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ACA
DEM
Y FO
R M
OU
NTA
IN E
NVI
RON
ICS,
EN
VIRO
NIC
S TR
UST
Khas
ra N
o. 1
77,
Shok
een
Mar
ket,
Neb
Sar
ai M
ain
IGN
OU
Roa
d, N
ew D
elhi
- 1
1006
8
envi
roni
cs@
gmai
l.co
m;
tele
fax:
91-
11-2
9531
814,
ww
w.e
nvir
onic
sind
ia.o
rg
SEIS
MIC
HA
ZARD
MIC
ROZO
NA
TIO
N A
ND
SIT
E SU
ITA
BILI
TY E
VALU
ATI
ON
IN
PA
RTS
OF
URI
BLO
CK,
J&K
FIN
AL
RE
POR
T,M
AR
CH
2007
S UB
MIT
TED
TO
AG
A K
HA
N P
LAN
NIN
G &
BU
ILD
ING
SER
VICE
S, IN
DIA
The
re
was
a
tim
e w
hen
the
wea
ther
be
long
ed
to
gods
…
ther
e w
as
a ti
me
whe
n th
e
equa
tion
was
equ
ally
env
elop
ed
in m
yste
ry,
and
was
for
ecas
t in
the
enig
mat
ic
phra
ses
of
the
astr
olog
er
and
the
orac
le
and
now
tha
t it
too
has
pas
sed
from
the
shad
ow o
f th
e oc
cult
of
the
ligh
t of
kno
wle
dge,
the
peo
ple
of t
he c
ivil
ized
ear
th –
the
lay
clie
nts
of
the
seis
mol
ogis
t –
wou
ld b
e gl
ad t
o kn
ow w
heth
er
the
tim
e ha
s co
me
yet
for
a
scie
ntif
ic
fore
cast
of
an
impe
ndin
g tr
emor
.
G.K
.GIL
BER
T,
1909
CON
TEN
TS
PREF
ACE
ACKN
OW
LED
GEM
ENTS
ACRO
NYM
S
SELE
CT G
LOSS
ARY
1.0
SEIS
MIC
ITY
IN T
HE
REG
ION
1-
1 TO
1-
9
2.0
8THO
CTO
BER,
2005
EART
HQ
UAK
E2
–1
TO 2
-16
3.0
OBJ
ECTI
VES
AND
MET
HO
DO
LOG
Y3
–1
TO 3
-6
4.0
C OLL
ATER
AL IN
FORM
ATIO
N L
AYER
S4
–1
TO 4
-17
5.0
P RO
BABI
LIST
IC S
EISM
IC H
AZAR
D A
NAL
YSIS
5
-1
TO 5
-14
6.0
HAZ
ARD
ZO
NAT
ION
MAP
S6
–1
TO 6
-18
7.0
S ITE
GEO
TECH
NIC
AL A
NAL
YSIS
7–
1 TO
7-
54
8.0
CO
NCL
USI
ON
S AN
D R
ECCO
MEN
DAT
ION
S8
–1
TO 8
-6
REFE
REN
CES
PREF
ACE
EEarthquakes have always created curiosity in human minds since ancient times, however the
scientific methods to predict earthquakes are still a nascent science despite the rapid
strides it has been making. The development of this science during the last few decades is
largely due to concurrent developments in instrumental geophysics, computational science
and modeling, more detailed geological information and an array of space based multi-
spectral data collection systems. The huge costs of earthquake damages have also lead
policy makers to seek more information and hazard management has become an important
element in modern day governance.
The Indian subcontinent has been witnessing varying dimensions and diversity of natural
disasters and ironically in the last decade of the millennium, which was the United
Nation’s International Decade for Disaster Mitigation; we were subject to some major
disasters. The first few years of the millennium has already taken a toll that is far
higher than all the death and property loss through natural disasters in entire the history
of the sub-continent.
An array of disasters like earthquakes, cyclones, floods, tsunami etc have visited the sub-
continental region over the last 4-5 years and a lot more efforts are being put to enrich
the scientific knowledge as well develop various models to refine our understanding of a
particular event and interrelationships among the different events. Scientists believe that
the task is still a game of chance, indicating that the prediction of time and space of a
particular event is still a far cry. However, it is clear that several areas are far more
vulnerable and probabilistic modeling could be helpful in mitigating the damages and a
better understanding of the events to enable plan better. We must also understand that the
Himalayan environment is in its transitional state and much more understanding is required
for
improving
the
reliability.
Fortunately
with
greater
globalisation
and
flow
of
information, we know the impacts and implications across political borders unlike in the
thirties
when
the
Bihar-Nepal
Earthquake
struck,
little
was
known
of
the
damages
immediately by the scientists and administrators of situation across the borders. The
Indian Himalayan region has been one of the most vulnerable in terms of its seismicity,
landslide and flash floods. The time of such events has been a critical factor as it
determines the extent of loss of human lives. This devastating earthquake took place at a
time when children were in schools and the maximum number of lives lost was of children
thereby completely altering the demographic characteristics of the communities.
To deal with the real world of reconstruction and rehabilitation risk evaluation at local
levels become important and hazard micro-zonation offers the tools. The earthquake with an
intensity of 7.6 brought devastating consequences to communities in Pakistan Administered
Kashmir while the adjoining Uri Tehsil of Baramulla District suffered the worst, where
housing stock collapsed in large numbers and human lives were lost pushing the community
backwards. The whole transformation in the socio-economic profile of the region is evident
after the earthquake, which hovers around their shelter and social infrastructure and
demands concerted action. The advances made in the image analysis has obviously given a
leverage to apply techniques and methods for mapping and build parameters to enable
decision makers in their planning process. Environics Trust, New Delhi in collaboration
with RRSSC (ISRO) Kharagpur, Seismology experts from IIT, Roorkee, Ghuman & Gupta,
Geotechnical Consultants has undertaken this task so as to enable the Aga Khan Foundation
identify safer sites for creation of physical infrastructure in their programme villages.
In one of his recent articles on this earthquake, Prof. Vinod K Gaur, the doyen of
geophysical sciences writes,
`Earthquakes in ancient times used to be considered acts of God, through the trauma they
exert on innocent populations. Today, we are no longer ignorant of the causes and probable
locations of future earthquakes but whilst successive earthquakes come as no surprise to
scientists, each one delivers a punishing and unacceptable blow to local communities. There
is thus an ironic gulf between what the scientific community knows and what society does
with this knowledge.’
Here we hope to bridge this gulf.
March, 2007
The Environics Team
ACK
NO
WLE
DG
EMEN
TS
We
sinc
erel
y th
ank
Mr
Nic
hola
s M
ckin
lay,
CEO
, AK
F, I
ndia
and
his
tea
m f
or r
epos
ing
fait
h in
us
to u
nder
take
thi
s co
mpl
ex t
ask.
Ms
Sure
kha
Gho
gale
, CE
O -
AKP
BSI h
as b
een
a co
nsta
nt s
ourc
e of
enc
oura
gem
ent
and
wit
hout
her
act
ive
supp
ort
this
eff
ort
wou
ld r
eally
have
not
com
e to
fru
itio
n.
We
conv
ey o
ur h
eart
felt
tha
nks.
Our
sin
cere
tha
nks
goes
to
the
core
mem
bers
; M
r. F
eroz
e Ah
med
,
Prog
ram
me
Dir
ecto
r, A
KDN
(J&
K Pr
ojec
t);
Mr.
Joy
Sin
ghal
, M
r R.
P.Si
ngh,
Dep
uty
Man
ager
- U
ri;
Mr.
Am
arje
et S
ingh
, Co
nsul
tant
,
AKD
N -
J&
K Pr
ojec
t; a
nd t
he c
onsu
ltin
g te
am in
Uri
on
vari
ous
aspe
cts.
We
wou
ld l
ike
to t
hank
Dr.
A.
Jeya
ram
, H
ead
– RR
SSCK
and
his
tea
m c
ompr
isin
g of
Dr.
Vin
u Ch
andr
an,
Scie
ntis
t 'S
D',
Ms
Anju
, M
r.
Rana
of
the
RRSS
CK f
or e
nabl
ing
a di
gita
l in
terf
ace
wit
h th
e re
gion
for
bri
ngin
g ou
t se
t of
ana
lyti
cal
illus
trat
ions
; D
r. M
.L.
Shar
ma,
Asso
ciat
e Pr
ofes
sor,
D.E
.E,
IITR
for
prov
idin
g in
puts
on
the
seis
mol
ogic
al a
spec
ts a
nd b
ring
ing
in p
roba
balis
tic
mod
elin
g fo
r th
e
regi
on,
M/s
GG
GC,
Moh
ali
for
carr
ying
out
sit
e te
stin
g in
dif
fere
nt l
ocat
ions
. W
e ac
know
ledg
e th
e fe
edba
ck a
nd k
now
ledg
e sh
arin
g
by a
num
ber
of p
rofe
ssio
nals
in
the
Wad
ia I
nsti
tute
of
Him
alay
an G
eolo
gy,
part
icul
arly
the
tea
m w
hich
was
inv
olve
d in
pos
t-qu
ake
anal
ysis
.
Apar
t fr
om o
ur c
olla
bora
ting
ins
titu
tion
s, t
here
hav
e be
en s
ever
al i
ndiv
idua
ls t
hat
have
ext
ende
d th
eir
supp
ort
in t
he w
hole
proc
ess.
Fir
stly
, th
e co
mpo
sed
peop
le o
f U
ri w
ho h
ave
been
wel
l re
ceiv
ing
and
prov
ided
eve
ry p
ossi
ble
help
by
deba
ting
and
sha
ring
the
post
ear
thqu
ake
prim
ary
info
rmat
ion
of t
heir
res
pect
ive
plac
es.
We
wou
ld l
ike
to p
ut f
orw
ard
our
sinc
ere
than
ks t
o Lt
. Co
lone
l
S.D
.Nau
tiya
l of
1/9
GR
and
his
dedi
cate
d te
am f
or l
etti
ng u
s ac
com
plis
h ou
r ta
sks
by p
erm
itti
ng o
ur t
eam
to
visi
t th
e re
mot
e si
tes.
We
wou
ld a
lso
like
to c
ompl
imen
t th
e ef
fort
don
e by
the
bri
gade
in t
he r
egio
n an
d ex
tend
our
hea
rtie
st b
est
wis
hes
to t
he t
eam
.
The
depa
rtm
ents
/off
ice
bear
ers
that
des
erve
spe
cial
tha
nks
for
spar
ing
tim
e an
d en
rich
ing
our
know
ledg
e ba
se a
re:
D
r.Sh
akil
Ahm
ed R
amso
o, H
ead
(Dep
artm
ent
of G
eolo
gy a
nd G
eoph
ysic
s),
Uni
vers
ity
of K
ashm
ir
M
r. A
ssad
ulla
h Kh
an,
Dep
uty
Dir
ecto
r (P
&S)
, D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
ture
M
r. K
asim
, Su
bjec
t M
atte
r Sp
ecia
list,
Dep
artm
ent
of A
gric
ultu
re
M
r. M
eher
Aft
ab K
irm
ani,
Ass
ista
nt P
rofe
ssor
, SU
KAST
, Sr
inag
ar
M
r. M
aqbo
ol B
hatt
, Q
ualit
y Co
ntro
l O
ffic
er,
Dep
artm
ent
of A
gric
ultu
re
M
r. N
isar
Ahm
ed W
ani,
Res
earc
h As
sist
ant,
Soi
l Su
rvey
Div
isio
n
M
r. K
usha
l Sin
gh,
J.D
., D
epar
tmen
t of
Geo
logy
and
Min
es,
J&K
D
r. G
ulam
uddi
n Bh
at,
Assi
stan
t G
eolo
gist
, Ba
ram
ulla
M
r. Z
afar
Iqba
l, Z
onal
Edu
cati
on O
ffic
er,
Sala
mab
ad,
Uri
M
d. B
hat,
Zon
al E
duca
tion
Off
icer
, U
ri
Our
sin
cere
tha
nks
are
also
to
Sarp
anch
s, P
atw
ari's
, Te
ache
rs w
ho h
ave
been
at
vari
ous
stag
es i
nter
acte
d w
ith
us a
nd p
rovi
ded
thei
r
inpu
ts in
the
ir c
apac
itie
s.
We
are
extr
emel
y gr
atef
ul t
o Pr
of V
.K.G
aur,
a t
each
er p
ar-e
xcel
lenc
e an
d a
livin
g in
spir
atio
n to
num
erou
s ge
osci
enti
sts
for
shar
ing
his
rece
nt w
ork
and
enco
urag
ing
us t
o br
ing
in o
ur b
est
effo
rts.
The
Envi
roni
cs T
eam
wou
ld l
ike
to a
ckno
wle
dge
the
effo
rts,
sup
port
and
col
labo
rati
on o
f in
divi
dual
s an
d or
gani
sati
ons
that
we
may
have
inad
vert
entl
y m
isse
d ou
t bu
t ha
ve c
ontr
ibut
ed in
eve
ry w
hich
way
tha
t th
is w
ork
has
been
pos
sibl
e.
ACR
ON
YMS
AKF
Aga
Khan
Fou
ndat
ion
AKD
N
Aga
Khan
Dev
elop
men
t N
etw
ork
AKPB
SI
Aga
Khan
Pla
nnin
g an
d Bu
ildin
g Se
rvic
es,
Indi
a
AME
Ac
adem
y fo
r M
ount
ain
Envi
roni
cs
AOI
Area
of
Inte
rest
DEE
Dep
artm
ent
of E
arth
quak
e En
gine
erin
g
DEM
D
igit
al E
leva
tion
Mod
el
FSI
Fore
st S
urve
y of
Indi
a
GG
GC
Ghu
mm
an a
nd G
upta
Geo
tech
nica
l Con
sult
ants
GIS
G
eogr
aphi
cal I
nfor
mat
ion
Syst
em
GR
G
orkh
a Re
gim
ent
GSI
G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
of In
dia
IITR
In
dian
Inst
itut
e of
Tec
hnol
ogy,
Roo
rkee
IRS
In
dian
Res
ourc
e Sa
telli
te
ISZ
Indu
s Su
ture
Zon
e
J&K
Jam
mu
and
Kash
mir
MBT
M
ain
Boun
dary
Thr
ust
MCT
Mai
n Ce
ntra
l Thr
ust
MM
IM
odif
ied
Mer
calli
's In
dex
MM
T M
ain
Man
tle
Thru
st
NRS
A
Nat
iona
l Rem
ote
Sens
ing
Agen
cy
PGA
Peak
Gro
und
Acce
lera
tion
PGV
Peak
Gro
und
Velo
city
PRPr
edom
inan
t Fr
eque
ncy
PSH
APr
obab
ilist
ic S
eism
ic H
azar
d An
alys
is
RQD
Rock
Qua
lity
Des
igna
tion
RRSS
CK
Regi
onal
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
Serv
ice
Cent
re,
Khar
agpu
r
SPSS
St
atis
tica
l Pac
kage
for
Soc
ial S
cien
ces
SR
Site
Res
pons
e
SRT
Salt
Ran
ge T
hrus
t
SELE
CTG
LOSS
ARY
Term
D
escr
ipti
on
Faul
t A
plan
ar o
r ge
ntly
cur
ved
frac
ture
in t
he E
arth
's cr
ust
acro
ss w
hich
the
re h
as b
een
rela
tive
disp
lace
men
t.
Faul
t pl
ane
The
plan
e th
at b
est
appr
oxim
ates
the
fra
ctur
e su
rfac
e of
a f
ault
Fold
A
plan
ar f
eatu
re,
such
as
a be
ddin
g pl
ane,
tha
t ha
s be
en s
tron
gly
war
ped,
pre
sum
ably
by
defo
rmat
ion
Folia
tion
An
y pl
anar
set
of
min
eral
s or
ban
ding
of
min
eral
con
cent
rati
ons
incl
udin
g cl
eava
ge,
foun
d in
a
met
amor
phic
roc
k.
Form
atio
nTh
e ba
sic
unit
for
the
nam
ing
of r
ocks
in s
trat
igra
phy
a se
t of
roc
ks t
hat
are
or o
nce
wer
e ho
rizo
ntal
ly
cont
inuo
us,
that
sha
re s
ome
dist
inct
ive
feat
ure
of li
thol
ogy,
and
are
larg
e en
ough
to
be m
appe
d.
Foss
il An
impr
essi
on,
cast
, ou
tlin
e, o
r tr
ack
of a
ny a
nim
al o
r pl
ant
that
is p
rese
rved
in r
ock
afte
r th
e
orig
inal
org
anic
mat
eria
l is
tran
sfor
med
or
rem
oved
.
Mas
s m
ovem
ent
A do
wnh
ill m
ovem
ent
of s
oil
or f
ract
ured
roc
k un
der
the
forc
e of
gra
vity
.
Mat
urit
y A
stag
e in
the
geo
mor
phic
cyc
le in
whi
ch m
axim
um r
elie
f an
d w
ell-
deve
lope
d dr
aina
ge a
re b
oth
pres
ent.
Mor
aine
A
glac
ial
depo
sit
of t
ill l
eft
at t
he m
argi
n of
an
ice
shee
t. S
ee s
peci
fica
lly b
y na
me,
gro
und
mor
aine
,
long
itud
inal
mor
aine
, m
edia
l mor
aine
, an
d te
rmin
al m
orai
ne
Tect
onic
s Th
e st
udy
of t
he m
ovem
ents
and
def
orm
atio
n of
the
cru
st o
n a
larg
e sc
ale,
incl
udin
g ep
eiro
geny
,
met
amor
phis
m,
fold
ing,
fau
ltin
g, a
nd p
late
tec
toni
cs.
Thru
st f
ault
A
dip-
slip
fau
lt in
whi
chth
e up
per
bloc
k ab
ove
the
faul
t pl
ane
mov
es u
p an
d ov
er t
he lo
wer
blo
ck,
so
that
old
er s
trat
a ar
e pl
aced
ove
r yo
unge
r.
Unc
onfo
rmit
y A
surf
ace
that
sep
arat
es t
wo
stra
ta.
It r
epre
sent
s an
inte
rval
of
tim
e in
whi
ch d
epos
itio
n st
oppe
d,
eros
ion
rem
oved
som
e se
dim
ents
and
roc
k, a
nd t
hen
depo
siti
on r
esum
ed (
see
also
Ang
ular
unco
nfor
mit
y).
Unc
onso
lidat
ed m
ater
ial
Non
lithi
fied
sed
imen
t th
at h
as n
o m
iner
al c
emen
t or
mat
rix
bind
ing
its
grai
ns.
Esca
rpm
ent
A st
eep
slop
e or
lon
g cl
iff
that
res
ults
fro
m e
rosi
on o
r fa
ulti
ng a
nd s
epar
ates
tw
o re
lati
vely
leve
l are
as
of d
iffe
ring
ele
vati
ons.
Lon
g lin
e of
clif
fs o
r st
eep
slop
es t
hat
brea
k th
e ge
nera
l co
ntin
uity
of
the
land
by s
epar
atin
g it
into
tw
o le
vel
or s
lopi
ng s
urfa
ces.
Som
e ve
ry h
igh
esca
rpm
ents
, or
sca
rps,
may
for
m
by v
erti
cal
mov
emen
t al
ong
faul
ts.
Oft
en a
who
le b
lock
of
land
may
be
forc
ed u
pwar
d w
hile
the
adja
cent
blo
ck is
dow
nfau
lted
Sync
line
A co
ncav
e-up
war
d fo
ld in
roc
k, i.
e. t
he l
imbs
are
rai
sed
and
the
cent
er d
epre
ssed
Anti
clin
e A
conc
ave-
dow
nwar
d fo
ld,
i.e.
the
lim
bs a
re d
epre
ssed
and
the
cen
ter
rais
ed
Mon
oclin
e A
fold
in r
ock
conn
ecti
ng t
wo
vert
ical
ly o
ffse
t, h
oriz
onta
l sec
tion
s of
sed
imen
tary
roc
ks.
Epic
ente
r Th
e po
int
of o
ccur
renc
e of
ear
thqu
ake
MM
IM
odif
ied
Mer
calli
Inde
x, in
tens
ity
scal
e us
ed f
or m
easu
ring
the
inte
nsit
y of
ear
thqu
ake.
The
sca
le
quan
tifi
es t
he e
ffec
ts o
f an
ear
thqu
ake
on t
he E
arth
's su
rfac
e, h
uman
s, o
bjec
ts o
f na
ture
, an
d m
an-
mad
e st
ruct
ures
on
a sc
ale
of 1
thr
ough
12,
wit
h 1
deno
ting
a w
eak
eart
hqua
ke a
nd 1
2 on
e th
at
caus
es c
ompl
ete
dest
ruct
ion.
Peak
Gro
und
Acce
lera
tion
It is
a m
easu
re o
f ea
rthq
uake
acc
eler
atio
n. U
nlik
e th
e Ri
chte
r m
agni
tude
sca
le,
it is
not
a m
easu
re o
f
the
tota
l si
ze o
f th
e ea
rthq
uake
, bu
t ra
ther
how
har
d th
e ea
rth
shak
es in
a g
iven
geo
grap
hic
area
.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-1
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
CHA
PTER
1.0
SEIS
MIC
ITY
IN T
HE
REG
ION
Thischap
terh
ighlightsthe
seismicity
intheregion
andprov
ides
abackgrou
ndforu
nderstan
ding
thecomplexity
interm
sof
thetecton
ican
dseismic
historyof
thearea
andinform
swhy
thiseffortisim
portan
t.
