom = 1,2 ml (v peresniku je nekaj veË raztopine, da zagotovimo, da iz peresnika injicirani volumen natanËno ustreza odmerku. Terapevtske indikacije> KroniËni hepatitis B, KroniËni hepatitis C, DlakastoceliËna levkemija, KroniËna mieloiËna levkemija, Multipli mielom, Folikularni limfom, Karcinoidni tumor, Maligni melanom. Odmerjanje in na;in uporabe> VeËodmerna pakiranja so namenjena le za posamezne bolnike. Zdravljenje mora uvesti zdravnik z izkuπnjami iz zdravljenja bolnikove bolezni. Maligni melanom: Za uvedbo terapije dajte bolniku interferon alfa-2b intravensko v odmerku 20 milijonov i.e./m2 na dan 5 dni na teden v Ëasu 4 tednov. IzraËunani odmerek interferona alfa-2b dodajte 0,9 % raztopini natrijevega klorida in ga dajte bolniku v 20-minutni infuziji. Za vzdræevalno zdravljenje je priporoËeni odmerek 10 milijonov i.e./m2, dan subkutano 3 dni na teden (vsak drugi dan) v Ëasu 48 tednov. »e se med zdravljenjem z interferonom alfa-2b pojavijo hudi neæeleni dogodki, πe posebej Ëe πtevilo granulocitov pade na < 500/mm3 ali Ëe vrednost ALT/AST naraste na > 5-kratno zgornjo mejo normale, zaËasno prekinite zdravljenje, dokler se neæeleni dogodek ne ublaæi. Zdravljenje z interferonom alfa-2b ponovno uvedite z le 50 % prejπnjega odmerka. »e je intolerance trdovratna tudi po prilagoditvi odmerka ali Ëe πtevilo granulocitov upade na < 250/mm3 ali se vrednost ALT/AST zviπa na > 10-kratno zgornjo mejo normale, prekinite terapijo z interferonom alfa-2b. »etudi optimalni (minimalni) odmerek za doseganje polnega kliniËnega uËinka ni znan, morate bolnike zdraviti s priporoËenimi odmerki, opisanim zmanjπanjem odmerka v primeru toksiËnosti. Kontraindikacije> PreobËutljivost za zdravilno uËinkovino ali katerokoli pomoæno snov, Anamneza hude obstojeËe srËnebolezni, npr. nekontrolirano kongestivno srËno popuπËanje, nedavni miokardni infarkt, hude aritmije, Huda ledviËna ali jetrna insuficienca, vkljuËno z insuficienco, ki nastane kot posledica metastaz, Epilepsija in/ali moteno delovanje osrednjega æivËevja (CÆS), KroniËni hepatitis z dekompenzirano jetrno cirozo, KroniËni hepatitis pri bolnikih, ki se zdravijo ali so se nedavno zdravili z imunosupresivi, razen Kratkotrajne ukinitve kortikosteroidov, Avtoimunski hepatitis ali avtoimunska bolezen v pretekli anamnezi, imunosuprimirani bolniki po transplantaciji, ObstojeËa bolezen πËitnice, razen Ëe jo je mogoËe nadzirati s konvencionalno terapijo. Otroci in mladostniki: ObstojeËa huda duπevna bolezen ali huda duπevna bolezen v pretekli anamnezi,πe posebej huda depresija, samomorilne misli ali poskus samomora. Posebna opozorila in previdnostni ukrepi> Za vse bolnike: Redko so med tera-pijo z zdravilom IntronA opaæali akutne preobËutljivostne reakcije na interferon alfa-2b (npr. urtikarijo, angioedem, bronhokonstrikcijo, anafilaktiËne reakcije). »e se takπna reakcija razvije, prekinite zdravljenje in uvedite ustrezno medikamen-tozno terapijo. Pri prehodnem izpuπËaju ni potrebna prekinitev zdravljenja. Pri zmernih do hudih neæelenih pojavih je lahko potrebna prilagoditev reæima odmerjanja, v nekaterih primerih pa tudi prekinitev terapije z zdravilom IntronA. Vse bolnike, pri katerih se med zdravljenjem z zdarvilom IntronA pojavijo motnje delovanja jeter, morate natanËno spremljati in zdravljenje prekiniti, Ëe se znaki in simptomi slabπajo. Med terapijo z zdravilom IntronA ali do dva dni po prenehanju terapije lahko nastopi hipotenzija, zaradi katere je lahko potrebna podporna terapija. Pri bolnikih na terapiji z zdravilom IntronA morate vzdræevati ustrezno hidracijo, saj so pri nekaterih bolnikih opaæali hipotenzijo zaradi izgube tekoËine. V tem primeru je lahko potrebno nadomeπËanje tekoËine. »etudi je zviπana telesna temperatura lahko povezana z gripoznim sindromom, ki je pogost med zdravljenjem z