1.1
Plat
e Te
cton
ics
It i
s no
w g
ener
ally
acc
epte
d th
at t
he o
uter
ski
n of
the
ear
th’s
sur
face
con
sist
s of
rel
ativ
ely
thin
, ri
gid
plat
es o
r sp
heri
cal
caps
. Th
e
mar
gins
of
thes
e pl
ates
are
sei
smic
ally
act
ive
as a
con
sequ
ence
of
thei
r m
ovin
g re
lati
ve t
o ea
ch o
ther
. If
we
take
a w
orki
ng f
igur
e of
50 k
ms
for
the
thic
knes
s of
the
pla
tes
and
esti
mat
es o
f 10
00 t
o 50
00 k
ms
for
thei
r le
ngth
and
bre
adth
dim
ensi
ons,
we
obta
in
thic
knes
s: l
engt
h/br
eadt
h ra
tios
of
1:20
to
1:10
0. T
he p
late
s ar
e th
eref
ore
waf
er t
hin
and
may
be
expe
cted
to
be f
ragi
le.
Ther
e ar
e tw
o im
port
ant
cont
rast
s –
the
ocea
nic
and
cont
inen
tal
part
s of
the
pla
te a
re v
arie
d in
the
ir t
hick
ness
and
the
ir r
elat
ive
ages
. Th
e oc
eani
c lit
hosp
here
has
all
form
ed i
n th
e la
st 2
00 m
illio
n ye
ars,
and
the
you
ng l
itho
sphe
re c
over
s m
ore
than
tw
o-th
irds
of
the
eart
h’s
surf
ace.
On
the
tim
e sc
ale
of E
arth
’s h
isto
ry,
we
ther
efor
e ha
ve a
pro
cess
of
cons
ider
able
rap
idit
y. I
t is
fou
nd t
hat
new
ocea
nic
crus
t is
bei
ng c
reat
ed a
t a
rem
arka
bly
fast
rat
e of
upt
o 10
cm
per
yea
r. T
his
sets
a f
urth
er c
ondi
tion
tha
t th
e ve
loci
ties
of
any
driv
ing
mec
hani
sm m
ust
be a
tlea
st h
alf
the
spre
adin
g ra
tes
and
this
mus
t be
con
sum
ed a
t so
me
othe
r pa
rt o
f th
e gl
obe
to
acco
mm
odat
e.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-2
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
As i
s no
w w
ell
know
n, e
arth
quak
es a
re t
he r
esul
t of
a m
echa
nica
l in
stab
ility
in
the
eart
h’s
uppe
r co
lder
bri
ttle
cru
st w
here
ela
stic
stra
ins
stea
dily
cre
ated
by
rela
tive
pla
te m
ovem
ents
can
acc
umul
ate
up t
o ab
out
1 pa
rt i
n 10
,000
bef
ore
frac
turi
ng a
long
fau
lts.
Eart
hqua
kes
are
thus
un
ders
tood
to
co
nsti
tute
a
peri
odic
ph
enom
enon
w
ith
a cy
clic
ity
dete
rmin
ed
by
the
rate
of
st
rain
accu
mul
atio
n in
th
e re
gion
an
d fa
ilure
st
reng
th
of
the
pote
ntia
l ru
ptur
e su
rfac
e(s)
. In
pri
ncip
le,
know
ledg
e of
thi
s
stra
in r
ate
and
the
prec
ise
stra
in r
equi
red
to p
rom
ote
failu
re
wou
ld p
erm
it e
arth
quak
es t
o be
for
ecas
t. G
PS g
eode
sy w
hen
com
pare
d w
ith
geol
ogic
al d
ata
on p
late
mot
ions
indi
cate
s th
at
the
velo
city
of
tect
onic
pla
tes
have
cha
nged
lit
tle
over
the
past
3 m
illio
n ye
ars.
We
ther
efor
e, h
ave
a go
od p
rese
nt-d
ay
mea
sure
of
surf
ace
stra
in a
ccum
ulat
ion
rate
s. T
he a
bsen
ce o
f
defi
niti
ve
know
ledg
e ab
out
rock
fa
ilure
co
ndit
ions
or
th
e
abso
lute
le
vel
of
stra
in,
how
ever
, m
akes
it
cu
rren
tly
impo
ssib
le
to
iden
tify
th
e lo
cati
on
and
tim
ing
of
futu
re
eart
hqua
kes’
(G
aur,
200
6).
1.2
The
Flig
ht o
f In
dian
Sub
-con
tine
nt
The
Indi
an S
ub-c
onti
nent
is c
onsi
dere
d to
hav
e m
oved
so
muc
h
that
in g
eolo
gica
l tim
e sc
ales
it is
alm
ost
like
a fl
ight
in
geol
ogic
al t
ime
scal
es.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-3
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
The
eart
h in
th
e Ea
rly
Perm
ian
(~60
0 m
illio
n ye
ars
ago)
indi
cate
s th
at a
t th
at t
ime,
Ind
ia w
as p
art
of G
ondw
ana
and
bord
ered
to
the
nort
h by
the
Cim
mer
ian
Supe
rter
rane
. Th
e
mov
emen
t fr
om
som
e w
here
cl
ose
to
the
Anta
rcti
c to
som
ewhe
re c
lose
to
pres
ent
day
Mad
agas
car
in t
he n
ext
500
mill
ion
year
s m
ust
be c
onsi
dere
d a
slow
pac
e as
com
pare
d to
the
dram
atic
dri
ft o
ver
the
next
100
mill
ion
year
s.
The
eart
h in
the
Cre
tace
ous
(~ 1
00 m
illio
n ye
ars
ago)
the
Cim
mer
idia
n Su
pert
erra
ne h
as a
ccre
ted
to M
ega
Laur
asia
, th
e
ocea
nic
crus
t of
the
Neo
teth
ys i
s su
bduc
ted
to t
he n
orth
alo
ng
the
Dra
s vo
lcan
ic
arc,
th
e Sh
igat
ze
Oce
an
open
s as
a
cons
eque
nce
of b
ack-
arc
spre
adin
g, I
ndia
is
sepa
rate
d fr
om
Afri
ca a
nd E
. G
ondw
ana
and
the
Indi
an O
cean
ope
ns.
Thes
e Pa
leog
eogr
aphi
c re
cons
truc
tion
s ba
sed
by D
èzes
(19
99),
on S
tam
pfli
and
Bore
l (2
002)
and
Pat
riat
and
Ach
ache
(19
84)
and
have
bee
n ad
apte
d fr
om t
he w
ikip
edia
.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-4
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
The
nort
hwar
d dr
ift
of I
ndia
fro
m 7
1 M
a ag
o to
pre
sent
tim
e
indi
cate
s su
ch a
lon
g m
ovem
ent
such
a h
uge
land
mas
s th
at t
he
orog
enic
act
ivit
y at
the
jun
ctio
n of
the
se p
late
s in
volv
ing
a hu
ge
mom
entu
m o
f im
pact
.
The
Colli
sion
of
the
Indi
an c
onti
nent
wit
h Eu
rasi
a is
est
imat
ed t
o
have
occ
urre
d at
abo
ut 5
5 m
illio
n ye
ars
ago
and
is r
elen
tles
s.
Cons
ider
ing
the
infe
rred
loc
atio
n of
the
lan
dmas
s at
thi
s pe
riod
to b
e ar
ound
the
pre
sent
day
equ
ator
, th
e dr
ift
has
acce
lera
ted
and
grea
ter
mus
t be
the
impa
ct o
n th
e m
argi
ns.
It m
ay b
e no
ted
that
the
Ind
ian
land
mas
s ha
s si
mul
tane
ousl
y ro
tate
d co
unte
r-
cloc
kwis
e (A
dapt
ed f
rom
USG
S).
It
is
this
fl
ight
of
In
dia
of
the
Indi
an S
ub-c
onti
nent
an
d it
s
cont
inuo
us
subd
ucti
on
that
ha
s gi
ven
rise
to
th
e ta
llest
mou
ntai
n ra
nges
in
the
wor
ld a
nd c
onti
nues
to
be a
reg
ion
that
abou
nds
in s
eism
ic a
ctiv
ity.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-5
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
1.3
The
Dan
ger
Zone
(A
dapt
ed f
rom
Rog
er &
Bilh
am (
2005
) an
d G
aur
V.K
(200
6)
Roge
r an
d Bi
lham
’s (
2001
) vi
ew o
f th
e In
do-A
sian
col
lisio
n zo
ne s
how
s th
e es
tim
ated
slip
pot
enti
al a
long
the
Him
alay
a an
d ur
ban
popu
lati
ons
sout
h of
th
e
Him
alay
a (U
.N.
sour
ces)
.
Shad
ed a
reas
wit
h da
tes
next
to
them
su
rrou
nd
epic
ente
rs
and
zone
s of
rup
ture
of
maj
or
eart
hqua
kes
in
the
Him
alay
a
and
the
Kutc
h re
gion
, w
here
the
2001
Bh
uj
eart
hqua
ke
occu
rred
. Re
d se
gmen
ts a
long
the
bars
sh
ow
the
slip
pote
ntia
l on
a s
cale
of
1 to
10
met
ers,
tha
t is
, th
e po
tent
ial
slip
th
at
has
accu
mul
ated
sinc
e th
e la
st r
ecor
ded
grea
t
eart
hqua
ke,
or
sinc
e 18
00.
The
pink
po
rtio
ns
show
poss
ible
ad
diti
onal
sl
ip
perm
itte
d by
ign
oran
ce o
f th
e
prec
edin
g hi
stor
ic
reco
rd.
Gre
at e
arth
quak
es m
ay h
ave
occu
rred
in
the
Kash
mir
reg
ion
in t
he m
id 1
6th
cent
ury
and
in N
epal
in
the
13th
cen
tury
. Th
e ba
rs a
re
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-6
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
not
inte
nded
to
indi
cate
the
loc
us o
f sp
ecif
ic f
utur
e gr
eat
eart
hqua
kes,
but
are
sim
ply
spac
ed a
t eq
ual
220-
km i
nter
vals
, th
e
appr
oxim
ate
rupt
ure
leng
th o
f th
e 19
34 a
nd 1
950
eart
hqua
kes.
Bla
ck c
ircl
es s
how
pop
ulat
ion
cent
ers
in t
he r
egio
n; i
n th
e G
ange
s
Plai
n, t
he r
egio
n ex
tend
ing
~300
km
sou
th a
nd s
outh
east
of
the
Him
alay
a, t
he u
rban
pop
ulat
ion
alon
e ex
ceed
s 40
mill
ion.
The
ins
et
is a
sim
plif
ied
cros
s se
ctio
n th
roug
h th
e H
imal
aya
indi
cate
s th
e tr
ansi
tion
bet
wee
n th
e lo
cked
, sh
allo
w p
orti
ons
of t
he f
ault
tha
t
rupt
ure
in g
reat
ear
thqu
akes
, an
d th
e de
eper
zon
e w
here
Ind
ia s
lides
ben
eath
Sou
ther
n Ti
bet
wit
hout
ear
thqu
akes
. Be
twee
n th
em,
vert
ical
mov
emen
t, h
oriz
onta
l con
trac
tion
, an
d m
icro
ear
thqu
ake
seis
mic
ity
are
curr
entl
y co
ncen
trat
ed.
In 2
001
Bilh
am e
t al
est
imat
ed t
he p
rese
nt-d
ay s
lip p
oten
tial
of
the
Him
alay
a by
ass
umin
g th
at t
he c
urre
ntly
obs
erve
d co
nver
genc
e
rate
had
pre
vaile
d fo
r 20
0 ye
ars,
and
by
calc
ulat
ing
the
accu
mul
ated
slip
tha
t w
ould
be
rele
ased
at
vari
ous
poin
ts a
long
the
arc
sinc
e th
e la
st e
arth
quak
e at
eac
h of
tho
se p
oint
s, s
houl
d an
ear
thqu
ake
occu
r th
ere
toda
y (B
ilham
et
al.,
200
1).
The
exte
nsio
n of
the
hist
oric
al r
ecor
d to
150
0, a
nd g
eolo
gica
l ev
iden
ce f
or s
urfa
ce r
uptu
re i
n a
larg
e ea
rthq
uake
in
1400
(W
esno
wsk
y et
al
1999
,
Kum
ar e
t al
, 20
01)
perm
its
a re
vise
d es
tim
ate
of t
his
slip
pot
enti
al.
Its
accu
racy
dep
ends
on
the
follo
win
g as
sum
ptio
ns:
that
we
know
of
all
sign
ific
ant
eart
hqua
kes
sinc
e 15
00,
that
pre
sent
geo
deti
c co
nver
genc
e ra
tes
have
pre
vaile
d fo
r th
e pa
st 5
00 y
ears
, an
d
that
no
slow
ear
thqu
akes
hav
e re
leas
ed s
lip d
urin
g or
aft
er la
rge
eart
hqua
kes.
In t
he 2
001
anal
ysis
Bilh
am e
t al
mad
e no
att
empt
to
esti
mat
e th
e al
ong-
stri
ke r
uptu
re l
engt
h of
pot
enti
al f
utur
e ru
ptur
es.
Des
pite
the
diff
eren
t al
ong-
arc
leng
ths
of s
egm
ents
sho
wn,
the
seg
men
t es
tim
ates
do
not
nece
ssar
ily r
epre
sent
the
seg
men
t si
ze o
f fu
ture
eart
hqua
kes.
Eac
h tr
apez
oida
l fi
gure
rep
rese
nts
the
slip
dev
elop
ed s
ince
the
pre
viou
s kn
own
eart
hqua
ke a
t th
at l
ocat
ion.
We
have
no w
ay o
f kn
owin
g w
heth
er a
fut
ure
eart
hqua
ke w
ill r
uptu
re t
he s
ame
area
. U
sing
the
slip
and
rup
ture
are
a of
eac
h of
the
se r
egio
ns
we
can
esti
mat
e th
e m
agni
tude
of
an e
arth
quak
e sh
ould
it o
ccur
tod
ay.
We
know
les
s ab
out
eart
hqua
kes
in t
he e
aste
rn H
imal
aya
than
tho
se i
n th
e w
est,
and
it
is p
ossi
ble
that
we
have
und
eres
tim
ated
seis
mic
slip
pot
enti
al t
here
. Th
e 18
97 e
arth
quak
e re
duce
d st
ress
es i
n th
e re
gion
, bu
t on
ly f
or a
120
km
lon
g se
gmen
t of
eas
tern
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-7
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Bhut
an.
We
know
wit
h ce
rtai
nty
of n
o la
rge
eart
hqua
kes
in w
este
rn B
huta
n w
ith
the
exce
ptio
n of
the
171
3 ea
rthq
uake
tha
t
dam
aged
sev
eral
mon
aste
ries
. Th
e al
ong-
stri
ke e
xten
t of
thi
s ea
rthq
uake
is u
nkno
wn
(Am
bras
eys
and
Jack
son,
200
3).
The
huge
nu
mbe
r of
vu
lner
able
popu
lati
on i
s cl
ear
from
the
map
whi
ch i
ndic
ated
Urb
an p
opul
atio
n
and
slip
po
tent
ial
in
the
Him
alay
a, b
ased
on
elap
sed
tim
e
sinc
e th
e la
st m
ajor
ear
thqu
ake
in
vari
ous
sect
ors
alon
g th
e ar
c si
nce
1400
an
d th
e G
PS-d
eriv
ed
conv
erge
nce
rate
ac
ross
th
e
Him
alay
a.
The
heig
ht
of
each
trap
ezoi
d is
pr
opor
tion
al
to
the
curr
ent
slip
pot
enti
al i
n m
eter
s,
and
the
num
bers
re
fer
to
the
pote
ntia
l si
ze
of
eart
hqua
ke
shou
ld t
he s
ame
segm
ent
leng
th
slip
as
is
cu
rren
tly
belie
ved
to
have
oc
curr
ed
in
the
last
eart
hqua
ke.
The
slip
pot
enti
al i
n
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-8
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
the
east
ern
Him
alay
a is
ten
tati
ve s
ince
the
eff
ects
of
the
1897
Shi
llong
ear
thqu
ake
are
unce
rtai
n an
d w
e kn
ow o
f no
gre
at h
isto
rica
l
eart
hqua
kes
in B
huta
n w
ith
the
exce
ptio
n of
a p
ossi
ble
even
t in
171
3.
1.5
The
Impo
rtan
ce o
f th
e Cu
rren
t Ef
fort
The
cons
eque
nces
of
the
wes
tern
Him
alay
a sl
ippi
ng i
n it
s en
tire
ty b
etw
een
1400
and
155
5 is
tha
t a
1200
km
len
gth
of t
he H
imal
aya
has
mat
ured
suf
fici
entl
y to
exp
erie
nce
two
or m
ore
M>>
8 ru
ptur
es.
The
tota
l le
ngth
, an
d th
e pr
esen
ce o
f re
lati
vely
mod
est
eart
hqua
kes
in t
he i
nter
veni
ng 5
00 y
ears
, su
gges
ts t
hat
the
wes
tern
Him
alay
a m
ay b
e in
a s
tres
s st
ate
som
ewha
t si
mila
r to
the
Anda
man
pla
te b
ound
ary
prio
r to
200
4.
`Alt
houg
h w
e ha
ve n
o hi
stor
ical
exa
mpl
es o
f si
mul
tane
ous
rupt
ure
of c
onti
guou
s
segm
ents
of
the
Him
alay
a, w
e w
ould
, gi
ven
the
rece
nt M
=9 e
arth
quak
e on
Ind
ia's
And
aman
bou
ndar
y, b
e fo
olis
h to
ign
ore
the
poss
ibil
ity
that
a s
imil
ar g
reat
ear
thqu
ake
in t
he H
imal
aya’
(Bi
lham
et
al,
2005
).
The
impo
rtan
ce o
f th
e cu
rren
t ef
fort
can
be
capt
ured
in
the
follo
win
g st
atem
ent
of P
rof
Gau
r, `
If t
he w
arni
ng o
ffer
ed b
y th
e th
ree
disa
stro
us e
arth
quak
es i
n In
dia
in t
he p
ast
6 ye
ars
is u
nhee
ded
by c
ity
plan
ners
, po
litic
ians
and
arc
hite
cts,
the
dis
astr
ous
impa
ct o
f
a fu
ture
ear
thqu
ake
coul
d be
far
mor
e gr
ievo
us t
han
any
we
have
yet
see
n. T
hree
ine
xora
bly
grow
ing
tren
ds o
f ou
r so
cial
dyn
amic
cons
pire
to
forc
e th
is c
oncl
usio
n: i
ncre
ased
pop
ulat
ions
(10
to
100
tim
es l
arge
r th
an t
hat
expo
sed
to p
revi
ous
Indi
an e
arth
quak
es),
incr
ease
d vu
lner
abili
ty (
the
build
ing
stoc
k is
tal
ler,
and
far
les
s w
ell-
cons
truc
ted
than
eve
r be
fore
), a
nd t
he d
emog
raph
ic p
atte
rn o
f
high
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity
in r
egio
ns e
xpec
ted
to e
xper
ienc
e ab
norm
ally
hig
h gr
ound
sha
king
int
ensi
ty (
thic
k se
dim
ents
nea
r ri
ver
valle
ys l
ike
the
Gan
ges
and
Brah
map
utra
sys
tem
s, a
nd a
ncie
nt l
akes
lik
e th
ose
in t
he K
athm
andu
and
Kas
hmir
val
leys
). G
iven
tha
t
seve
ral
Mw
>8 e
arth
quak
es a
re a
ntic
ipat
ed a
long
the
Him
alay
a, t
he p
opul
atio
ns a
t ri
sk e
xcee
d 50
mill
ion
peop
le.
A cr
ash
prog
ram
me
to e
nsur
e an
d, w
here
ver
desi
rabl
e, e
nfor
ce i
ncor
pora
tion
of
eart
hqua
ke r
esis
tant
des
ign
and
cons
truc
tion
pra
ctic
es u
sing
all
poss
ible
mea
ns,
and
retr
ofit
ting
of
all
com
mun
ity
build
ings
and
sup
port
sys
tem
s ha
s th
e pr
omis
e of
saf
egua
rdin
g a
larg
e pr
opor
tion
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
1-9
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
of t
hose
pot
enti
ally
at
risk
and
pre
vent
ing
trill
ions
of
dolla
rs o
f ec
onom
ic d
amag
e th
at a
fut
ure
eart
hqua
ke i
n th
e re
gion
may
othe
rwis
e ex
act.
’
In t
erm
s of
the
pro
cess
, an
othe
r do
yen
in t
he f
ield
, Pr
of K
hatt
ri h
as t
his
to s
ay `
A w
ay t
o do
thi
s ef
fici
entl
y is
to
have
a c
ompl
imen
t
of l
arge
-sca
le n
atio
nal
seis
mic
zon
ing
map
and
sm
all-
scal
e m
icro
zoni
ng m
aps
of i
mpo
rtan
t lo
calit
ies.
A f
ew q
uest
ions
tha
t ne
ed t
o
be a
ddre
ssed
are
not
ed n
ext.
How
can
we
prof
itab
ly w
eave
int
o th
e fa
bric
of
seis
mic
zon
ing
at a
ll sc
ales
, ne
w e
vide
nces
fro
m
dive
rse
fiel
ds s
uch
as G
PS,
pala
eo-s
eism
olog
y, e
tc.
as n
oted
abo
ve,
in p
repa
ring
a s
tate
-of-
the-
art
zoni
ng m
ap?
Wha
t sh
ould
be
the
smal
lest
siz
e of
an
area
for
att
empt
ing
mic
ro z
onin
g? T
his
also
rel
ates
to
the
ques
tion
as
to h
ow f
ine
a sc
ale
the
know
ledg
e of
geol
ogic
al p
rope
rtie
s ne
eds
to b
e fo
r th
e st
ated
end
-obj
ecti
ve o
f m
icro
zon
ing.
For
geo
logy
can
be
stud
ied
from
mic
rosc
opic
to
meg
asco
pic
scal
es.
Mor
eove
r, o
ften
the
bou
ndar
ies
of g
eolo
gica
l un
its
are
not
shar
p. H
ow c
an o
ne e
xplo
it t
he f
orm
alis
m o
f fu
zzy
logi
c to
our
adv
anta
ge i
n de
fini
ng t
he z
ones
, et
c. i
n su
ch s
itua
tion
s?’
He
furt
her
poin
ts o
ut t
hat
`A m
atte
r of
gra
ve c
once
rn i
s th
e
use
of t
he c
urre
nt b
uild
ing
code
s de
vise
d on
the
bas
is o
f fl
awed
nat
iona
l se
ism
ic z
one
map
, th
at a
re b
ecom
ing
a m
eans
to
crea
te
unsa
fe b
uild
ings
in
larg
e se
ctor
s of
the
cou
ntry
. H
ence
, th
ere
is a
n ur
genc
y to
pro
duce
sci
enti
fica
lly c
orre
ct n
atio
nal
seis
mic
zon
ing
map
s, b
oth
in t
he l
arge
and
the
mic
ro s
cale
s (i
.e.
mic
ro-z
onin
g m
aps
for
larg
e ci
ties
and
oth
er s
igni
fica
nt u
nits
) on
the
bas
is o
f
whi
ch a
ppro
pria
te b
uild
ing
code
s ca
n be
def
ined
. Al
l fu
ture
con
stru
ctio
n an
d re
trof
itti
ng a
ctiv
ity
may
be
done
on
such
a p
rope
rly
defi
ned
basi
s. T
here
is
also
dir
e ne
ed t
o pr
omot
e w
ider
im
plem
enta
tion
of
eart
hqua
ke-r
esis
tant
bui
ldin
g co
des
and
way
s to
ach
ieve
this
nee
d to
be
disc
usse
d. A
pos
sibi
lity
is t
o in
trod
uce
ince
ntiv
es t
o th
ose
who
fol
low
the
cod
es f
or n
ew c
onst
ruct
ions
as
wel
l as
for
thos
e w
ho d
o re
trof
itti
ng.’
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-1
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
CHA
PTER
2.0
8THO
CTO
BER,
2005
EART
HQ
UA
KE&
FOCU
SVI
LLA
GES
Thischap
terg
ives
abriefo
fthe
earthq
uake
eventand
details
thefocusv
illages
2.1
The
Even
t
A de
vast
atin
g ea
rthq
uake
hit
the
Kas
hmir
reg
ion
acro
ss t
he
polit
ical
bo
rder
s in
th
e m
orni
ng
of
8th
Oct
ober
, 20
05
leav
ing
near
ly 7
5,00
0 de
ad,
seve
ral
inju
red
and
mai
med
and
a ne
ar
com
plet
e de
stru
ctio
n of
ho
uses
in
th
e
epic
entr
al t
ract
. It
s ep
icen
ter
was
det
erm
ined
by
the
USG
S
to b
e lo
cate
d at
34.
402°
N,
73.5
60°E
. M
uzaf
fara
bad,
cap
ital
tow
n of
the
Pak
ista
n ad
min
iste
red
Kash
mir
whi
ch i
s ab
out
20 k
ilom
eter
SE
of t
he e
pice
nter
, su
ffer
ed t
he h
eavi
est
casu
alti
es.
Afte
rsho
cks
num
beri
ng o
ver
500,
inc
ludi
ng o
ne
of m
agni
tude
as
high
as
6.2
cont
inue
d to
tra
umat
ise
peop
le
for
seve
ral
mon
ths.
Ea
rly
afte
rsho
cks
wer
e su
ffic
ient
ly
seve
re t
o fu
rthe
r da
mag
e al
read
y w
eake
ned
stru
ctur
es.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-2
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
DAT
E
ORI
GIN
TIM
E (U
TC)
G
EOG
RAPH
IC
DEP
TH
M
AG
N
o. S
TA
HR
MN
SE
C
CO
ORD
INA
TES
U
sed
LAT
L
ON
G
O
CT 0
8
03
50
40.
8
34
.539
N
73.5
88 E
26 G
7.6
7
24
The
heav
iest
dam
age
occu
rred
in
the
Muz
affa
raba
d ar
ea,
Kash
mir
whe
re e
ntir
e vi
llage
s w
ere
dest
roye
d an
d at
Uri
whe
re 8
0 pe
rcen
t of
the
tow
n w
as d
estr
oyed
. At
lea
st 3
2,33
5 bu
ildin
gs
colla
psed
in
An
antn
ag,
Bara
mul
a,
Jam
mu
and
Srin
agar
, Ka
shm
ir.
Build
ings
co
llaps
ed
in
Abbo
ttab
ad,
Guj
ranw
ala,
G
ujra
t,
Isla
mab
ad,
Laho
re
and
Raw
alpi
ndi,
Pa
kist
an.
Max
imum
inte
nsit
y VI
II. F
elt
(VII)
at
Topi
; (V
I) a
t Is
lam
abad
, Pe
shaw
ar a
nd R
awal
pind
i; (
V)
at F
aisa
laba
d an
d La
hore
. Fe
lt a
t Ch
akw
al,
Jhan
g, S
argo
dha
and
as f
ar a
s Q
uett
a. A
t le
ast
1,35
0 pe
ople
kill
ed a
nd 6
,266
inj
ured
in
Indi
a. F
elt
(V)
at C
hand
igar
h an
d N
ew D
elhi
; (I
V)
at
Del
hi
and
Gur
gaon
, In
dia.
Fe
lt
in
Guj
arat
, H
arya
na,
Him
acha
l Pr
ades
h,
Mad
hya
Prad
esh,
Pun
jab,
Raj
asth
an,
Utt
aran
chal
and
Utt
ar P
rade
sh,
Indi
a. A
t le
ast
one
pers
on
kille
d an
d so
me
build
ings
col
laps
ed i
n Af
ghan
ista
n. F
elt
(IV)
at
Kabu
l an
d (I
II) a
t Ba
gram
i,
Afgh
anis
tan.
An
esti
mat
ed 4
mill
ion
peop
le i
n th
e ar
ea l
eft
hom
eles
s. L
ands
lides
and
ro
ckfa
lls d
amag
ed o
r de
stro
yed
seve
ral
mou
ntai
n ro
ads
and
high
way
s cu
ttin
g of
f ac
cess
to
the
regi
on f
or s
ever
al d
ays.
Lan
dslid
es o
ccur
red
fart
her
nort
h ne
ar t
he t
owns
of
Gilg
it a
nd
Skar
du,
Kash
mir
. Li
quef
acti
on a
nd s
andb
low
s oc
curr
ed i
n th
e w
este
rn p
art
of V
ale
of
Kash
mir
and
nea
r Ja
mm
u. L
ands
lides
and
roc
kfal
ls a
lso
occu
rred
in
part
s of
Him
acha
l Pr
ades
h, In
dia.
The
Bro
adba
nd S
eism
olog
ical
Obs
erva
tory
of
GSI
at
Jaba
lpur
als
o re
cord
ed
the
mai
n ev
ent
and
eval
uate
d th
e or
igin
tim
e as
03
hr 5
0 m
in 5
6 se
c. T
he s
hort
per
iod
MEQ
di
gita
l re
cord
ers
stat
ione
d at
G
SI
Off
ice,
Ch
andi
garh
fo
r pu
rpos
e of
se
ism
ic
mic
rozo
nati
on o
f th
e ur
ban
com
plex
gav
e th
e fo
llow
ing
attr
ibut
es o
f th
e ea
rthq
uake
.
Arri
val t
ime
of P
-wav
e: 0
3: 5
1 :
51.2
7 (G
MT)
. Ti
me
gap
betw
een
arri
val o
f P
and
S w
aves
(S
-P):
55.
08 s
econ
ds S
igna
l dur
atio
n at
Cha
ndig
arh:
15
min
utes
. Ep
icen
tral
dis
tanc
e of
the
ea
rthq
uake
fro
m C
hand
igar
h: 4
96 k
m (
appr
ox).
A th
ree-
stat
ion
MEQ
ne
twor
k op
erat
ing
at
Chan
diga
rh
reco
rded
as
m
any
as
160
afte
rsho
cks
till
11.3
0 hr
s of
10
.10.
2005
. A
TV
New
s Ch
anne
l of
Pa
kist
an
repo
rted
oc
curr
ence
of
57
5 af
ters
hock
s be
twee
n 8t
h an
d 14
th
Oct
ober
20
05.
The
date
-wis
e di
stri
buti
on o
f nu
mbe
rs o
f th
e af
ters
hock
s du
ring
thi
s pe
riod
was
102
, 12
2, 7
5, 7
6, 6
3, 7
8 an
d 59
, re
spec
tive
ly.
From
USG
S, G
SI a
nd w
ebso
urce
s
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-3
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
2005
Kas
hmir
ear
thqu
ake
was
cau
sed
by a
ppro
xim
atel
y 5
m o
f so
uth-
wes
t di
rect
ed s
lip o
f th
e w
este
rn H
imal
ayan
ran
ges
alon
g a
30 d
egre
e N
E di
ppin
g fa
ult
that
had
bee
n m
appe
d by
geo
logi
sts,
but
whi
ch h
ad n
ot s
lippe
d in
his
tori
cal
tim
es.
The
resu
ltan
t sl
ip
rais
ed t
he m
ount
ains
loca
lly b
y 2.
5 m
and
long
ter
m s
lip o
n th
e fa
ult
is c
lear
ly r
espo
nsib
le f
or t
he p
rese
nce
of s
ubst
anti
al s
tep
in t
he
mea
n to
pogr
aphy
in
this
par
t of
the
ran
ge.
The
surf
ace
rupt
ure
is m
appe
d fo
r at
lea
st 9
0 km
alo
ng t
he s
trik
e, b
ut a
fter
shoc
ks
sugg
est
that
the
rup
ture
in t
he s
ubsu
rfac
e ex
tend
ed a
fur
ther
20
km t
o th
e N
W (
Gau
r, 2
006)
.
The
gene
raliz
ed N
E-SW
cro
ss s
ecti
on a
cros
s th
e ar
ea i
ndic
ates
tha
t th
e ru
ptur
e oc
curr
ed a
long
the
wel
l de
scri
bed
Indu
s-Ko
hist
an
rupt
ure.
A c
arto
on s
ecti
on o
f th
e ru
ptur
e ge
omet
ry is
pre
sent
ed b
elow
(G
aur,
200
6):
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-4
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Perc
enta
ge D
eath
s, Ag
e Gr
oup
Wise
45%
16%
13%
10%
6%6%
4%
upto
10
year
s11
yrs-
20yr
s21
yrs-
30yr
s31
yrs-
40yr
s41
yrs-
50yr
s51
-yrs
-60y
rs>6
1yrs
2.2
Impa
cts
in U
ri a
nd V
illag
es in
Foc
us
Whi
le
the
occu
rren
ce
of
such
a
larg
e m
agni
tude
ear
thqu
ake
in a
ny
popu
late
d zo
ne
will
ca
use
huge
hum
an a
nd p
rope
rty
loss
es,
it w
as
unfo
rtun
ate
that
the
tim
e –
earl
y
mor
ning
sch
ool
tim
e -
and
peri
od –
the
mon
th
of
Ram
adan
-
of
occu
rren
ce,
lead
to
an
un
usua
lly
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
sc
hool
-goi
ng
child
ren
and
the
elde
rly
to p
eris
h,
tota
lly
alte
ring
th
e de
mog
raph
ic
patt
erns
of
se
vera
l se
ttle
men
ts.
Ove
r se
ven
thou
sand
sch
ools
wer
e
com
plet
ely
dest
roye
d –
star
kly
dem
andi
ng
utm
ost
care
in
th
e
futu
re
cons
truc
tion
of
su
ch
vita
l
infr
astr
uctu
re.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-5
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
A lo
ok a
t th
e ag
e di
stri
buti
on o
f pe
ople
dea
d in
the
Uri
Teh
sil i
tsel
f is
a d
istu
rbin
g fa
ct t
hat
over
61%
of
the
dece
ased
wer
e un
der
20 y
ears
of
age.
The
Uri
Teh
sil
is s
prea
d in
an
area
of
255
sq.
kms.
In
all
ther
e ar
e 99
vill
ages
in
the
tehs
il. U
ri f
orm
s a
very
dist
inct
ive
feat
ure
as i
t ca
n be
lar
gely
des
crib
ed a
s lin
earl
y pa
rtit
ione
d la
ndfo
rm c
ut a
cros
s by
the
Jhe
lum
Rive
r an
d nu
mer
ous
stre
ams
drai
ning
int
o th
e ri
ver.
The
maj
or a
nd a
cces
s ro
ad t
o th
e se
ttle
men
ts a
cros
s th
e
rive
r ar
e H
aji
Pir
road
, Sa
lam
abad
- S
arai
Roa
d, S
arai
-Kam
alko
te R
oad,
Kal
gi-J
abla
Roa
d et
c. U
ri h
as v
ery
favo
urab
le c
limat
ic c
ondi
tion
s fo
r te
mpe
rate
fru
its
and
peop
le o
f th
e re
gion
sur
vive
on
a lim
ited
ric
e an
d
mai
ze c
ulti
vati
on.
The
regi
on h
as b
een
unde
r tu
rmoi
l du
e to
its
clos
enes
s to
the
LoC
but
thi
s re
gion
has
alw
ays
been
a p
oint
of
peac
e an
d pe
ople
spe
ak a
`pa
hari
’ di
alec
t.
The
AKD
N
has
init
iate
d it
s
acti
viti
es
in
the
17
prog
ram
me
villa
ges,
whi
ch a
re s
prea
d in
and
arou
nd U
ri t
own
and
have
bee
n
grou
ped
toge
ther
in
th
ree
clus
ters
. Th
e cl
uste
r-w
ise
list
of
sett
lem
ents
pr
ovid
ed
in
the
adjo
inin
g ta
ble.
Land
has
alw
ays
been
a c
onst
rain
ed r
esou
rce
in t
he h
illy
regi
ons
for
livel
ihoo
ds a
nd s
helt
er.
As s
ettl
emen
ts
expa
nded
and
as
hous
ing
coul
d be
onl
y in
the
`ab
adi’
lan
ds,
mos
t of
the
exp
ansi
ons
have
tak
en p
lace
wit
hout
givi
ng
muc
h co
nsid
erat
ion
to
the
safe
ty f
acto
rs f
rom
na
tura
l di
sast
ers.
Lo
okin
g at
th
e al
titu
dina
l pr
ofile
of
vill
ages
in
the
No.
Clus
ter
I
1Su
ltan
Dak
i
2Ba
sgra
n
3Sa
rai
4Sh
ahdr
a
5Ch
appa
r
6D
ulan
ja
7Ja
bra
8Ki
nari
Clus
ter
II
9Is
ham
10U
rusa
11G
wal
ta
12Ch
akra
13D
ardk
ot
14N
awar
unda
n
Clus
ter
III
15G
ohal
an
16Ja
bla
17Sa
ngri
an
Key
Feat
ures
of
Uri
Teh
sil o
f D
istr
ict
Bara
mul
la,
J&K
S.N
o.
Char
acte
rist
ics
Uri
Teh
sil,
Dis
tric
t Ba
ram
ulla
1N
umbe
r of
Hou
seho
lds
16,6
95
2To
tal P
opul
atio
n 1,
13,5
71
3Se
x Ra
tio
861
4N
umbe
r of
Vill
ages
99
5Ap
prox
imat
e ar
ea o
f Te
hsil
255
sq.
km
6U
rban
Are
a 4.
9 sq
km
Sour
ce:
Cens
us o
f In
dia
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-6
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
prog
ram
me
villa
ges
ther
e is
a v
aria
tion
of
mic
ro c
limat
ic f
acto
rs,
aspe
cts,
slo
pes,
ero
dabi
lity
and
vege
tati
on c
over
.
Clu
ster
I lo
cate
d on
the
right
ban
k of
Riv
er J
helu
m a
nd e
xten
ds o
ver a
larg
e ar
ea. E
xcep
t Jab
ra/K
inar
i, D
ulan
ja, w
hich
are
off
the
track
,
all t
he v
illag
es in
seq
uent
ial o
rder
of t
heir
acce
ssib
ility.
An
impo
rtant
tect
onic
feat
ure
of r
egio
n an
d cr
itica
l for
our
ana
lysi
s, th
e M
ain
Boun
dary
Thr
ust r
uns
acro
ss th
is c
lust
er.
Dem
ogra
phic
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of
the
villa
ges
is a
s fo
llow
s:
Clus
ter
I
Nam
e of
the
Vill
age
H
ouse
hold
s Po
pula
tion
M
ale
Fem
ale
Sex
Rati
o
Sult
an D
aki
286
2410
1302
1108
851
Basg
ran
125
913
500
413
826
Shah
dra
122
828
403
425
1055
Chap
par
5036
020
715
373
9
Dul
anja
40
257
145
112
772
Jabr
a (K
inar
i is
a pa
rt o
f Ja
bla)
8445
0
Clu
ster
II a
nd C
lust
er II
I are
loca
ted
on th
e le
ft ba
nk a
nd a
re la
rgel
y lo
cate
d ov
er th
e M
uree
Dep
osits
. Clu
ster
III
com
pris
es o
f th
ree
villa
ges
of J
abla
, Sa
ngri
an a
nd G
ohal
an i
n se
quen
tial
ord
er o
f th
eir
acce
ssib
ility
and
all
the
thre
e vi
llage
s fa
ll un
der
the
Goh
alan
halq
a. J
abla
is a
cces
sibl
e th
roug
h a
mot
orab
le r
oad
(bad
in r
ainy
sea
sons
) w
here
as S
angr
ian
and
Goh
alan
are
con
nect
ed o
nly
thro
ugh
a m
ule
trac
k an
d pa
thw
ay.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-7
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Clus
ter
II
Nam
e of
the
Vill
age
Hou
seho
lds
Popu
lati
on
Mal
eFe
mal
eSe
x Ra
tio
Isha
m
147
1154
592
562
949
Uru
sa (
NA)
5561
0
Gw
alta
16
512
4065
458
689
6
Chak
ra
3026
514
212
386
6
Dar
dkot
22
515
2380
072
390
4
Naw
arun
dan
183
1118
614
504
821
Clus
ter
III
Goh
alan
# 26
219
6311
3283
173
4
Jabl
a 23
815
9885
874
086
2
Oth
er V
illag
es
Dac
hi
182
1273
651
622
955
Para
m P
illa
295
2017
1021
996
976
Sala
mab
ad18
211
2659
654
092
2
Uri
67
475
238
237
996
Uri
(U
rban
)58
942
4623
2819
1882
4
Sour
ce:
Cens
us o
f In
dia
# Sa
ngri
an i
s a
ham
let
of G
ohal
an
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-8
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
num
ber
of h
ouse
s th
at h
ave
been
des
troy
ed b
y th
e ea
rthq
uake
is a
s fo
llow
s:
S.N
o.