interferonom, morate najprej izkljuËiti druge vzroke za trdovratno zviπanje telesne temperature. Zdravilo IntronA morate uporabljati previdno pri bolnikih z izËrpujoËimi boleznimi in motnjami, npr. pri tistih s pljuËno boleznijo v anamnezi (npr. kroniËna obstruktivna pljuËna bolezen) ali sladkorna bolezen z nagnjenos-tjo h ketoacidozi. Previdnost je potrebna tudi pri bolnikih z motnjami koagulacije (npr. tromboflebitisom, pljuËno embolijo) ali hudo mielosupresijo. Pri bolnikih, zdravljenih z interferonom alfa, vkljuËno s tistimi, ki so zdravljeni z zdravilom IntronA, so redko opaæali pljuËne infiltrate, pnevmonitis in pljuËnico, ki so obËasno vodili celi do smrti bolnika. Etiologija teh motenj ni bila ugotovljena. O teh simptomih so poroËali pogosteje pri soËasni uporabi kitajskega zeliπËnega priprav-ka shosaikoto in interferona alfa. Pri vseh bolnikih, ki dobijo zviπano telesno temperaturo, kaπelj, dispnejo ali kakπne druge simptome dihal, morate opraviti rentgensko slikanje prsnega koπa. »e rentgenogram pokaæe pljuËne infiltrate ali znake motenosti pljuËne funkcije, morate bolnika skrbno nadzorovati in po potrebi ukiniti interferon alfa. »etudi so o tem pojavu poroËali pogosteje pri bolnikih s kroniËnim hepatitisom C, zdravljenih z interferonom alfa, so ga opaæali tudi pri tistih z malignimi boleznimi, zdravljenimi z interferonom alfa. Videti je, da pljuËni neæeleni pojavi minejo ob takojπnji ukinitvi interferona alfa in zdravljenju s kortikosteroidi. V redkih primerih so po zdravljenju z alfa interferoni poroËali o oËesnih neæelenih dogodkih, npr. krvavitvah v mreænico, bombaæu podobnih lisah in zamaπitvi mreæniËne arterije ali vene. Pri vseh bolnikih je potreben oftalmoloπki pregled na zaËetku zdravljenja. Vsi bolniki, ki toæijo o spremembah ostrine vida ali vidnega polja ali ki imajo druge oftalmoloπke simptome med zdravljenjem z zdravilom IntronA, morajo biti takoj poslani na celoten oftalmoloπki pregled. Med zdravljenjem z zdravilom IntronA priporoËamo redne preglede vida, πe posebej pri tistih z boleznimi, ki so lahko povezane z retinopatijo, npr. sladkorna bolezen ali hipertenzija. Pri bolnikih, pri katerih se pojavijo nove oftalmoloπke motnje ali se obstojeËe poslabπajo, premislite o prekinitvi zdravljenja z zdravilom IntronA. Medsebojno delovanje z drugimi zdravili in druge oblike interakcij> Narkotike, hipnotike ali sedative morate uporabljati previdno pri soËasni uporabi z zdravilom IntronA. Interakcij med zdravilom IntronA in drugimi zdravili πe niso v celoti ovrednotili. Pri soËasni uporabi zdravila IntronA in drugih potencialno mielosupresivnih snovi priporoËamo previdnost. Interferoni lahko vplivajo na oksidativne presnovne procese, kar morate upoπtevati med soËasno terapijo z zdravili, ki se presnovijo po tej poti, npr. s ksantinskima derivatoma teofilinom in aminofilinom. Nose;nost in dojenje> Za interferon alfa-2b ni kliniËnih podatkov o vplivih na noseËnost. Vpliv na sposobnost voænje in upravljanja s stroji> Bolnike pouËite, da bodo lahko med zdravljenjem z zdravilom IntronA utrujeni, zaspani ali zmedeni, zato je priporoËljivo, da se izogibajo voænji ali delu s stroji. Posebna navodila za shranjevanje> Shranjujte v hladilniku (2 °C - 8 °C). Ne zamrzujte. Med uporabo je zdravilo kemiËno in fizikalno stabilno 27 dni pri temperaturi med 2 in 8 ºC. Z mikrobioloπkega staliπËa lahko zdravilo po odpiranju shranjujete najveË 27 dni pri temperaturi med 2 in 8 ºC. Za Ëas shranjevanja in druge pogoje shranjevanja med uporabo je odgovoren uporabnik. Imetnik dovoljenja za promet> SP Europe 73, rue de StalleB-1180 Bruxelles Belgija. Na;in in reæim izdaje zdravila> Izdaja zdravila je le na recept. Datum priprave informacije: Oktober 2009. Popolno informaci-jo o tem zdravilu dobite na predstavniπtvu Schering-Plough CE AG.