Patw
ari H
alqa
Vi
llage
sFu
lly D
amag
ed
1 Is
ham
Is
ham
14
5
Chak
ra32
Uru
sa
39
Naw
arun
da22
1
Gw
alth
a17
2
2 Su
ltan
Dak
i Su
ltan
Dak
i26
3
Basg
ran
120
Dac
hi
180
Para
n Pi
lan
292
3 D
ardk
ot
Dar
dkot
238
Kalg
i 18
2
Sala
mab
ad21
0
Nau
pora
87
4 Ja
bla
Jabl
a 20
1
Goh
alan
315
Sukh
dar
68
S.N
o.Pa
twar
i Hal
qaVi
llage
sFu
lly D
amag
ed
Ba
dan
(Sin
g tu
ng)
11
5Ka
mal
kote
Kam
alko
te30
8
Ch
appa
r47
Sh
ahdr
a89
D
hula
nja
57
Sa
raie
Ban
di17
9
Ku
ndi B
arja
la14
5
6U
ri
Uri
449
Th
ajal
103
Ba
tgra
n76
Ti
law
ari
51
Ch
urun
da21
8
So
kar
20
Pa
wdi
an51
Tota
l 45
69
Sour
ce:
Bara
mul
la N
IC w
ebsi
te
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-9
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
num
ber
of d
eath
s an
d th
e ag
e-w
ise
brea
k-up
is a
s fo
llow
s:
VILL
AG
E D
EATH
CA
SES
AG
E G
ROU
PCl
uste
r I
upto
10
year
s11
-20
21-3
0 31
-40
41-5
051
--60
>61
SULT
AN D
AKI
4618
84
45
52
BASG
RAN
22
86
41
12
0SH
AHD
RA*
CHAP
PAR
106
10
01
11
DH
ULA
NJA
168
21
03
20
JABR
A KI
NAR
I*
10Cl
uste
r II
ISH
AM*
28U
RUSA
* G
WAL
TA67
277
135
45
6CH
AKRA
108
02
00
00
DAR
DKO
T 31
175
21
32
0N
AWAR
UN
DAN
25
68
28
00
1Cl
uste
r III
G
OH
ALAN
26
125
35
01
0JA
BLA
189
30
11
22
SAN
GRI
AN*
Oth
er V
illag
es
DAC
HI
42
11
00
00
KAM
ALKO
TE
8649
99
105
03
URI
18
44
34
10
2PA
RAM
PIL
LAN
9
11
32
11
0TO
TAL
501
207
7461
4628
2718
Sour
ce:
bara
mul
la.n
ic.i
n
* in
dica
tes
lack
of
info
rmat
ion
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-10
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
2.3
Phot
ogra
phic
Fea
ture
s of
the
Are
a
(Lef
t) –
Riv
er J
helu
m f
low
ing
quie
tly a
nd c
uttin
g th
roug
h th
e va
lley.
On
the
imm
edia
te r
ight
is
seen
the
lan
dslip
s. O
n th
e im
med
iate
le
ft is
th
e N
atio
nal
Hig
hway
ru
nnin
g fro
m
Uri
to
Muz
affa
raba
d.
(Rig
ht)
– Th
e sn
ow
capp
ed
peak
s as
se
en
from
N
ambl
a
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-11
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
(Rig
ht) A
vill
age
rest
ing
over
a m
oder
atel
y sl
opin
g te
rrac
e.
Ero
sive
act
ivity
at t
he e
dge
of th
e te
rrac
e is
a c
omm
on
phen
omen
on m
akin
g ed
ges
vuln
erab
le.
(Lef
t) –
This
is a
sea
sona
l riv
ulet
com
mon
ly k
now
n as
Kal
la N
alla
h or
igin
atin
g fro
m th
e C
ham
ba p
eak
(in th
e ba
ckgr
ound
) Th
e fra
ctur
ed
carb
onac
eous
bel
t and
is a
n ex
pres
sion
of t
he M
BT.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-12
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Mas
sive
fold
ed s
eque
nce
seen
(a p
art o
f it g
ot v
isib
le a
fter t
he 2
005
earth
quak
e) im
med
iate
ly a
fter t
he R
ed B
ridge
on
the
right
bank
s of
Riv
er J
helu
m.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-13
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
Villa
ge o
f Dhu
lanj
a re
stin
g on
an
alm
ost f
lat g
roun
d su
rrou
nded
by
hills
On
the
left
bank
of R
iver
Jhe
lum
, the
ope
n pr
ofile
cle
arly
indi
cate
s th
e bo
ulde
r be
d or
riv
er b
ed m
ater
ial r
estin
g ov
er s
oft s
trata
and
in
dica
tes
unco
nfor
mity
.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-14
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
A m
oder
atel
y sl
opin
g te
rrac
e ex
tend
ing
tow
ards
the
Jhel
um. S
mal
l pa
tche
s of
ag
ricul
tura
l pl
ots
are
seen
an
d ex
pose
d se
quen
ces
seen
on
the
othe
r sid
e of
th
e riv
er
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-15
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Ano
ther
exp
osur
e of
the
Mai
n Bo
unda
ry T
hrus
t see
n fro
m th
e U
ri-M
uzza
fara
bad
Roa
d
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
2-16
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
A st
eepl
y di
ppin
g be
ddin
g pl
anes
clo
se to
the
Red
brid
ge.
The
imm
edia
te a
rea
arou
nd th
e P
aran
Pilla
n G
urud
war
a w
ith e
xpos
ed p
urpl
e sh
ales
.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
3-1
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
CHA
PTER
3.0
OBJ
ECTI
VES
AN
DM
ETH
OD
OLO
GY
Thischap
tero
utlin
estheob
jectives
andov
erallm
etho
dology
3.1
Obj
ecti
ves
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
nati
on h
as e
volv
ed a
s a
tool
for
ris
k m
itig
atio
n pl
anni
ng w
hich
inv
olve
s at
trib
utes
of
diff
eren
t na
ture
and
clas
s. I
t is
a p
roce
ss o
f m
odel
ing
that
inv
olve
s in
corp
orat
ion
of g
eolo
gic,
sei
smol
ogic
and
geo
tech
nica
l co
ncer
ns i
nto
econ
omic
ally
,
soci
olog
ical
ly a
nd p
olit
ical
ly t
enab
le l
and-
use
plan
ning
for
mit
igat
ing
eart
hqua
ke e
ffec
ts.
Such
mod
els
shou
ld a
id a
rchi
tect
s an
d
engi
neer
s si
te t
heir
bui
ldin
gs a
nd d
esig
n st
ruct
ures
tha
t w
ill b
e le
ss s
usce
ptib
le t
o da
mag
e. E
ngin
eeri
ng a
ppro
ache
s to
ear
thqu
ake
resi
stan
t st
ruct
ural
des
ign
will
be
succ
essf
ul t
o th
e ex
tent
tha
t fo
rces
due
to
futu
re s
hock
s ar
e ac
cura
tely
est
imat
ed a
t th
e lo
cati
on
of a
giv
en s
truc
ture
. D
ealin
g w
ith
even
ts s
uch
as o
ccur
renc
es o
f ea
rthq
uake
s th
at a
re i
nher
entl
y un
pred
icta
ble
and
invo
lvin
g
com
plex
ne
ar-s
urfa
ce
inte
ract
ions
w
ith
built
en
viro
nmen
t ob
viou
sly
calls
fo
r a
sign
ific
ant
leve
l of
fi
eld
info
rmat
ion
and
soph
isti
cate
d .
Stud
y A
rea
In t
erm
s of
geo
grap
hica
l co
-ord
inat
es t
he a
rea
of i
nter
est
falls
bet
wee
n 34
o01
'45'
' N 7
3o52
'45'
' E a
nd 3
4 o08
'45'
' N 7
4o07
'45'
' E.
Whi
le
the
focu
s vi
llage
s ar
e sp
read
in
a m
uch
less
er a
rea
a la
rger
are
a is
tak
en i
nto
cons
ider
atio
n, a
s it
is
esse
ntia
l in
ord
er t
o un
ders
tand
the
regi
onal
ge
olog
ical
an
d se
ism
otec
toni
c co
ndit
ions
an
d co
rrel
atin
g th
e m
icro
an
d m
acro
tr
ends
. Re
gion
al
pers
pect
ive
is
part
icul
arly
ver
y us
eful
for
dem
arca
tion
of
linea
men
ts,
such
as
of g
eolo
gica
l fe
atur
es l
ike
faul
ts,
join
ts,
fold
s et
c. T
hus
a re
gion
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 30
0 sq
km
bet
wee
n th
e Pa
njal
Thr
ust
and
Mur
ee T
hrus
t ha
s be
en i
dent
ifie
d as
the
ide
al t
ecto
nic
segm
ent
for
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
nati
on.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
3-2
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
LOCA
TIO
N M
AP
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
3-3
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Met
hodo
logy
Seis
mic
haz
ard,
in t
he c
onte
xt o
f en
gine
erin
g de
sign
, is
gen
eral
ly d
efin
ed a
s th
e pr
edic
tive
lev
el o
f gr
ound
acc
eler
atio
n w
hich
wou
ld
be e
xcee
ded
wit
h 10
% pr
obab
ility
at
the
site
und
er c
onsi
dera
tion
, in
the
nex
t 50
yea
rs,
due
to t
he o
ccur
renc
e of
an
eart
hqua
ke
anyw
here
in
the
regi
on.
A lo
t of
com
plex
sci
enti
fic
perc
epti
on a
nd a
naly
tica
l m
odel
ing
is i
nvol
ved
in s
eism
ic h
azar
d es
tim
atio
n. A
com
puta
tion
al
sche
me
for
disc
rete
el
emen
t an
alys
is
esse
ntia
lly
invo
lves
de
linea
tion
of
se
ism
ic
sour
ce
zone
s an
d th
eir
char
acte
riza
tion
, se
lect
ion
of a
n ap
prop
riat
e gr
ound
mot
ion
atte
nuat
ion
rela
tion
and
cho
osin
g a
pred
icti
ve m
odel
of
seis
mic
haz
ard.
Som
e of
the
fun
dam
enta
l que
stio
ns t
o be
add
ress
ed in
a p
ract
ical
haz
ard
scen
ario
ass
essm
ent
are:
Whi
ch a
re t
he p
oten
tial
fau
lts
that
are
lik
ely
to g
ener
ate
futu
re e
arth
quak
es a
nd w
hat
wou
ld b
e th
e ex
pect
ed s
ize?
Wha
t ty
pe o
f gr
ound
sha
king
is e
xpec
ted
at a
spe
cifi
c si
te?
How
do
build
ings
and
oth
er in
fras
truc
ture
sit
uate
d on
a r
ock
surf
ace
or s
oil s
trat
a re
spon
d to
the
exp
ecte
d gr
ound
sha
king
?
An a
ttem
pt i
s be
ing
mad
e he
re t
o en
sure
sat
isfa
ctor
y an
swer
s fo
r th
e ab
ove
stat
ed q
uest
ions
in
the
cont
ext
of U
ri b
y pr
epar
ing
seis
mic
haz
ard
mic
rozo
nati
on m
ap u
sing
sta
te-o
f-th
e-ar
t pr
obab
ilist
ic s
eism
ic h
azar
d an
alys
is (
PSH
A) m
etho
ds w
hich
giv
es d
ue
cons
ider
atio
n to
th
e ge
olog
ical
, se
ism
olog
ical
, ge
o-te
chni
cal
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g th
e se
ism
ic
vuln
erab
ility
of
th
e ar
ea
unde
r
cons
ider
atio
n. I
n ad
diti
on t
o th
is s
pace
tec
hnol
ogy
is b
eing
uti
lized
thr
ough
the
use
of
sate
llite
im
ager
ies
to o
btai
n va
riou
s
info
rmat
ion
impo
rtan
t fo
r th
e st
udy.
Mul
tita
sk f
unct
iona
lity
of G
eogr
aphi
c In
form
atio
n Sy
stem
(G
IS)
mak
es i
t id
eally
sui
ted
in
seis
mic
haz
ard
mic
rozo
nati
on a
s it
ena
bles
aut
omat
ion
of r
epet
itiv
e ta
sk a
nd s
earc
h pr
oced
ure.
Thi
s co
mes
as
a gr
eat
relie
f in
the
man
ipul
atio
n of
inf
orm
atio
n an
d m
ap g
ener
atio
n. G
IS i
s be
ing
utili
zed
for
the
com
plex
spa
tial
ana
lysi
s to
und
erta
ke a
dis
cret
e
elem
ent
anal
ysis
inco
rpor
atin
g va
riou
s pa
ram
eter
s as
soci
ated
wit
h th
e se
ism
ic h
azar
d m
icro
zona
tion
.
The
follo
win
g st
eps
have
bee
n fo
llow
ed in
ord
er t
o pr
epar
e th
e se
ism
ic m
icro
zona
tion
haz
ard
map
of
Uri
:
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
3-4
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Prep
arat
ion
of B
ase
Map
and
Dig
ital
Ter
rain
Mod
el (
DTM
) of
Uri
usi
ng S
atel
lite
data
- T
he s
atel
lite
data
acq
uire
d fr
om
NRS
A, H
yder
abad
and
RRS
SC,
Khar
agpu
r le
d to
imag
e pr
oces
sing
and
cre
atio
n of
bas
e m
ap f
or U
ri u
sing
IRS
imag
erie
s1 of
LISS
III a
nd P
AN s
enso
r. T
he i
mag
erie
s fr
om t
hese
tw
o se
nsor
s ar
e re
ctif
ied
to a
com
mon
co-
ordi
nate
sys
tem
and
the
n m
erge
d
toge
ther
to
achi
eve
a sp
atia
l re
solu
tion
of
5 m
, w
hich
ena
bles
map
ping
of
the
area
at
1:10
,000
sca
le.
In a
ddit
ion
to t
his,
Cart
osat
im
ager
ies
(ste
reo-
pair
s) e
nabl
ed r
efin
e di
gita
l te
rrai
n m
odel
of
the
area
. Ap
art
from
thi
s, t
he d
igit
al a
nd v
isua
l
inte
rpre
tati
on o
f th
e sa
telli
te i
mag
erie
s re
sult
ed i
n th
e ge
nera
tion
of
vari
ous
them
atic
lay
ers
such
as
drai
nage
, so
il cl
ass,
rock
out
crop
, pe
rcen
tage
slo
pe a
nd la
ndsl
ides
.
Iden
tifi
cati
on o
f lin
eam
ents
/fau
lts
– Po
tent
ial
Rupt
ure
Line
amen
ts a
long
whi
ch m
ovem
ents
tha
t ca
n ca
use
grou
nd v
ibra
tion
at U
ri h
ave
been
ide
ntif
ied
follo
win
g th
e Se
ism
o-Te
cton
ic A
tlas
of
Indi
a pu
blis
hed
by G
eolo
gica
l Su
rvey
of
Indi
a (G
SI)
and
trac
ed i
n th
e fi
eld
in s
peci
fic
trav
erse
and
the
est
imat
ion
of t
he m
axim
um m
agni
tude
tha
t a
part
icul
ar f
ault
may
be
able
to
prod
uce
has
been
sou
rce
from
tec
hnic
al li
tera
ture
.
Iden
tifi
cati
on o
f Ep
icen
ters
of
past
ear
thqu
akes
- A
cat
alog
ue o
f se
ism
ic e
vent
of
ML
> 3
in t
he r
egio
n w
ere
prep
ared
fro
m
the
hist
oric
al d
ata
obta
ined
mai
nly
from
Ind
ian
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Dep
artm
ent
(IM
D)
and
othe
r re
leva
nt s
ourc
es.
Afte
rsho
cks
of
larg
e ev
ents
hav
e be
en o
mit
ted
from
thi
s lis
t.
Mea
sure
men
t of
Pea
k G
roun
d A
ccel
erat
ion
(PG
A),
Sit
e Re
spon
se (
SR),
Pre
dom
inan
t Fr
eque
ncy
(PR)
- P
GA
at a
sit
e
depe
nds
stro
ngly
on
the
mag
nitu
de o
f an
eve
nt a
nd t
he c
orre
spon
ding
hyp
ocen
tral
dis
tanc
e. T
he p
atte
rn o
f de
cay
of P
GA
wit
h di
stan
ce i
s a
prop
erty
dep
endi
ng u
pon
the
qual
ity
fact
or a
ppro
pria
te f
or t
he r
egio
n. T
he c
urre
nt p
ract
ice
is t
o ob
tain
1Cl
assif
icat
ion
of im
age
prod
ucts
is g
ener
ally
bas
ed o
n th
e le
vel o
f pro
cess
ing,
out
put m
edia
/sca
le a
nd a
rea
of c
over
age.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
3-5
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
the
atte
nuat
ion
rela
tion
by
empi
rica
l m
etho
ds,
base
d on
ins
trum
enta
l da
ta.
For
Nor
th I
ndia
, se
vera
l re
sear
cher
s ha
ve
wor
ked
out
such
em
piri
cal r
elat
ions
.
Ass
essm
ent
of t
he S
oil
Cond
itio
ns a
nd R
ock
Out
crop
of
Uri
- I
t is
wel
l es
tabl
ishe
d fr
om p
ast
dam
age
surv
eys
that
stru
ctur
es b
uilt
on
rock
beh
ave
diff
eren
tly
from
tho
se f
ound
ed o
n so
ft s
oil.
It
is d
ocum
ente
d th
at t
all
build
ings
wit
h lo
w
natu
ral f
requ
enci
es a
re v
ulne
rabl
e fo
r gr
eate
r da
mag
e w
hen
foun
ded
on s
oft
soil
depo
sits
.
Ass
essm
ent
of D
epth
of
Bedr
ock,
whi
ch is
ano
ther
key
par
amet
er in
ass
essi
ng t
he n
atur
e of
am
plif
icat
ion.
Crea
tion
of
Dis
cret
e El
emen
ts –
Dis
cret
e el
emen
ts a
re f
orm
ed e
ssen
tial
ly f
rom
the
im
ager
y in
tegr
atio
n an
d pi
ckin
g re
gion
s
of id
enti
cal f
eatu
re c
lass
.
Det
aile
d G
eo-t
echn
ical
of S
uita
ble
Site
s –
Cons
truc
tion
sit
es a
re s
mal
l, o
f th
e or
der
of f
ew t
ens
of m
eter
s, t
he l
ocal
gro
und
vibr
atio
n tr
ansf
erre
d to
the
str
uctu
re d
epen
ds o
n th
e de
taile
d ve
rtic
al m
ake-
up o
f so
il at
the
sit
e an
d ca
lls f
or i
nten
sive
geot
echn
ical
inve
stig
atio
ns f
ocus
ing
on l
ayer
ing
deta
ils,
thei
r sh
ear
failu
re,
sett
lem
ent
anal
ysis
and
oth
er p
aram
eter
s. G
iven
the
cons
trai
nts
on l
and
avai
labi
lity,
geo
tech
nica
l as
sess
men
t pr
ovid
es f
or a
ppro
pria
te d
esig
ning
of
foun
dati
ons
and
redu
ce
the
vuln
erab
ility
.
Crea
tion
of
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
nati
on m
aps
usin
g G
IS a
s de
cisi
on s
uppo
rt s
yste
m –
Bas
ed o
n th
e ab
ove
step
s th
e
haza
rd m
aps
are
prep
ared
.Th
e ge
olog
ical
and
geo
mor
phol
ogic
al a
ttri
bute
s de
rive
d as
men
tion
ed a
bove
are
uni
ted
to f
orm
the
basi
c si
te c
ondi
tion
cov
erag
e of
the
reg
ion.
The
sei
smol
ogic
al t
hem
es a
re a
ssig
ned
norm
aliz
ed w
eigh
ts a
nd f
eatu
re r
anks
follo
win
g a
pair
-wis
e co
mpa
riso
n hi
erar
chic
al
appr
oach
an
d in
tegr
ated
to
ev
olve
se
ism
ic
haza
rd
map
s.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
3-6
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
AD
OPT
EDFR
AM
EWO
RK F
OR
SEIS
MIC
HA
ZARD
MIC
ROZO
NA
TIO
N
Geo
logi
cal I
nput
Seis
mol
ogic
al In
put
Geo
-mor
phol
ogic
al In
put
Faul
tsLi
thol
ogy
Past
Sei
smic
Ev
ents
Peak
Gro
und
Acc
eler
atio
nSi
teR
espo
nse
Pred
omin
ant
Freq
uenc
y
Soil
Type
,D
epth
of
Bed
rock
Slop
e,A
spec
tD
rain
age
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
nati
on M
ap o
n G
IS P
latf
orm
Geo
logi
cal I
nput
Se
ism
olog
ical
Inpu
tG
eo-m
orph
olog
ical
Inpu
t
Faul
ts
Lith
olog
y Pa
st S
eism
ic
Even
tsPG
A, P
GV
Site
Resp
onse
Pred
omin
ant
Freq
uenc
y
Soil
Type
, Ro
ckou
tcro
pD
epth
of
Bedr
ock
Slop
e,As
pect
Dra
inag
e
Prob
abili
stic
Sei
smic
Haz
ard
Mod
el
Com
puta
tion
of
Seis
mic
Haz
ards
GIS
bas
ed S
eism
ic H
azar
d D
ecis
ion
Supp
ort
Syst
em
Dis
cret
e El
emen
t M
ap
Com
puta
tion
of
Dis
cret
e El
emen
ts
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-1
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
CHA
PTER
4.0
COLL
ATE
RAL
INFO
RMA
TIO
N L
AYE
RS
Thischap
terp
resentsrelevan
tinp
utsintotheha
zard
analysisthroug
hspecificmap
s.
4.1
Colla
tera
l Inf
orm
atio
n
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
mic
rozo
nati
on c
alls
for
a v
arie
ty o
f ad
junc
t in
form
atio
n ap
art
from
sei
smic
ity
of t
he r
egio
n. T
hese
are
the
cau
sati
ve
or a
tten
uati
ve a
spec
ts t
hat
need
to
anal
ysed
and
inco
rpor
ated
in t
he p
roce
ss o
f zo
nati
on.
4.2
In
form
atio
n La
yers
Dev
elop
ed
The
follo
win
g la
yers
hav
e be
en d
evel
oped
fro
m p
rim
ary
fiel
d in
vest
igat
ions
, im
age
inte
rpre
tati
on a
nd s
econ
dary
sou
rces
and
hav
e
been
uti
lized
in t
he p
roce
ss o
f ev
olvi
ng t
he f
inal
zon
atio
n m
aps;
1)LI
SS II
I FCC
of
25 D
ecem
ber
2006
2)Ca
rtos
at Im
age
of N
ovem
ber
07 2
006
3)As
pect
4)Sl
ope
5)St
ream
s
6)G
eolo
gy
7)Te
cton
ics
8)La
ndsl
ides
9)N
orm
alis
ed D
iffe
renc
e Ve
geta
tion
Inde
x
10)
Land
Cov
er
11)
Sett
lem
ent
Loca
tion
12)
Peak
Gro
und
Acce
lera
tion
13)
Peak
Gro
und
Velo
city
14)
Dam
age
Inte
nsit
y of
Oct
ober
8th
Ear
thqu
ake
(MM
I)
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-2
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Asp
ect
Map
Aspe
ct i
s an
im
port
ant
elem
ent;
par
ticu
larl
y in
the
hill
y re
gion
s as
the
veg
etat
ion
cove
r is
con
trol
led
by f
acto
rs o
f ra
in,
slop
e,
expo
sure
to
sun
(N o
r S)
etc
.
Slop
e M
ap
Slop
e m
ap i
s de
rive
d us
ing
the
sate
llite
im
ager
y an
d th
e un
it o
f m
easu
rem
ent
is i
n de
gree
s. S
lope
is
an i
mpo
rtan
t el
emen
t fo
r an
y
sett
lem
ent
or s
ite,
the
set
tlem
ents
loc
ated
at
stee
ply
slop
ing
terr
ains
i.e
. >4
50 cou
ld b
e m
ore
pron
e to
den
udat
ion,
ins
tabi
lity
depe
ndin
g up
on t
he o
ther
sur
face
and
sub
sur
face
fea
ture
s an
d m
ay i
nvol
ve e
ngin
eeri
ng m
easu
res
for
site
pre
para
tion
. La
rgel
y th
e
area
is s
teep
ly s
lopi
ng i.
e. >
450 .
Gw
alth
a, G
ohal
an a
re lo
cate
d on
ste
eply
slo
ping
reg
ions
.
Stre
ams
Map
Stre
ams
are
one
of t
he i
mpo
rtan
t fe
atur
es a
nd t
he r
egio
n is
dra
ined
by
smal
l to
med
ium
sea
sona
l lo
cal
stre
ams.
Sev
eral
of
the
stre
ams
flow
and
dra
in i
nto
the
mai
n ri
ver
syst
em o
f Jh
elum
, w
hich
flo
ws
EW.
The
high
slo
ping
reg
ions
and
the
den
drit
ic p
atte
rn
sugg
ests
tha
t th
e dr
aina
ge f
ollo
ws
the
natu
ral
lines
con
fine
d by
the
mic
ro w
ater
shed
s cr
eate
d as
a r
esul
t of
nat
ural
fac
tors
lik
e
vege
tati
on,
slop
e br
eaks
and
asp
ect.
The
Riv
er J
helu
m,
the
maj
or r
iver
flo
ws
alon
g a
faul
t lin
e.
Geo
logy
Map
The
Geo
logy
of
the
regi
on w
as f
irst
map
ped
exte
nsiv
ely
by D
.N.W
adia
and
rep
orte
d in
his
mon
umen
tal
wor
k –
The
Synt
axis
of
the
NW
Him
alay
as:
Its
Rock
s, T
ecto
nics
and
Oro
geny
(19
31).
Thi
s ha
s be
en t
he b
asis
for
the
cur
rent
GSI
map
s. A
lar
ge p
art
of t
he a
rea
is
unde
rlai
n by
the
Mur
ee g
roup
, w
hich
str
etch
es a
cros
s in
to P
akis
tan.
The
MBT
run
ning
tho
ugh
the
regi
on b
ring
s th
e M
uree
s in
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-3
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
juxt
apos
itio
n w
ith
Prec
ambr
ian
Gne
isse
s &
Gra
nite
s an
d th
e Sa
lkha
la s
erie
s. O
verl
ying
thi
s is
the
unf
ossi
lifer
ous
Pale
ozoi
c fo
rmat
ion
of D
ogra
Sla
tes,
whi
ch is
in t
urn
over
lain
by
the
Perm
o-tr
aiss
ic.
Loca
l Tec
toni
cs M
ap
The
loca
l te
cton
ics
is a
res
ult
of t
he a
vaila
ble
info
rmat
ion
from
ava
ilabl
e so
urce
s, f
ield
vis
its
and
thos
e, w
hich
are
infe
rred
fro
m t
he
imag
es,
proc
ured
for
the
reg
ion.
The
are
a is
als
o en
gulf
ed b
etw
een
the
two
maj
or t
hrus
ts,
whi
ch a
re c
omm
only
kno
wn
as M
ain
Boun
dary
Thr
ust,
and
the
Pir
Pan
jal
Thru
st.
Thes
e th
rust
cut
s ac
ross
the
Riv
er J
helu
m a
nd f
or a
sho
rt d
ista
nce
run
para
llel
to t
he
rive
r. T
he lo
cal f
ract
ures
are
als
o m
arke
d on
the
map
to
indi
cate
dir
ecti
on,
exte
nt a
nd s
ettl
emen
t lo
cati
ons.
Land
slid
es M
ap
The
eart
hqua
ke a
lso
trig
gere
d se
vera
l of
the
sm
all
land
slid
es d
ue t
o th
e co
sies
mic
act
ivit
y in
the
reg
ion.
Som
e of
the
lan
dslid
es a
re
mar
ked
usin
g th
e im
age
inte
rpre
tati
on t
ools
as
wel
l as
thr
ough
the
fie
ld s
urve
ys.
The
larg
e ar
ea i
ndic
ated
in
the
map
fal
ls i
n th
e
regi
on o
f la
gam
a w
here
the
thr
ust
also
pas
ses
thro
ugh
and
is a
slip
zon
e.
Nor
mal
ised
Dif
fere
nce
Vege
tati
on In
dex
(ND
VI)
Nor
mal
ized
Dif
fere
nce
Vege
tati
on I
ndex
is
a m
odel
for
con
vert
ing
sate
llite
-bas
ed m
easu
rem
ents
int
o su
rfac
e ve
geta
tion
typ
es.
The
ND
VI u
ses
a co
mpl
ex r
atio
of
refl
ecta
nce
in t
he r
ed a
nd n
ear-
infr
ared
por
tion
s of
the
spe
ctru
m t
o ac
com
plis
h th
is.
Refl
ecta
nce
in
the
red
regi
on d
ecre
ases
wit
h in
crea
sing
chl
orop
hyll
cont
ent
of t
he p
lant
can
opy,
whi
le r
efle
ctan
ce i
n th
e in
frar
ed i
ncre
ases
wit
h
incr
easi
ng w
et p
lant
bio
mas
s. I
t ha
s be
en d
efin
ed i
n th
ree
clas
ses
– Lo
w V
eget
atio
n/Sh
adow
, M
ediu
m V
eget
atio
n an
d D
ense
Vege
tati
on i
n th
e m
ap.
The
SW a
nd N
W r
egio
ns h
ave
zone
s of
med
ium
to
dens
e ve
geta
tion
s an
d th
ese
regi
ons
are
also
hig
h al
titu
de
regi
ons
and
very
less
hum
an in
terf
eren
ce is
pre
sent
.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-4
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Land
Cov
er M
ap
Land
cov
er m
ap l
arge
ly d
epic
ts a
nd m
arks
the
der
ived
lan
d cl
asse
s an
d it
is
not
the
exac
t la
nd u
tiliz
atio
n pa
tter
n. T
he s
ettl
emen
ts
are
mar
ked
in r
ed c
olou
r, t
he a
ppro
xim
ate
regi
ons
are
mar
ked
usin
g th
e im
ages
. Th
e im
age
retu
rns
colo
ur c
odes
for
a p
arti
cula
r
land
lik
e sc
rub,
agr
icul
ture
, ba
rren
. M
ost
of t
he d
egra
ded
vege
tati
on,
scru
b la
nd,
barr
en l
and
is n
otic
ed i
n th
e ne
ar v
icin
ity
of t
he
sett
lem
ents
.
Peak
Gro
und
Acc
eler
atio
n (P
GA
)
Peak
gro
und
acce
lera
tion
is
mea
sure
men
t of
ear
thqu
ake
acce
lera
tion
. It
is
mea
sure
s as
per
cent
of
‘g’
or a
ccel
erat
ion
due
to
grav
ity.
The
nor
mal
acc
eler
atio
n of
gra
vity
is
980
cm/s
2 is
the
rate
at
whi
ch a
n ob
ject
fal
ls w
hen
drop
ped
from
bei
ng a
t re
st i
n a
vacu
um.
It i
s qu
ite
a hi
gh r
ate
of a
ccel
erat
ion.
It
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y th
e sa
me
as a
car
tra
velin
g 10
0 m
eter
s fr
om r
est
in j
ust
4.5
seco
nds.
Hig
her
the
valu
e of
pea
k gr
ound
acc
eler
atio
n in
dica
tes
the
shak
ing
inte
nsit
y of
ear
th i
n gi
ven
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns.
The
sim
ilar
valu
es f
or a
reg
ion
are
pick
ed a
nd a
re j
oine
d to
for
m c
onto
urs
of s
uch
valu
es.
How
ever
, th
e m
ean
and
peak
gro
und
acce
lera
tion
s do
hav
e m
uch
to d
o w
ith
the
inte
nsit
y of
dam
age
a bu
ildin
g m
ay h
ave
to w
iths
tand
. Co
nseq
uent
ly,
engi
neer
s an
d
desi
gner
s re
ly a
gre
at d
eal
on t
he m
easu
re o
f th
e pe
ak g
roun
d ac
cele
rati
on t
o de
term
ine
how
str
ong
an e
arth
quak
e fo
rce
a ne
w
build
ing
may
hav
e to
wit
hsta
nd.
The
PGA
valu
es in
the
map
are
of
the
Oct
ober
, 20
05 E
arth
quak
e.
[The
acc
eler
atio
n du
e to
gra
vity
is
980
cm/s
ec/s
ec,
so a
n ac
cele
rati
on o
f 10
fee
t/se
c/se
c is
abo
ut 3
05/9
80 =
0.3
1 g.
Exp
ress
ed a
s a
perc
ent,
0.3
1 g
is 3
1 %
g.]
Peak
Gro
und
Velo
city
(PG
V)
Peak
gro
und
velo
city
mea
sure
s ho
w f
ast
the
shak
ing
has
happ
ened
dur
ing
the
Oct
ober
200
5 ev
ent.
The
uni
ts a
re m
easu
red
in c
m/s
.
One
can
not
ice
that
the
val
ues
decr
ease
mov
ing
from
wes
t to
war
ds e
ast
from
the
epi
cent
ral r
egio
n ne
ar M
uzza
fara
bad.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-5
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Mod
ifie
d M
erca
lli’s
Inte
nsit
y (M
MI)
Mod
ifie
d M
erca
lli’s
Int
ensi
ty i
ndex
is
rank
ed o
n a
scal
e of
1 t
o 12
, 1
indi
cati
ng t
he l
owes
t in
tens
ity
and
12 i
s th
e m
axim
um.
The
curr
ent
MM
I ha
s be
en a
dapt
ed f
rom
the
ava
ilabl
e da
ta f
rom
the
USG
S. T
he v
alue
s of
MM
I ar
e ge
nera
ted
and
inte
rpre
ted
rela
tive
to
the
epic
entr
al d
ista
nces
. Th
e m
ap s
ugge
sts
that
the
reg
ion
falls
in
the
scal
e ra
nge
of 7
- 9
.4.
The
follo
win
g in
tens
ity
scal
e ha
s be
en
desc
ribe
d as
bel
ow:
I. In
stru
men
tal
Not
fel
t ex
cept
by
a ve
ry f
ew u
nder
esp
ecia
lly f
avor
able
con
diti
ons.
II. F
eebl
e Fe
lt o
nly
by a
few
per
sons
at
rest
, es
peci
ally
on
uppe
r fl
oors
of
build
ings
. De
licat
ely
susp
ende
d ob
ject
s m
ay s
win
g.
III.
Slig
ht
Felt
qui
te n
otic
eabl
y by
per
sons
indo
ors,
esp
ecia
lly o
n th
e up
per
floo
rs o
f bu
ildin
gs.
Man
y do
not
rec
ogni
ze it
as
an
eart
hqua
ke.
Stan
ding
mot
orca
rs m
ay r
ock
slig
htly
. Vi
brat
ion
sim
ilar
to t
he p
assi
ng o
f a
truc
k. D
urat
ion
esti
mat
ed.
IV.
Mod
erat
e Fe
lt in
door
s by
man
y, o
utdo
ors
by f
ew d
urin
g th
e da
y. A
t ni
ght,
som
e aw
aken
ed.
Dis
hes,
win
dow
s, d
oors
dis
turb
ed;
wal
ls
mak
e cr
acki
ng s
ound
. Se
nsat
ion
like
heav
y tr
uck
stri
king
bui
ldin
g. S
tand
ing
mot
or c
ars
rock
ed n
otic
eabl
y. D
ishe
s an
d w
indo
ws
ratt
le.
V. R
athe
r St
rong
Fe
lt b
y ne
arly
eve
ryon
e; m
any
awak
ened
. So
me
dish
es a
nd w
indo
ws
brok
en.
Uns
tabl
e ob
ject
s ov
ertu
rned
. Cl
ocks
may
sto
p.
VI.
Stro
ng
Felt
by
all;
man
y fr
ight
ened
and
run
out
door
s, w
alk
unst
eadi
ly.
Win
dow
s, d
ishe
s, g
lass
war
e br
oken
; bo
oks
off
shel
ves;
so
me
heav
y fu
rnit
ure
mov
ed o
r ov
ertu
rned
; a
few
inst
ance
s of
fal
len
plas
ter.
Dam
age
slig
ht.
VII.
Ver
y St
rong
D
iffi
cult
to
stan
d; f
urni
ture
bro
ken;
dam
age
negl
igib
le in
bui
ldin
g of
goo
d de
sign
and
con
stru
ctio
n; s
light
to
mod
erat
e in
w
ell-
built
ord
inar
y st
ruct
ures
; co
nsid
erab
le d
amag
e in
poo
rly
built
or
badl
y de
sign
ed s
truc
ture
s; s
ome
chim
neys
bro
ken.
N
otic
ed b
y pe
rson
s dr
ivin
g m
otor
car
s.
VIII.
Des
truc
tive
D
amag
e sl
ight
in s
peci
ally
des
igne
d st
ruct
ures
; co
nsid
erab
le in
ord
inar
y su
bsta
ntia
l bui
ldin
gs w
ith
part
ial c
olla
pse.
Dam
age
grea
t in
poo
rly
built
str
uctu
res.
Fal
l of
chim
neys
, fa
ctor
y st
acks
, co
lum
ns,
mon
umen
ts,
wal
ls.
Hea
vy f
urni
ture
mov
ed.
IX.
Ruin
ous
Gen
eral
pan
ic;
dam
age
cons
ider
able
in s
peci
ally
des
igne
d st
ruct
ures
, w
ell d
esig
ned
fram
e st
ruct
ures
thr
own
out
of p
lum
b.
Dam
age
grea
t in
sub
stan
tial
bui
ldin
gs,
wit
h pa
rtia
l col
laps
e. B
uild
ings
shi
fted
off
fou
ndat
ions
.
X. D
isas
trou
s So
me
wel
l bui
lt w
oode
n st
ruct
ures
des
troy
ed;
mos
t m
ason
ry a
nd f
ram
e st
ruct
ures
des
troy
ed w
ith
foun
dati
on.
Rails
ben
t.
XI.
Very
Dis
astr
ous
Few
, if
any
mas
onry
str
uctu
res
rem
ain
stan
ding
. Br
idge
s de
stro
yed.
Rai
ls b
ent
grea
tly.
XII.
Cat
astr
ophi
c To
tal d
amag
e -
Alm
ost
ever
ythi
ng is
des
troy
ed.
Line
s of
sig
ht a
nd le
vel d
isto
rted
. O
bjec
ts t
hrow
n in
to t
he a
ir.
The
grou
nd
mov
es in
wav
es o
r ri
pple
s. L
arge
am
ount
s of
roc
k m
ay m
ove.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-6
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-7
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-8
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-9
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-10
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-11
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-12
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-13
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-14
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-15
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-16
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
4-17
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-1
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
CHA
PTER
5.0
PRO
BABI
LIST
IC S
EISM
ICH
AZA
RD A
NA
LYSI
S
Thischap
terh
ighlightsthe
seismotectonicsetu
pan
devolvesaprob
abilisticmod
elfore
arthqu
akerecurrence.
5.1
R
egio
nal T
ecto
nic
Fram
ewor
k
The
Mai
n Bo
unda
ry F
ault
pas
ses
thro
ugh
the
regi
on a
nd i
s re
cogn
ized
to
be a
n ac
tive
fau
lt w
ith
rece
nt m
ovem
ents
. Th
e M
BT i
s no
t a
sing
le t
hrus
t pl
ane
and
the
conf
igur
atio
n is
pro
duce
d on
the
sur
face
by
an o
verl
appi
ng o
f th
rust
she
ets.
Som
e fa
ults
tha
t ar
e
tran
sver
se a
nd s
ub-p
aral
lel
to t
he H
imal
ayan
tre
nds
are
obse
rved
to
be a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
neot
ecto
nic
acti
vity
. Th
e N
-S t
rend
ing
Jhel
um f
ault
am
ong
thes
e is
mos
t ex
tens
ivel
y pr
esen
t. I
t is
a l
eft
late
ral
wre
nch
faul
t, w
hich
sep
arat
ed P
esha
war
Bas
in f
rom
the
Kash
mir
Bas
in (
GSI
, 20
00).
Tow
ards
sou
th o
f th
is f
ault
, th
e M
angl
a fa
ult
cros
ses
it w
ith
righ
t la
tera
l w
renc
h m
ovem
ent
alon
g th
e
faul
t. T
he T
arbe
la f
ault
, lo
cate
d w
ithi
n th
e Pe
shaw
ar B
asin
is
sub-
para
llel
to t
he J
helu
m f
ault
. An
othe
r al
ike
faul
t is
Shi
nkia
ri F
ault
deve
lope
d al
ong
the
east
ern
mar
gin
of t
he P
esha
war
Bas
in.
Thes
e fa
ults
cut
acr
oss
the
allu
vium
and
exh
ibit
dis
loca
tion
of
stra
ta a
nd
stre
ams.
The
Att
ock
faul
t su
b pa
ralle
l to
the
Him
alay
an t
rend
als
o di
spla
ys n
eote
cton
ic a
ctiv
ity.
The
Sal
t Ra
nge
Thru
st (
SRT)
mar
ks
the
thin
ski
nned
thr
usti
ng l
ocal
ised
wit
hin
the
Salt
Ran
ge f
orm
atio
n th
at u
nder
lies
the
Potw
ar P
late
au a
nd e
xten
ds e
astw
ard
into
the
Jhel
um r
e-en
tran
t. T
he S
alt
Rang
e is
con
side
red
to b
e an
up
thro
wn
bloc
k of
a l
ow a
ngle
thr
ust
faul
t an
d fo
rms
a de
colle
men
t
stru
ctur
e. T
he R
easi
Thr
ust
is t
he w
este
rn e
xten
sion
of
the
Jwal
amuk
hi T
hrus
t.
One
of
the
maj
or s
eism
ogen
ic s
ourc
es i
n th
e re
gion
, M
ain
Cent
ral
Thru
st (
MCT
) lo
cate
d so
uth
of I
ndus
sut
ure
zone
is
term
inat
ed
agai
nst
the
Kish
twar
fau
lt t
owar
ds t
he e
ast.
The
MCT
is
cons
ider
ed a
s on
e of
the
mos
t im
port
ant
tect
onic
sur
face
s th
roug
hout
the
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-2
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
enti
re H
imal
aya
alm
ost
up t
o th
e ea
ster
n sy
ntax
is.
MCT
for
ms
the
nort
hern
bou
ndar
y of
the
Les
ser
Him
alay
an b
elt,
whi
ch,
is
sepa
rate
d fr
om t
he F
ront
al B
elt
by t
he M
ain
Boun
dary
Thr
ust
(MBT
).
Nor
th o
f th
e pr
ojec
t ar
ea,
the
Mai
n M
antl
e Th
rust
, In
dus
Sutu
re Z
one
and
Shyo
k Su
ture
are
the
pro
min
ent
tect
onic
fea
ture
s. M
ain
Cent
ral
Thru
st i
s ex
pose
d in
the
far
eas
tern
sid
e, w
hich
is
term
inat
ed a
gain
st t
he K
isht
war
Fau
lt.