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Segmental neurofibromatosis: A rare variant of a common genodermatosis

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C a s e r e p o r t

DiscussionThis case exhibited features consistent with the

true segmental type of NF. SN primarily affects Cauca-sians, and females are affected twice as often as males, with bimodal peaks of onset at 10 to 30 years and 50 to 70 years. Skin lesions are most commonly found in a unilateral distribution over the cervico-thoracic region (2, 8, 9). In patients with neurofibromas alone, the tu-mors are usually dermatomal in distribution (8). The

phenotype of SN includes localized manifestations of all of the common complications of NF-1, including pseudarthroses and Lisch nodules (1, 10). To match the diagnosis of SN, Lisch nodules should be unilat-eral and homolateral to the involved dermatome. If they are bilateral, it would suggest NF-1, which has a high risk of genetic transmission to offspring (1, 2, 8, 10). Therefore, patients with suspected SN should un-dergo a systematic physical examination and, if neces-

Figure 2. Histopathology of one of the lesions revealing dermal proliferation of spindle cells with wavy nuclei, interspersed in a stroma composed of fibrillary collagen. Nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses, and hypercellularity are absent (A, H&E 2×); close-up (B, H&E 40×).

Figure 1. Clinical appearance of patient (A); close-up showing flesh-colored papules and nodules grouped over the left thoraco-lumbar region (B).

A

C

B

D

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Segmental neurofibromatosis: A rare variant of a common genodermatosis

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A U T H O R S ’A D D R E S S

sary, genetic counseling can be offered. SN is thought to arise from a postzygotic mutation in the NF1 gene leading to somatic mosaicism. If a somatic mutation occurs early enough, it will result in a generalized dis-order, whereas mutations occurring late in embryonic development result in a single region or organ involve-ment (localized disease). Therefore, it seems more ap-propriate to use the terms “mosaic-generalized” and “mosaic-localized” to describe NF-1 and SN respec-tively. These two disorders arise at different stages of embryogenesis from mutations in the same gene (1, 2, 8, 10). Genetic counseling with such patients is dif-ficult because gonadal mosaicism for NF1 has been demonstrated and patients with SN have had offspring with either typical NF-1 or SN (10).

SN is an overlooked disorder and probably more common than previously reported, as the majority of such patients are asymptomatic and seek medical attention only for cosmetic concerns. In others, the condition is incidentally diagnosed while the patient is being examined for a different concern. SF needs to be differentiated from regular NF-1, benign tumors (trichoepithelioma, leiomyoma), malignancies (carci-nomas, lymphomas), sarcoidosis, granuloma annulare, epidermal nevus, nevus lipomatosus cutaneous super-ficialis, agminated lentiginosis, and xanthomas (2). Al-though no specific guidelines exist regarding manage-ment of these patients, accurate diagnosis is important for the detection of systemic complications and, when indicated, to offer adequate genetic counseling.

R E F E R E N C E S

1. Ruggieri M, Huson SM. The clinical and diagnostic implications of mosaicism in the neurofibromatoses. Neurology. 2001;56:1433–43.

2. Hager CM, Cohen PR, Tschen JA. Segmental neurofibromatosis: case reports and review. Am J Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:864–9.

3. Riccardi VM. Neurofibromatosis: clinical heterogeneity. Curr Probl Cancer. 1982;7:1–34.

4. Gammel JA. Localized neurofibromatosis. Arch Dermatol Syph. 1931;24:712–5.

5. Crowe FW, Schull WJ, Neel JV. Clinical, pathological, and genetic study of multiple neurofibromatosis. Springfield (IL): Charles C Thomas; 1956. 181 p.

6. Miller RM, Sparkes RS. Segmental neurofibromatosis. Arch Dermatol. 1977;123:837–8.

7. Roth RR, Martines R, James WD. Segmental neurofibromatosis. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123:917–20.

8. Gonzalez G, Russi ME, Lodeiros A. Bilateral segmental neurofibromatosis: a case report and review. Pediatr Neurol. 2007;36:51–3.

9. Niiyama S, Satoh K, Kaneko S, Aiba S, Mukai H. Segmental neurofibromatosis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:448–9.

10. Listernick R, Mancini AJ, Charrow J. Segmental neurofibromatosis in childhood. Am J Med Genet. 2003;121A:132–5.

Paulo Morais, Department of Dermatovenereology, S. João Hospital, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal, corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Ferreira, Department of Dermatovenereology, same addressHerberto Bettencourt, Department of Pathology, same addressFilomena Azevedo, Department of Dermatovenereology, same address