Oth
er p
rom
inen
t te
cton
ic f
eatu
res
of t
he r
egio
n ar
e Jh
elum
and
Kis
htw
ar f
ault
s, R
easi
and
Sal
t Ra
nge
Thru
sts.
The
cry
stal
line
terr
ains
of
the
wes
tern
Him
alay
a ha
ve
com
plic
ated
tec
toni
c hi
stor
y an
d th
e m
ajor
bel
ts o
f th
e re
gion
are
dem
arca
ted
by m
ajor
thr
usts
. Th
e M
ain
Man
tle
Thru
st (
MM
T)
sepa
rate
s th
e Ko
hist
an a
rc f
rom
Pes
haw
ar a
nd K
ashm
ir b
asin
s of
the
Ind
ian
Plat
e w
here
as t
he M
ain
Kara
kora
m T
hrus
t se
para
tes
the
Hin
duku
sh-K
arak
oram
bel
t fr
om t
he is
land
arc
of
Kohi
stan
. Th
e m
ost
spec
tacu
lar
stru
ctur
al f
eatu
re o
f th
e w
este
rn H
imal
ayan
oro
gen
is t
he S
ynta
xis.
Thi
s sy
ntax
ial
bend
is
refl
ecte
d by
the
Jhe
lum
re-
entr
ant,
whi
ch i
s fl
anke
d on
eit
her
side
by
the
Kash
mir
and
Pesh
war
bas
ins.
The
sout
h-ea
stw
ard
exte
nsio
n of
the
Kar
akor
am F
ault
is
the
nort
hern
mos
t pr
omin
ent
tect
onic
fea
ture
pre
sent
in
the
nort
heas
tern
part
of
the
stud
y ar
ea a
nd h
as a
ffec
ted
the
regi
on w
ith
a hu
ge d
extr
al o
ffse
t. T
hree
spl
ays
curv
ing
wes
twar
d th
roug
h th
e ce
ntra
l
Pam
ir;
the
Tang
kul,
Mur
ghab
and
Kar
asu
faul
ts a
ccom
mod
ate
the
mov
emen
t in
the
cen
tral
par
t of
the
Kar
akor
am F
ault
(Se
arle
,
1996
). T
his
faul
t co
ntro
ls t
he a
lignm
ent
of S
iach
en g
laci
er a
nd t
he N
ubra
-Shy
ok v
alle
y. T
he S
hyok
Sut
ure
Zone
wit
h a
NW
-SE
tren
d
repr
esen
ts a
n oc
eani
c su
ture
(G
anss
er,
1977
) or
a r
elic
of
back
-arc
bas
in (
Shar
ma,
199
1).
This
sut
ure
zone
is
loca
ted
nort
h of
proj
ect
site
and
sho
w h
uge
disp
lace
men
t af
fect
ed b
y th
e st
rike
slip
mov
emen
t of
the
roc
k m
asse
s of
the
reg
ion
alon
g th
e Ka
rako
ram
faul
t. T
he t
ecto
nic
evol
utio
n of
thi
s su
ture
zon
e is
bel
ieve
d to
hav
e re
sult
ed f
rom
col
lisio
n of
the
Koh
ista
n is
land
arc
wit
h As
ian
mar
gin.
The
Koh
ista
n an
d As
ian
plat
e ro
cks
are
sepa
rate
d by
a s
erie
s of
bri
ttle
fau
lts
calle
d th
e M
ain
Kara
kora
m F
ault
. Th
e
sedi
men
tary
, vo
lcan
ic a
nd p
luto
nic
rock
s of
the
Shy
ok s
utur
e zo
ne a
re i
nten
sely
def
orm
ed a
nd o
ccur
as
tect
onic
slic
es b
etw
een
the
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-3
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Lada
kh a
nd K
arak
oram
bat
holit
hs.
The
maj
or t
ecto
nic
slic
es o
f th
is s
utur
e zo
ne a
re,
Khar
dung
For
mat
ion;
Hun
dri
Form
atio
n; S
hyok
Volc
anic
s; S
alto
ro M
olas
se,
Shyo
k O
phio
litic
Mel
ange
and
Tir
it G
rani
toid
s.
The
Mai
n M
antl
e Th
rust
(M
MT)
mar
ks t
he c
ollis
ion
of t
he A
sian
pla
te a
nd K
ohis
tan
whi
ch b
egan
wit
h in
itia
l te
cton
ic t
hick
enin
g an
d
high
pre
ssur
e, h
igh
tem
pera
ture
met
amor
phis
m,
follo
wed
by
post
met
amor
phic
sou
thw
ard-
dire
cted
thr
usti
ng a
s ro
cks
of t
he A
sian
plat
e w
ere
thru
st o
ver
Kohi
stan
. Th
e M
MT
is r
epre
sent
ed b
y th
ick
zone
of
high
ly d
isru
pted
mél
ange
alo
ng w
ith
abun
dant
myl
onit
e
affe
cted
by
set
of b
ritt
le n
orm
al f
ault
s (C
ham
berl
ain
and
Zeit
ler,
199
6).
The
geol
ogy
of t
he n
orth
ern
mar
gin
of t
he I
ndia
n pl
ate
is
rem
arka
bly
unif
orm
alo
ng h
undr
eds
of k
ilom
eter
of
the
MM
T. T
he r
ocks
in
the
Indi
an p
late
con
sist
of
low
to
high
-gra
de c
alca
reou
s
schi
sts,
min
or m
arbl
es a
nd a
mph
ibol
ites
, an
d ba
sem
ent
gnei
sses
aff
ecte
d by
thr
usti
ng.
Whe
reas
, th
e In
dus
Sutu
re Z
one
(ISZ
) m
arks
the
boun
dary
bet
wee
n th
e In
dian
and
Tib
etan
pla
tes
and
sout
h of
thi
s, l
itho
-uni
ts o
f th
e m
ain
Him
alay
an b
elt
are
expo
sed.
Thi
s
zone
is
repr
esen
ted
by t
he o
bduc
ted
mat
eria
ls o
f th
e N
eote
thya
n oc
eani
c cr
ust
toge
ther
wit
h de
ep m
arin
e Tr
iass
ic t
o Eo
cene
sedi
men
ts.
The
Oph
iolit
e M
elan
ge Z
one
cons
isti
ng o
f ul
tram
afic
roc
ks i
s ex
pose
d as
a d
isco
ntin
uous
lin
ear
belt
alo
ng I
SZ i
n La
dakh
.
This
zon
e is
ove
rthr
uste
d by
the
sou
th d
ippi
ng L
amay
uru
Com
plex
dep
osit
ed o
n th
e le
adin
g pa
ssiv
e ed
ge o
f th
e In
dian
sub
cont
inen
t
(Upa
dhya
y an
d Si
nha,
199
8).
Oth
er i
mpo
rtan
t ge
olog
ical
uni
ts a
re N
inda
n Fo
rmat
ion,
Dra
s Vo
lcan
ics,
Ind
us F
orm
atio
n, K
argi
l
Form
atio
n, L
adak
h Ba
thol
ith
and
Spon
gtan
g Kl
ippe
in S
ansk
ar.
5.2
Regi
onal
Geo
logy
The
base
men
t is
con
stit
uted
of
Prec
ambr
ian
high
-gra
de m
etam
orph
ic a
nd p
luto
nic
rock
s in
clud
ing
gran
ites
and
mig
mat
ites
tha
t
belo
ng t
o Ce
ntra
l Cr
ysta
lline
, is
ove
rlai
n by
the
Tet
hyan
sed
imen
tary
roc
ks w
ith
a te
cton
ic c
onta
ct.
The
Teth
yan
sequ
ence
com
pris
es o
ver
10 k
m t
hick
sed
imen
tary
roc
ks w
here
as,
the
crys
tall
ine
rock
s co
nsis
t of
a 5
to
40 k
m t
hick
met
amor
phic
seq
uenc
e,
com
pose
d m
ainl
y of
def
orm
ed a
mph
ibol
ite
to l
ower
gra
nulit
e fa
cies
par
a-gn
eiss
and
min
or g
rani
tic
gnei
ss (
Upa
dhya
y, 2
002)
.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-4
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Furt
her,
thi
s H
ighe
r H
imal
ayan
Cry
stal
line
form
s an
oro
geni
c w
edge
, bo
unde
d by
the
MC
T at
its
bas
e an
d by
the
ext
ensi
onal
stru
ctur
es o
f th
e so
uth
Tibe
tan
Det
achm
ent
syst
em a
t th
e to
p (H
odge
s, e
t al
., 1
992)
. Th
e Ts
o-M
orar
i Cr
ysta
lline
Com
plex
is
a w
ell-
know
n fe
atur
e in
the
Hig
her
Him
alay
an C
ryst
allin
e, w
hich
, is
tec
toni
cally
upl
ifte
d ba
sem
ent
rock
s of
Pre
cam
bria
n ag
e (V
irdi
, et
al.
,
1978
, Th
akur
, 19
92).
The
dou
bly
plun
ging
ant
iclin
al f
old
of t
his
repr
esen
ts a
dom
al u
pwar
p of
the
bas
emen
t.
The
regi
on i
s oc
cupi
ed b
y th
e hi
gh m
ount
ain
rang
e ca
lled
the
Pir
Panj
al r
ange
in
the
Nor
th o
f M
BT.
This
ran
ge i
s co
mpo
sed
of h
ighl
y
com
pres
sed
and
alte
red
rock
s of
var
ious
age
s fo
rmin
g hi
gh m
ount
ains
. N
orth
of
this
a s
auce
r sh
aped
val
ley
wit
h a
leng
th o
f 13
5 km
and
wid
th o
f 40
km
is t
he V
alle
y of
Kas
hmir
and
is b
ound
ed b
y th
e La
ddak
h H
imal
ayas
tow
ards
nor
th.
In t
his
regi
on t
he r
ock
unit
s as
wel
l as
str
uctu
ral
feat
ures
tre
nd i
n ar
cuat
e fa
shio
n w
ith
sout
hwes
twar
d co
ncav
ity
and
in t
he i
nter
veni
ng a
reas
the
con
cavi
ty i
s in
the
oppo
site
dir
ecti
on.
Acco
rdin
g to
Kri
shna
Rao
and
Rao
(19
79)
the
thre
e pr
omin
ent
tect
onic
uni
ts r
ecog
niza
ble
in t
his
area
are
: (i
)
the
broa
d Au
toch
thon
ous
Zone
, ex
posi
ng c
hief
ly t
he N
eoge
ne s
edim
ents
wit
h lo
cal
inlie
rs o
f Eo
cene
and
Pre
-Ter
tiar
y lim
esto
ne w
ith
a se
ries
of
prom
inen
t an
ticl
ines
and
syn
clin
es a
nd a
num
ber
of s
trik
e fa
ults
; (i
i) t
he n
arro
w p
arau
toch
thon
zon
e, b
etw
een
the
Mur
ree
and
Panj
al t
hrus
ts,
cons
ists
of
uppe
r Ca
rbon
ifer
ous-
Perm
ian
sedi
men
ts,
volc
anic
s an
d th
e Eo
cene
out
liers
; an
d (i
ii) t
he
allo
chth
onou
s zo
ne,
thru
st o
ver
the
para
utoc
htho
n, c
onsi
sts
of r
ocks
of
Salk
hala
/Dog
ra u
nits
wit
h gr
anit
ised
por
tion
s w
ithi
n fo
lded
sync
lines
of
Pale
ozoi
c, M
esoz
oic
and
Tria
ssic
sed
imen
ts.
Amon
g th
e tw
o co
ncur
rent
thr
usts
on
the
sout
hern
par
t of
the
Him
alay
as w
hich
del
imit
s th
e au
toch
thon
ous
belt
(W
adia
, 19
66)
the
Panj
al
Thru
st
is
cons
ider
ed
mos
t si
gnif
ican
t in
volv
ing
larg
e-sc
ale
disp
lace
men
ts.
The
Mur
ree
thru
st
show
s gr
eate
r ve
rtic
al
disp
lace
men
ts a
nd s
teep
er i
nclin
atio
ns w
ith
pers
iste
nce
over
the
who
le r
egio
n. T
he a
utoc
htho
nous
bel
t be
twee
n th
e tw
o th
rust
s
cons
ists
of
a se
ries
of
inve
rted
fol
ds o
f Eo
cene
roc
ks e
nclo
sing
Per
mo-
Car
boni
fero
us P
anja
l vo
lcan
ics
and
Tria
ssic
for
mat
ions
. Pa
njal
volc
anic
s (t
raps
) is
und
erla
in b
y Ta
naw
als.
The
con
tact
bet
wee
n th
e M
urre
e an
d Ta
naw
als
nam
ed a
s Pa
njal
thr
ust.
In
Jam
mu
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-5
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
foot
hills
tw
o m
ajor
str
uctu
ral u
nits
can
be
reco
gniz
ed a
nd t
hese
are
(i)
the
Sur
uin-
Mas
tgar
h an
tclin
e bo
rder
ing
the
plai
ns a
nd (
ii) t
he
fold
ed a
nd f
ault
ed b
elt
to t
he n
orth
east
of
Suru
in-M
astg
arh
antc
linal
uni
t (K
arun
akar
an a
nd R
ao,
1979
)
5.3
Prob
abili
stic
Sei
smic
Haz
ard
Ass
essm
ent
Man
y ea
rthq
uake
s, h
avin
g m
ediu
m t
o la
rge
size
, ha
ve o
ccur
red
arou
nd t
his
area
as
per
data
bas
ed o
n hi
stor
ical
and
ins
trum
enta
l
reco
rds.
The
inf
orm
atio
n is
com
pile
d us
ing
the
data
by
Indi
a M
eteo
rolo
gica
l D
epar
tmen
t, U
nite
d St
ates
Geo
logi
cal
Surv
ey a
nd
Inte
rnat
iona
l Se
ism
olog
ical
Cen
tre.
The
190
5 Ka
ngra
ear
thqu
ake
of m
agni
tude
8.0
aff
ecte
d th
e ar
ea f
ollo
wed
by
a la
rge
num
ber
of
afte
rsho
cks.
The
max
imum
int
ensi
ty o
f IX
on
RF s
cale
was
rec
orde
d ar
ound
Dha
ulad
har.
Ano
ther
sig
nifi
cant
ear
thqu
ake
occu
rred
on
June
22,
194
5 ne
ar C
ham
ba w
ith
mag
nitu
de 6
.5.
The
Kinn
aur
eart
hqua
ke o
f Ja
nuar
y 19
, 19
75 w
ith
mag
nitu
de 6
.8 w
as s
tron
gly
felt
in H
imac
hal P
rade
sh a
nd s
urro
undi
ng a
reas
.
The
prob
abili
stic
sei
smic
haz
ard
asse
ssm
ent
has
been
car
ried
out
con
side
ring
the
com
plet
e an
d th
e ex
trem
e da
ta s
ets
for
the
indi
vidu
al t
hree
sou
rces
con
side
red
in t
he p
rese
nt s
tudy
. Af
ter
chec
king
the
com
plet
enes
s of
the
dat
a th
e M
c va
lues
wer
e as
sum
ed
base
d on
the
fit
ting
of
the
GR
rela
tion
ship
to
the
obse
rved
sei
smic
ity
of t
he i
ndiv
idua
l so
urce
zon
es c
onsi
dere
d fo
r th
e an
alys
is.
A
wel
l-kn
own
tech
niqu
e (K
ijko
and
Sel
levo
ll, 1
989)
for
the
est
imat
ion
of s
eism
ic h
azar
d pa
ram
eter
s ha
s be
en u
sed.
Poi
sson
ian
occu
rren
ce o
f ea
rthq
uake
s w
ith
doub
ly t
runc
ated
Gut
enbe
rg-R
icht
er d
istr
ibut
ion
is a
ssum
ed f
or s
eism
ic h
azar
d as
sess
men
t. T
he
regi
on is
div
ided
into
ten
sei
smog
enic
sou
rces
as
follo
ws.
The
maj
or e
vent
s in
eac
h of
the
sei
smog
enic
sou
rces
are
sho
wn
in T
able
I.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-6
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Tabl
e I
Maj
or E
vent
s In
The
Sei
smog
enic
Sou
rces
Zone
O
rigi
nLa
titu
de
Long
itud
eM
agni
tude
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
.I
1827
924
00
31.6
00
74.4
006.
5III
16
696
40
033
.400
73
.300
6.5
III
1669
623
00
33.9
00
72.3
006.
5III
18
521
240
034
.000
73
.000
6.0
V 19
553
1216
4234
.600
73
.200
6.0
VI
1778
11
00
34.0
00
75.0
007.
7VI
15
521
10
034
.000
74
.500
7.5
VI
1662
11
00
34.0
00
75.0
007.
5VI
17
351
10
034
.000
75
.000
7.5
VI
1784
11
00
34.0
00
75.0
007.
3VI
18
845
300
033
.500
75
.500
7.3
VI
1803
11
00
34.0
00
75.0
007.
0VI
18
631
10
033
.500
75
.500
7.0
VI
1885
530
00
34.1
00
74.8
007.
0VI
18
856
60
034
.000
75
.000
6.5
VI
1828
66
00
34.0
00
74.0
006.
0VI
19
994
227
1933
.170
75
.260
6.0
VII
1972
93
1648
35.9
40
73.3
306.
2VI
I 19
819
127
1535
.680
73
.600
6.1
VII
1871
522
00
35.9
00
74.3
006.
0VI
I 19
498
17
3935
.800
74
.200
6.0
VIII
1943
924
1131
36.4
00
73.5
006.
5VI
II 19
240
1316
1737
.000
72
.000
6.0
VIII
1925
620
134
37.0
00
72.0
006.
0VI
II 19
309
510
1337
.000
72
.000
6.0
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-7
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Zone
O
rigi
nLa
titu
de
Long
itud
eM
agni
tude
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
.VI
II 19
311
209
2737
.000
72
.000
6.0
VIII
1958
529
315
36.6
60
72.1
906.
0X
1905
44
050
32.3
00
76.2
508.
0X
1945
622
180
32.6
00
75.9
006.
5X
1947
710
1019
32.6
00
75.9
006.
2XI
V 19
062
280
032
.000
77
.000
7.0
XV
1669
622
00
35.0
00
77.0
006.
5XV
19
2512
78
3437
.000
75
.500
6.0
XV
1980
213
229
36.4
70
76.8
606.
0
The
sche
mat
ic d
iagr
am f
or t
he s
ourc
es i
s sh
own
in f
ig.
1. T
he i
nput
to
the
seis
mic
haz
ard
esti
mat
ion
is g
iven
in
the
Tabl
e II.
Whi
le
the
extr
eme
and
com
plet
e pa
rt o
f th
e da
ta is
use
d in
ele
ven
sour
ces,
fou
r of
the
sou
rces
hav
e us
ed o
nly
com
plet
e pa
rt o
f th
e da
ta.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-8
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
(Fi
g. 1
) D
ivis
ion
of a
rea
arou
nd U
ri in
sei
smog
enic
sou
rce
zone
s
Zone
Dis
tribu
tion
31323334353637
7273
7475
7677
78
Long
itude
Latitude
SZ I
SZ II
SZ II
I
SZ IV
SZ V
SZ V
I
SZ V
II
SZ V
III
SZ IX
SZ X
SZ X
I
SZ X
III
SZ X
II
SZ X
IV
SZ X
V
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-9
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Tabl
e II
Dat
a In
puts
For
Sei
smic
Haz
ard
Esti
mat
ion
Zone
Max
imum
Obs
erve
d
Mm
ax
Seco
nd M
axim
um
Obs
erve
d M
max
D
ata
cont
ribu
tion
%
(
)
Dat
a co
ntri
buti
on %
(
)
Com
plet
eEx
trem
e Co
mpl
ete
Extr
eme
SZ I
6.
55.
545
.055
.089
.210
.8
SZ II
4.
64.
5O
nly
com
plet
e pa
rt o
f ca
talo
gue
used
SZ II
I 6.
56.
547
.952
.187
.512
.5
SZ IV
5.
04.
8O
nly
com
plet
e pa
rt o
f ca
talo
gue
used
SZ V
6.
05.
041
.658
.475
.025
.0
SZ V
I 7.
07.
089
.011
.051
.348
.7
SZ V
II6.
05.
653
.146
.998
.91.
1
SZ V
III6.
56.
051
.548
.595
.94.
1
SZ IX
5.
55.
0O
nly
com
plet
e pa
rt o
f ca
talo
gue
used
SZ X
8.
06.
533
.566
.594
.55.
5
SZ X
I 4.
94.
7O
nly
com
plet
e pa
rt o
f ca
talo
gue
used
SZ X
II 5.
75.
555
.444
.693
.86.
2
SZ X
III5.
55.
544
.855
.297
.12.
9
SZ X
IV7.
05.
281
.218
.898
.02.
0
SZ X
V6.
56.
045
.154
.997
.82.
2
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-10
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Tabl
e III
Sei
smic
Haz
ard
Para
met
ers
And
Est
imat
ion
Of
Mm
ax F
or T
he S
eism
ogen
ic S
ourc
es A
roun
d U
ri
Seis
mog
enic
Zone
Seis
mic
ity
Para
met
er
b-va
lue
of G
uten
berg
-
Rich
ter
equa
tion
Seis
mic
ity
Para
met
er
Esti
mat
ed M
max
SZ I
0.48
±0.0
20.
21±0
.01
0.61
±0.1
16.
55±0
.33
SZ II
0.
73±0
.02
0.32
±0.0
10.
34±0
.10
4.73
±0.3
5
SZ II
I 0.
65±0
.04
0.28
±0.0
20.
45±0
.08
6.55
±0.3
0
SZ IV
0.
94±0
.05
0.41
±0.0
20.
50±0
.12
5.50
±0.5
8
SZ V
0.
57±0
.02
0.25
±0.0
10.
20±0
.05
6.07
±0.3
4
SZ V
I 0.
50±0
.03
0.22
±0.0
11.
99±0
.21
7.74
±0.3
3
SZ V
II 0.
76±0
.04
0.33
±0.0
22.
40±0
.24
6.21
±0.3
3
SZ V
III
0.68
±0.0
30.
29±0
.01
1.82
±0.1
86.
52±0
.33
SZ IX
0.
59±0
.07
0.26
±0.0
30.
68±0
.13
6.06
±0.6
9
SZ X
0.
75±0
.05
0.33
±0.0
21.
82±0
.20
8.16
±0.3
7
SZ X
I 0.
56±0
.10
0.24
±0.0
40.
35±0
.10
5.24
±0.4
7
SZ X
II 0.
59±0
.08
0.26
±0.0
30.
72±0
.13
5.73
±0.3
3
SZ X
III
0.23
±0.0
30.
10±0
.01
0.72
±0.1
05.
51±0
.33
SZ X
IV
0.25
±0.0
30.
11±0
.10
0.98
±0.1
67.
04±0
.33
SZ X
V 0.
64±0
.03
0.28
±0.0
11.
88±0
.19
6.53
±0.3
3
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-11
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
The
seis
mic
haz
ard
para
met
ers
thus
est
imat
ed a
re r
epor
ted
in T
able
III.
Aft
er t
he s
eism
ic h
azar
d as
sess
men
t is
com
plet
e th
e st
rong
grou
nd m
otio
n pa
ram
eter
s ha
s be
en e
stim
ated
usi
ng t
he s
pect
ral
atte
nuat
ion
rela
tion
ship
. S
ince
no
stro
ng m
otio
n da
ta i
s av
aila
ble
from
the
reg
ion,
the
spe
ctra
l at
tenu
atio
n re
lati
onsh
ip b
ased
on
wor
ld w
ide
data
has
bee
n us
ed.
The
stro
ng m
otio
n es
tim
ates
ar
e
mad
e us
ing
empi
rica
l fo
rmul
ae w
orke
d ou
t by
som
e of
the
res
earc
h w
orke
rs f
or v
ario
us t
ecto
nic
envi
ronm
ent.
Att
enua
tion
rela
tion
ship
s ar
e de
rive
d by
re
gres
sion
an
alys
is
usin
g di
ffer
ent
dist
ance
m
easu
res
and
mag
nitu
de
mea
sure
s.
Thus
di
ffer
ent
rela
tion
ship
s pr
ovid
e di
ffer
ent
stro
ng g
roun
d m
otio
n a
nd a
jud
icio
us d
icis
ion
to e
stim
ate
grou
nd m
otio
n i
s th
eref
ore
requ
ired
for
adop
tion
in
any
part
icul
ar s
itua
tion
. Th
e sp
ectr
al a
tten
uati
on r
elat
ions
hips
are
gen
eral
ly g
iven
for
the
sub
duct
ion
zone
s an
d th
e
shal
low
cru
stal
ear
thqu
akes
. Th
e sp
ectr
al a
tten
uati
on r
elat
ions
hip
give
n by
You
ngs
et a
l (1
997)
has
bee
n us
ed in
thi
s st
udy.
The
prob
abili
ty o
f ex
ceed
ance
can
be
wri
tten
as
P [Y
> y*
] =
P
[Y>
y*m
, r]
fM
i(m)
fR
i(r)
dm d
r
Whe
re P
[Y>
y*
m,
r] i
s ob
tain
ed f
rom
the
pre
dict
ive
rela
tion
ship
whe
re Y
oung
s et
al
(199
7) h
as b
een
used
and
fM(m
) an
d f R
(r)
are
the
prob
abili
ty d
ensi
ty f
unct
ions
for
mag
nitu
de a
nd d
ista
nce,
res
pect
ivel
y. T
he p
rogr
am C
RISI
S pr
ogra
m (
Ord
az,
2003
) ha
s be
en u
sed
to e
stim
ate
the
spec
tral
acc
eler
atio
ns a
nd e
stim
atio
ns f
or t
he e
xcee
danc
e ra
te h
as b
een
prop
osed
for
the
pre
sent
sit
e. T
he s
eism
ic
haza
rd i
s es
tim
ated
usi
ng a
pro
babi
listi
c m
odel
tha
t co
nsid
ers
the
rate
s of
occ
urre
nce,
att
enua
tion
cha
ract
eris
tics
and
geo
grap
hica
l
dist
ribu
tion
of
eart
hqua
kes.
Ear
thqu
ake
occu
rren
ce h
as b
een
mod
eled
as
a Po
isso
nian
pro
cess
in
the
pres
ent
stud
y. T
hree
sou
rces
cons
ider
ed i
n th
is r
egio
n ar
e m
odel
ed a
s lin
e so
urce
s. A
dyn
amic
inte
grat
ion
proc
edur
e is
fol
low
ed f
or f
ast
com
puta
tion
of
haza
rd i
n
exte
nded
are
as.
The
grou
nd m
otio
n pa
ram
eter
in
term
s of
PG
A ha
s be
en e
stim
ated
for
the
who
le r
egio
n fo
r 10
% a
nd 2
0%
exce
edan
ce in
50
year
s an
d ar
e sh
own
in f
ig 2
and
3.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-12
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
(
Fig.
2)
PG
A fo
r th
e re
gion
for
20%
exc
eeda
nce
in 5
0 ye
ars
(F
ig 3
) P
GA
valu
es f
or 1
0 %
exce
edan
ce in
50
year
s
Scal
e Va
lues
Rel
ativ
e to
Col
our
Codi
ng in
cm
/s2
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-13
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
The
PGA
dist
ribu
tion
in
the
area
of
inte
rest
is
show
n in
Fig
. 4
and
5, w
hich
sho
ws
the
exce
edan
ce o
f PG
A fo
r 10
% an
d 20
%
exce
edan
ce v
alue
s. T
he P
GA
valu
es v
ary
betw
een
149
cm/s
ec2 t
o 16
5 cm
/ s
ec2 i
n ca
se o
f 20
% ex
ceed
ance
whi
le i
t va
ries
bet
wee
n
213
cm/s
ec2
to 2
31 c
m/s
ec2 i
n ca
se o
f 10
% ex
ceed
ance
for
a r
etur
n pe
riod
of
50 y
ears
. Co
nser
vati
vely
the
val
ues
to b
e us
ed a
re
reco
mm
ende
d in
fig
6 a
nd 7
in f
orm
of
spec
tral
acc
eler
atio
ns.
(Fig
. 4)
10%
exce
edan
ce v
alue
s fo
r PG
A in
the
are
a of
inte
rest
(F
ig.
5)
20%
exc
eeda
nce
valu
es f
or P
GA
in t
he a
rea
of in
tere
st
The
spec
tral
lev
el f
or t
he r
egio
n is
sho
wn
in f
ig.
6 an
d 7
for
10%
and
20%
for
50 y
ears
. Th
ese
spec
tral
acc
eler
atio
ns a
re d
efin
ed a
t
the
bed
rock
lev
el.
It m
ay b
e no
ted
that
the
loc
al s
ite
ampl
ific
atio
ns d
ue t
o th
e so
il co
lum
ns a
t th
e si
te a
re t
o be
con
side
red
whi
le
wor
king
out
the
spe
ctra
l lev
els
at t
he s
urfa
ce.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
5-14
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
(Fig
. 6)
Spe
ctra
l acc
eler
atio
n fo
r 10
% ex
ceed
ance
in 5
0 ye
ars
(Fi
g. 7
) Sp
ectr
al a
ccel
erat
ion
for
20%
exce
edan
ce in
50
year
s
The
spec
tral
gro
und
mot
ion
is e
stim
ated
bas
ed o
n pr
obab
ilist
ic s
eism
ic h
azar
d as
sess
men
t ca
rrie
d ou
t fo
r th
is r
egio
n. T
he P
SHA
is
carr
ied
out
usin
g th
e Po
isso
nian
dis
trib
utio
n an
d th
e bo
unde
d G
R re
lati
onsh
ip in
clud
ing
the
extr
eme
valu
es f
or t
he p
erio
d w
here
the
seis
mic
ity
is n
ot c
ompl
etel
y re
port
ed.
The
spec
tral
att
enua
tion
rel
atio
nshi
p de
velo
ped
for
subd
ucti
on z
ones
bas
ed o
n th
e w
orld
wid
e
stro
ng m
otio
n da
ta s
et h
as b
een
used
to
deve
lop
the
spec
tra
at t
he b
edro
ck.
The
PSH
A re
sult
s pr
ovid
e th
e se
ism
ic h
azar
d el
emen
ts
and
for
such
a s
mal
l re
gion
do
not
exhi
bit
sign
ific
ant
vari
atio
ns.
The
inte
grat
ion
wit
h th
e di
scre
te e
lem
ent
anal
ysis
bee
n us
ed t
o
deri
ve t
he h
azar
d zo
nati
on a
t m
uch
high
er r
esol
utio
n.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-1
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
CHA
PTER
6.0
HA
ZARD
ZON
ATI
ON
MA
PS
Thischap
teru
nderlin
esthetechniqu
ean
dan
alysisused
ford
erivingha
zard
zona
tionmap
forthe
region
.
6.1
Sate
llite
Dat
a
IRS
P5 C
arto
sat
ster
eo p
air
and
IRS
1D L
ISS
III s
cene
s w
ere
used
for
the
stu
dy.
Cart
osat
-1 c
arri
es t
wo
panc
hrom
atic
cam
eras
tha
t ca
n
acqu
ire
sing
le-b
and
ster
eosc
opic
pic
ture
s in
the
vis
ible
reg
ion
of t
he e
lect
rom
agne
tic
spec
trum
. Th
e im
ager
ies
have
a s
pati
al
reso
luti
on o
f 2.
5 m
eter
. Th
e ca
mer
as c
over
a s
wat
h of
30
km a
nd t
hey
are
mou
nted
in s
uch
a w
ay t
hat
near
sim
ulta
neou
s im
agin
g of
the
sam
e ar
ea f
rom
tw
o di
ffer
ent
angl
es i
s po
ssib
le.
The
ster
eo i
mag
es t
hus
prod
uced
can
be
used
to
gene
rate
a D
EM.
Det
ails
of
the
cart
osat
and
LIS
S-III
sen
sors
are
giv
en i
n ta
ble
1 an
d ta
ble
2 re
spec
tive
ly.
Cart
osat
sen
sor
has
a sp
atia
l re
solu
tion
of
2.5
m a
nd i
s
avai
labl
e in
ste
reo
pair
s. T
his
data
was
ort
hore
ctif
ied
usin
g G
CP
from
GPS
obs
erva
tion
s an
d a
DEM
of
the
area
was
als
o de
rive
d fo
r
the
stud
y ar
ea.
LISS
III
data
was
rec
tifi
ed t
akin
g re
ctif
ied
cart
osat
dat
a an
d av
aila
ble
map
s fr
om t
he w
eb a
s ba
se.
RMS
erro
r w
as
mad
e as
low
as
< 1
pixe
l. A
sec
ond
orde
r po
lyno
mia
l ap
prox
imat
ion
was
use
d fo
r re
sam
plin
g. T
he i
mag
es w
ere
resa
mpl
ed t
o
Uni
vers
al T
rans
vers
e M
erca
tor
(UTM
) pr
ojec
tion
as
deta
iled
in t
able
3.
SRTM
DEM
s at
90m
spa
tial
res
olut
ion
was
als
o us
ed f
or
orth
orec
tify
ing
the
cart
osat
imag
es.
Tech
nica
l det
ails
of
the
payl
oads
onb
oard
Res
ourc
esat
– 1
are
giv
en in
tab
le 1
.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-2
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Tabl
e 1:
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of
IRS
P5 C
arto
sat
- 1
sens
or
Orb
it C
hara
cter
isti
cs
S
peci
fica
tion
Nom
inal
Alt
itud
e(km
)
617.
99
Num
ber
of O
rbit
s pe
r da
y
15
Orb
ital
Rep
etiv
ity
cycl
e (N
o. o
f da
ys)
11
6
Nom
inal
wai
t ti
me
to a
cqui
re a
dj.
Path
11
day
s
Max
imum
wai
t ti
me
for
revi
sit
5
Nod
e fo
r P/
L op
erat
ions
D
esce
ndin
g N
ode
Loca
l ti
me
for
equa
tori
al c
ross
ing
10:3
0 AM
Orb
ital
Par
amet
ers
a.
) Se
mi-
maj
or a
xis
69
96.1
28
b.
) Ec
cent
rici
ty
0.00
1
c.
) In
clin
atio
n
97.8
7 de
g.
Dat
e of
pas
s
26/1
1/20
06
Tabl
e 2:
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of
the
LISS
III s
enso
r
Sens
or
Reso
luti
on
Met
ers
Swat
h
kms
Revi
sit
Imag
e Si
ze
kms
x km
s
Radi
omet
ric
Reso
luti
on
LISS
III
7
bits
Visi
ble
23.5
141
24 D
ays
142
x 14
1
SWIR
23
.5
141
24 D
ays
142
x 14
1
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-3
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Tabl
e 3:
Pro
ject
ion
para
met
ers
used
in t
he s
tudy
.
Para
met
er
Valu
e
Proj
ecti
on:
Uni
vers
al T
rans
vers
e M
erca
tor
Sphe
roid
:
W
GS8
4
Dat
um :
WG
S84
Zone
:
45
6.2
Imag
e Cl
assi
fica
tion
The
rem
ote
sens
ing
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s is
car
ried
out
at
the
Regi
onal
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
Serv
ice
Cent
re K
hara
gpur
. Sa
telli
te d
ata
is
proc
ured
fro
m t
he D
ata
cent
re o
f N
atio
nal
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
Agen
cy,
Hyd
erab
ad a
nd g
eom
etri
cally
cor
rect
ed.
Avai
labl
e M
aps
are
used
for
the
geom
etri
c co
rrec
tion
of
the
cart
osat
dat
a. A
sec
ond
orde
r po
lyno
mia
l ap
prox
imat
ion
is u
sed
to r
esam
ple
the
imag
es k
eepi
ng
RMSE
les
s th
an o
ne p
ixel
. Th
e pr
ojec
tion
par
amet
ers
used
for
res
ampl
ing
are
give
n in
tab
le 3
. G
eom
etri
cally
cor
rect
ed s
cene
s ar
e
subs
et u
sing
the
vec
tor
cove
rage
of
the
stud
y ar
ea a
nd u
sed
for
furt
her
anal
ysis
. D
eriv
atio
n of
the
land
cove
r m
ap is
don
e by
a h
ybri
d
clas
sifi
cati
on a
ppro
ach.
Dig
ital
im
ages
are
uns
uper
vise
d cl
assi
fied
fir
st t
he r
esul
tant
cla
sses
are
vis
ually
ana
lyze
d, r
ecod
ed a
nd
recl
assi
fied
whe
n ne
cess
ary.
Gro
und
trut
h in
form
atio
n w
as a
lso
used
for
cla
ssif
ying
rec
odin
g th
e im
ages
. Ve
ctor
cov
erag
es o
f
sett
lem
ent
area
s, r
oads
and
dra
inag
es a
re s
epar
atel
y pr
epar
ed b
y di
giti
zing
the
bas
e m
ap a
nd u
pdat
ing
usin
g th
e sa
telli
te d
ata
or b
y
deri
ving
the
m w
ith
the
assi
stan
ce o
f ap
prop
riat
e so
ftw
are.
The
se l
ayer
s ar
e ov
erla
id o
n th
e cl
assi
fied
map
and
the
map
is
vect
oris
ed.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-4
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Gen
erat
ion
of D
iscr
ete
Elem
ent
Map
It i
s co
nven
ient
to
divi
de t
he s
tudy
are
int
o sm
all
elem
ents
of
uniq
ue n
atur
e fo
r th
e an
alys
is.
Dis
cret
e el
emen
ts i
n th
is s
tudy
form
a u
niqu
e ar
ea i
n th
e re
gion
hav
ing
sim
ilar
type
of
topo
grap
hy v
iz.
slop
e an
d as
pect
. M
inim
um a
rea
of e
ach
elem
ent
is
appr
oxim
atel
y 1
sq k
m.
Gen
erat
ion
of s
lope
and
asp
ect
The
slop
e an
d as
pect
map
s ar
e ge
nera
ted
from
the
SRT
M d
igit
al e
leva
tion
mod
el u
sing
the
top
ogra
phy
tool
of
Erda
s Im
agin
e
soft
war
e.
Gen
erat
ion
of g
eolo
gy a
nd s
truc
ture
The
geol
ogic
al m
ap i
s ge
nera
ted
by u
pdat
ing
the
exis
ting
geo
logi
cal
map
s w
ith
fiel
d vi
sits
and
sat
ellit
e da
ta.
The
linea
men
t
map
is
delin
eate
d fr
om t
he s
atel
lite
data
aft
er e
nhan
cing
the
im
ager
y. F
ield
bas
ed k
now
ledg
e al
so i
s co
nsid
ered
dur
ing
gene
rati
on o
f th
e lin
eam
ent
map
. Al
l th
e sp
atia
l vec
tor
data
are
pre
pare
d an
d st
ored
in A
rcM
ap 9
.0 p
erso
nal g
eoda
taba
se.
Oth
er d
ata
used
• Sa
telli
te d
ata
in t
he o
ptic
al r
egio
n –
LISS
III a
nd C
arto
sat.
• Co
llate
ral d
ata
on g
eolo
gy,
geot
echn
ical
pro
pert
ies,
sei
smic
ity,
str
uctu
re,
tect
onic
s, t
opog
raph
y an
d hy
drol
ogy.
• Fi
eld
data
on
soil
and
land
slid
es.
• Re
gion
al m
aps
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-5
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-6
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Soft
war
e us
ed
The
sate
llite
dat
a re
ctif
icat
ion,
enh
ance
men
t, c
lass
ific
atio
n an
d re
late
d im
age
proc
essi
ng a
re c
arri
ed o
ut u
sing
Erd
as I
mag
ine
vers
ion
9.0
soft
war
e. O
rtho
rect
ific
atio
n an
d D
EM g
ener
atio
n of
car
tosa
t da
ta is
don
e us
ing
Leic
a Ph
otog
ram
mer
ty S
uite
(LP
S).
Vect
or b
ased
spa
tial
dat
a ge
nera
tion
and
edi
ting
was
car
ried
out
wit
h Ar
cMap
sof
twar
e ve
r 9.
0. A
utom
atic
gen
erat
ion
of S
trea
ms
and
wat
ersh
ed a
re c
arri
ed o
ut u
sing
Dig
ital
Ter
rain
Ana
lyst
(D
TA)
soft
war
e de
velo
ped
in t
he c
entr
e. S
tati
stic
al a
naly
sis
for
the
empi
rica
l m
odel
ing
is c
arri
ed o
ut u
sing
SPS
S an
d M
S Ex
cel s
oftw
are.
6.3
Haz
ard
Zona
tion
Dis
cret
e el
emen
t m
ap i
s a
com
bina
tion
of
basi
c po
lygo
n la
yers
for
med
fro
m t
he i
dent
ical
fea
ture
s. T
hese
fea
ture
s lik
e sl
ope
and
aspe
ct a
re d
eriv
ed f
rom
the
dif
fere
nt c
ombi
nati
on o
f sa
telli
te i
mag
erie
s an
d he
nce
it a
ids
in d
efin
ing
the
disc
rete
or
dist
inct
feat
ures
of
sim
ilar
clas
s an
d na
ture
so
that
a c
ompa
rati
ve a
naly
sis
coul
d be
don
e. T
he r
ole
of i
mag
e in
terp
reta
tion
alo
ng w
ith
grou
nd t
ruth
ing
beco
mes
ext
rem
ely
impo
rtan
t fo
r re
duci
ng t
he e
rror
s. D
iscr
ete
elem
ent
anal
ysis
is
a pr
oduc
t, w
hich
req
uire
s in
puts
from
sev
eral
sou
rces
, w
hich
are
des
crib
ed h
erea
fter
.
The
disc
rete
ele
men
t m
ap g
ives
a b
ase
for
Haz
ard
zona
tion
has
bee
n do
ne u
sing
the
col
late
ral
laye
rs a
nd t
he d
iscr
ete
elem
ents
map
. Ea
ch d
iscr
ete
elem
ent
is t
reat
ed i
n a
feat
ure
envi
ronm
ent
inco
rpor
atin
g th
e av
aila
ble
info
rmat
ion
and
empi
rica
l ev
iden
ces
in
the
regi
ons
and
supp
orte
d by
the
fie
ld o
bser
vati
on t
hat
wer
e us
ed i
n de
rivi
ng t
he t
hem
atic
lay
ers
of d
iffe
rent
cla
ss f
eatu
res.
Thi
rty
vari
able
s w
ere
used
in
zoni
ng t
he a
rea
usin
g in
form
atio
n th
eory
tec
hniq
ue.
Info
rmat
ion
valu
es o
f th
e el
emen
ts v
arie
d fr
om -
0.54
to
3.48
. Se
gmen
tati
on o
f th
e ar
ea f
or l
ands
lide
haza
rd r
evea
led
that
abo
ut 9
ele
men
ts i
n th
e ar
ea f
alls
und
er t
he v
ery
high
ris
k zo
ne.
Abou
t 21
ele
men
ts f
all u
nder
the
hig
h-ri
sk z
one
and
the
rest
fal
l un
der
mod
erat
e an
d lo
w r
isk
cate
gory
.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-7
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-8
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-9
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Map
ping
of
haza
rd p
rone
are
as w
ere
done
in t
hree
bro
ad s
teps
and
the
det
aile
d m
etho
dolo
gy is
exp
lain
ed in
the
cha
rt b
elow
.
1. G
ener
atio
n of
var
ious
GIS
laye
rs f
rom
sat
ellit
e im
ager
y an
d ot
her
colla
tera
l dat
a.
2. E
mpi
rica
l mod
elin
g an
d m
appi
ng o
f th
e pr
obab
le h
azar
d zo
nes
3. C
ompa
riso
n w
ith
the
fiel
d co
llect
ed d
ata.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-10
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Acc
urac
y Es
tim
atio
n
The
accu
racy
of
info
rmat
ion
theo
ry i
n pr
edic
ting
the
slo
pe s
tabi
lity
is e
valu
ated
by
the
expe
rim
enta
l pr
obab
ility
equ
atio
n (4
). T
hus,
the
deri
ved
accu
racy
of
slop
e in
stab
ility
pre
dict
ion
for
the
Uri
sec
tor
is 9
3%.
Empi
rica
l Mod
elin
g
Info
rmat
ion
theo
ry i
s a
tool
for
mul
ticr
iter
ia a
naly
sis
for
haza
rd z
onat
ion
stud
ies
(Ram
akri
shna
n et
al.
, 20
05).
Inf
orm
atio
n th
eory
was
fir
st u
sed
in 1
948
by C
laud
e Sh
anno
n “A
mat
hem
atic
al t
heor
y of
com
mun
icat
ion”
. Th
is t
echn
ique
aim
s at
mea
suri
ng t
he
info
rmat
ion
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
occu
rren
ce o
f ce
rtai
n ev
ents
hav
ing
a pr
obab
ility
‘p’
. Th
e fi
rst
redu
ctio
n to
war
ds t
his
proc
ess
will
be
to
igno
re a
ny p
arti
cula
r fe
atur
es o
f th
e ev
ent
and
only
obs
erve
whe
ther
or
not
it h
appe
ned.
In
esse
nce
it m
eans
tha
t on
e ca
n th
ink
of
the
even
t as
the
obs
erva
nce
of t
he s
ymbo
l w
hose
pro
babi
lity
of o
ccur
ring
is ‘
p’.
Thus
the
info
rmat
ion
can
be d
efin
ed in
ter
ms
of t
he
prob
abili
ty ‘
p’ a
s th
e in
form
atio
n m
easu
re i(
p) h
ave
seve
ral p
rope
rtie
s.
1.In
form
atio
n is
a n
on-n
egat
ive
quan
tity
I(p)
0
.
2.If
an
even
t ha
s pr
obab
ility
1,
we
get
no in
form
atio
n fr
om t
he o
ccur
renc
e of
the
eve
nt:
I(1)
= 0
.
3.If
tw
o in
depe
nden
t ev
ents
occ
ur (
who
se j
oint
pro
babi
lity
is t
he p
rodu
ct o
f th
eir
indi
vidu
al p
roba
bilit
ies)
, th
en t
he
info
rmat
ion
we
get
from
obs
ervi
ng t
he e
vent
s is
the
sum
of
the
two
info
rmat
ion:
I (p
1 x
p2)
= Ip
1 +
Ip2.
4.Th
e in
form
atio
n m
easu
re
is
a co
ntin
uous
(a
nd,
infa
ct,
mon
oton
ic)
func
tion
of
th
e pr
obab
ility
(s
light
ch
ange
s in
prob
abili
ty s
houl
d re
sult
in s
light
cha
nges
in in
form
atio
n).
Thus
1. I
(p2)
= I
(p *
p)
= I (
p) +
I (p
) =
2 *
I (p)
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-11
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
2. o
r I (
pn)
= n
* I (
p).
3. I
(p)
= I (
(p1/
m)m
) =
m *
I (p
1/m
)
4. I
(p1/
m)
= 1/
m *
I (p
)
I (
pn/m
) =
n/m
* I
(p)
5. a
nd t
hus
by c
onti
nuit
y, w
e ge
t fo
r
0 <
p 1
and
a >
0 a
rea
l num
ber:
I (p
a) =
a *
I (p
)
From
thi
s, w
e ca
n de
rive
I (p)
= -
logb
(p)
= l
ogb
(1/p
) fo
r so
me
base
b.
----
----
----
----
-- (
1)
Sum
mar
izin
g fr
om t
he f
our
prop
erti
es,
1. I
(p)
0
2. I
(p1
* p2
) =
I (p1
) +
I (p2
)
3. I
(p)
is m
onot
onic
and
con
tinu
ous
in p
6.4
Info
rmat
ion
theo
ry a
nd p
roba
ble
haza
rd z
ones
The
anal
ysis
use
d fo
r m
icro
haz
ard
zona
tion
is
the
info
rmat
ion
valu
e m
etho
d ba
sed
on p
roba
bilit
y th
eory
as
sum
mar
ized
her
e.
Supp
ose
ther
e ar
e N
pot
enti
al f
acto
rs/v
aria
bles
tha
t af
fect
the
slo
pe i
nsta
bilit
y, t
hen
the
degr
ee o
f po
tent
ial
haza
rd i
n an
are
a ca
n
be e
stim
ated
on
the
basi
s of
num
ber
of f
atig
ue f
acto
rs a
nd t
heir
sev
erit
y an
d in
tera
ctio
ns.
How
ever
, th
e m
ain
obje
ctiv
e is
to
pred
ict
the
area
s of
var
ious
deg
rees
of
susc
epti
bilit
y. F
or t
his,
fir
st a
giv
en a
rea
is d
ivid
ed a
naly
tica
lly i
nto
a nu
mbe
r of
pol
ygon
elem
ents
by
cons
ider
ing
the
mic
ro-w
ater
shed
bou
ndar
ies
and
diff
eren
t as
pect
and
slo
pe c
lass
es i
n th
e D
EM.
As p
er t
he l
aw o
f
info
rmat
ion
theo
ry,
ever
y el
emen
t j
(j =
1, 2
, …
., N
) ca
n be
def
ined
sta
ble
or u
nsta
ble
on t
he b
asis
of
the
info
rmat
ion
valu
e (I
j) o
f
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-12
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
that
ele
men
t. H
ighe
r th
e va
lue
of I
jm
ore
unst
able
the
ele
men
t j
is,
wit
hin
the
slop
e. T
he t
otal
inf
orm
atio
n va
lue
in t
he e
lem
ent
j
can
be c
alcu
late
d as
:
M
Ij
=
IiXj
i ---
----
----
----
----
----
---(
2)
I=1
Xji
=va
lue
of it
h va
riab
le (
I = 1
, 2,
……
, M
) fo
r th
e jt
h el
emen
t (j
= 1
, 2,
……
N);
=
1, if
var
iabl
e i e
xist
s in
ele
men
t j;
=
0 if
var
iabl
e i d
oes
not
exis
t in
ele
men
t j.
M
= nu
mbe
r of
var
iabl
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
a gi
ven
area
;
Ii=
info
rmat
ion
valu
e su
pplie
d to
lan
d sl
ide
by v
aria
ble
i
=
log
[(Si
/Ni)
/ (
S/N
)]
N
= to
tal n
umbe
r of
ele
men
ts
S
= nu
mbe
r of
ele
men
ts w
ith
hist
ory
of la
ndsl
ide
occu
rren
ce
Si
= nu
mbe
r of
ele
men
ts w
ith
hist
ory
of la
ndsl
ide
occu
rren
ce in
volv
ing
vari
able
i.
Ni
= nu
mbe
r of
ele
men
ts in
volv
ing
vari
able
i
6.5
Acc
urac
y of
pre
dict
ion
The
expe
rim
enta
l pro
babi
lity
of p
redi
ctio
n is
eva
luat
ed u
sing
the
fol
low
ing
equa
tion
P =
KS/
S *
(1-(
K –
KS)
/ N
-S)1
/3 -
----
----
----
----
-- (
3)
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-13
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
N =
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
ele
men
ts
S =
Num
ber
of e
lem
ents
con
tain
ing
land
slid
es
K =
Num
ber
of e
lem
ents
fal
ling
into
Hig
h an
d m
oder
ate
clas
ses
KS =
Num
ber
of e
lem
ents
fal
ling
into
hig
h an
d m
oder
ate
clas
ses
cont
aini
ng la
ndsl
ides
6.6
Inpu
t Th
emat
ic L
ayer
s an
d Pr
ogra
m S
truc
ture
Mic
roha
zard
zon
atio
n in
the
are
a re
quir
es i
dent
ific
atio
n of
the
tot
al n
umbe
r of
pol
ygon
ele
men
ts a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
the
give
n ar
ea (
N)
and
the
terr
ain
spec
ific
con
diti
onin
g an
d tr
igge
ring
fac
tors
(va
riab
les)
. Fo
r th
is p
urpo
se,
the
stud
y ar
ea i
s di
vide
d in
to s
mal
l
bloc
ks/e
lem
ents
on
the
bas
is
of s
lope
, as
pect
and
wat
ersh
ed
divi
de.
This
tec
hniq
ue i
s he
lpfu
l in
bet
ter
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
e
rela
tion
ship
bet
wee
n la
ndsl
ide
even
ts a
nd v
aria
bles
. Fr
om t
he a
naly
sis
and
fiel
d in
vest
igat
ion,
the
fol
low
ing
vari
able
s (M
) ar
e
iden
tifi
ed a
s ke
y co
ndit
ioni
ng a
nd t
rigg
erin
g fa
ctor
s.
Geo
logy
The
geol
ogy
of t
he U
ri s
ecto
r co
mpr
ises
fiv
e m
ajor
typ
es v
iz.
Gne
iss
and
Gra
nite
; D
ogra
Sla
tes
wit
h un
foss
ilife
rous
pal
eozo
ics;
Tria
ssic
, Pe
rmia
n, C
arbo
nife
rous
; M
urre
e -
Mid
, Te
rtia
ry;
Salk
hala
Ser
ies
- Pr
ecam
bria
n. T
he g
eolo
gy i
s re
pres
ente
d by
X1
and
X2.
The
pres
ence
of
Gne
iss
and
Gra
nite
is
repr
esen
ted
in v
aria
ble
X1,
i.e.
if
Gne
iss
and
Gra
nite
gro
up i
s pr
esen
t, t
hen
X1 =
1 e
lse
0.
Sim
ilarl
y if
X2
= 1
if a
ny o
f th
e cl
asse
s D
ogra
Sla
tes
wit
h un
foss
ilife
rous
pal
eozo
ics;
Tri
assi
c, P
erm
ian,
Car
boni
fero
us;
Mur
ree
- M
id,
Tert
iary
; Sa
lkha
la S
erie
s –
Prec
ambr
ian
is p
rese
nt e
lse
0.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-14
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Stru
ctur
e
Frac
ture
s ar
e id
enti
fied
fro
m t
he a
vaila
ble
map
s or
del
inea
ted
from
the
sat
ellit
e im
ager
y. V
aria
bles
X3
and
X4 a
re a
ssig
ned
1 if
Conf
irm
ed F
ract
ure
or In
ferr
ed F
ract
ure
is p
rese
nt r
espe
ctiv
ely.
Var
iabl
e X1
2 re
pres
ente
d th
e th
rust
. If
thr
ust
is p
rese
nt in
a
part
icul
ar e
lem
ent,
var
iabl
e X1
2 fo
r th
at e
lem
ent
is s
et t
o 1
else
0.
Land
cove
r
Sate
llite
der
ived
Lan
dcov
er c
lass
es (
four
var
iabl
es,
X5-X
8) a
re a
ssig
ned
1 or
0 b
ased
on
the
five
maj
or l
andu
se c
lass
es v
iz.
dens
e
vege
tati
on,
barr
en la
nd,
fallo
w l
and
and
degr
aded
veg
etat
ion.
His
tori
c La
ndsl
ide
Acti
vity
His
tori
c la
ndsl
ides
wer
e m
appe
d fr
om t
he f
ield
dat
a or
fro
m t
he c
arto
sat
imag
es.
Pres
ence
or
abse
nce
of l
ands
lide
even
ts s
igni
fies
the
tend
ency
for
new
/ r
eact
ivat
ion
of l
ands
lides
and
hen
ce n
eed
to b
e st
udie
d w
ith
an e
mph
asis
on
the
susc
epti
bilit
y. D
iscr
ete
elem
ent
wit
h a
Land
slid
e ev
ent
is r
epre
sent
ed b
y a
vari
able
X9
set
to 1
. X9
is
set
to 0
for
the
ele
men
ts w
ith
no r
ecor
ded
land
slid
e
acti
vity
.
Anth
ropo
geni
c Ac
tivi
ties
Vari
able
s X1
0 an
d X1
1 re
pres
ent
the
anth
ropo
geni
c in
terf
eren
ces
in t
he a
rea
such
as
road
cut
ting
s an
d se
ttle
men
ts r
espe
ctiv
ely.
Slop
e An
gle
Four
cl
asse
s of
sl
ope
cate
gori
es
are
mad
e ba
sed
on
fiel
d ob
serv
atio
n,
betw
een
slop
e am
ount
an
d in
cide
nce
of
land
slid
es.
Acco
rdin
gly
the
follo
win
g va
riab
les
wer
e se
t as
sho
wn
belo
w,
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-15
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
. if
slo
pe >
46o
th
en X
17 =
1 e
lse
0
. if
slo
pe 3
5-45
o
th
en X
16 =
1 e
lse
0
. if
slo
pe 2
5-34
o
then
X15
= 1
els
e 0
. if
slo
pe 1
5-24
o
then
X14
= 1
els
e 0
. if
slo
pe <
15o
th
en X
13 =
1 e
lse
0
Aspe
ct
On
the
basi
s of
Asp
ect
four
cla
sses
are
mad
e. A
ccor
ding
ly t
he s
lope
var
iabl
es X
19 –
X22
are
set
as
show
n be
low
,
. if
asp
ect
is 0
-90o
th
en X
18=1
els
e 0
. if
asp
ect
is 9
1-18
0o
then
X19
=1 e
lse
0
. if
asp
ect
is 1
81-2
70o
then
X20
=1 e
lse
0
. if
asp
ect
is 2
70-3
60o
then
X21
=1 e
lse
0
Seis
mot
ecto
nic
fact
ors
Peak
Gro
und
Velo
city
(PG
V),
Peak
Gro
und
Acce
lera
tion
(PG
A) a
nd M
odif
ied
Mer
calli
’s I
ndex
(M
MI)
are
use
d as
inp
ut i
n th
e va
riab
les
X23-
X29.
For
PGA,
var
iabl
es a
re a
ssig
ned
valu
es a
s
. if
PG
A is
0.2
– 0
.33
th
en X
22 =
1 e
lse
0
. if
PG
A is
0.3
3 -
0.43
th
en X
23 =
1 e
lse
0
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-16
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
. if
PG
A is
0.4
3 –
0.56
th
en X
24 =
1 e
lse
0
For
PGV,
var
iabl
es a
re a
ssig
ned
valu
es a
s
. if
PG
V is
20
- 50
then
X25
=1 e
lse
0
. if
PG
V is
51
- 78
then
X26
=1 e
lse
0
. if
PG
V is
79
- 10
8
th
en X
27=1
els
e 0
For
MM
I, v
aria
bles
are
ass
igne
d va
lues
as
. if
MM
I is
7 –
7.8
then
X28
=1 e
lse
0
. if
MM
I is
7.8
– 8.
6
th
en X
29=1
els
e 0
. if
MM
I is
8.6
– 9.
4
th
en X
30=1
els
e 0
All
the
diff
eren
t in
put
laye
rs a
re a
naly
zed
usin
g Ar
cMap
ver
9.0
and
the
sta
tist
ical
ana
lyse
s ar
e do
ne o
n th
e re
sult
ant
laye
r in
MS
Exce
l us
ing
Visu
al B
asic
scr
ipt.
Res
ults
fro
m t
his
anal
ysis
are
att
ribu
ted
to t
he c
orre
spon
ding
dis
cret
e el
emen
ts a
nd a
map
is
obta
ined
. Th
e ou
tput
com
pris
es o
f th
e de
tails
on
the
info
rmat
ion
valu
e of
eac
h el
emen
t an
d m
inim
um a
nd m
axim
um i
nfor
mat
ion
valu
e an
d gr
ades
of
inst
abili
ty a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
each
ele
men
t. T
his
data
is
furt
her
clas
sifi
ed i
nto
diff
eren
t gr
ades
of
inst
abili
ty b
ased
on t
he r
ange
of
info
rmat
ion
valu
e, e
lem
ent
num
ber
and
grad
es o
f in
stab
ility
ass
ocia
ted
wit
h ea
ch e
lem
ent.
The
res
ults
of
the
info
rmat
ion
vari
able
(Xi
) ar
e ta
bula
ted
in t
able
4.
Acco
rdin
gly,
the
info
rmat
ion
valu
e of
the
ele
men
t j
wit
h re
spec
t to
abo
ve t
able
s w
ill b
e fo
r th
e ar
ea.
Ij =
0
.007
X j
1 +
0.0
90 X
j2
+
0.07
3 X
j3
+ …
……
……
……
… 0
.232
Xj3
0
----
----
----
----
----
(4)
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-17
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
Tabl
e 4.
Var
iabl
es A
nd T
he C
orre
spon
ding
Info
rmat
ion
Valu
es O
f Th
e Va
riab
les.
The
info
rmat
ion
valu
es o
f al
l th
e po
lygo
n el
emen
ts a
re f
ound
usi
ng t
hese
equ
atio
ns.
The
info
rmat
ion
valu
es o
f th
e po
lygo
ns v
arie
d
from
-0.
54 t
o 3.
48.
On
the
basi
s of
his
togr
am d
istr
ibut
ion,
the
pol
ygon
ele
men
ts a
re c
lass
ifie
d in
to f
our
haza
rd c
lass
es v
iz.l
ow (
-0.5
4
Vari
able
Para
met
erIn
form
atio
n Va
lues
X16
Slop
e -
35-4
50.
014
X17
Slop
e -
>46
0.01
1
X18
Aspe
ct -
0-90
0.01
1
X19
Aspe
ct -
91-1
800.
065
X20
Aspe
ct -
181-
270
0.04
1
X21
Aspe
ct -
270-
360
0.00
3
X22
PGV
-0.
2 –
0.33
-0.
135
X23
PGV
-0.
33 –
0.43
0.23
3
X24
PGV
-0.
43 -
0.56
-0.
268
X25
PGA
-20
–49
0.10
2
X26
PGA
-49
-79
-0.
021
X27
PGA
-79
-108
NA
X28
MM
I –7.
0 –
7.8
0.05
65
X29
MM
I –7.
8 –
8.6
0.23
9
X30
MM
I –8.
6 -
9.4
-0.
232
Vari
able
Para
met
erIn
form
atio
n Va
lues
X1
Geo
logy
– G
neis
s an
d G
rani
te0.
007
X2
Geo
logy
- A
ll ot
her
clas
ses
0.09
0
X3
Conf
irm
ed F
ract
ures
0.
073
X4
Infe
rred
Fra
ctur
es
0.03
3
X5
Den
se V
eget
atio
n 0.
379
X6
Barr
en L
and
-0.
023
X7
Fallo
w L
and
0.27
0
X8
Deg
rade
d Ve
geta
tion
0.
233
X9
His
tori
c Ac
tivi
ty
1.01
1
X10
Anth
ropo
geni
c In
terf
eren
ce –
Road
s 0.
319
X11
Anth
ropo
geni
c In
terf
eren
ce –
Sett
lem
ents
0.
195
X12
Thru
st
0.35
8
X13
Slop
e -
<15
0.04
7
X14
Slop
e -
15-2
4
0.03
3
X15
Slop
e -
25-3
4 0.
014
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
6-18
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
< Ij
< 0
.51)
, m
oder
ate
(0.5
1 <
Ij <
1.5
3),
high
(1.
53 <
Ij
< 2.
55)
and
very
hig
h (I
j >
2.55
) la
ndsl
ide
haza
rd p
rone
zon
es.
On
the
basi
s
of t
his
info
rmat
ion,
pro
babl
e la
ndsl
ide
haza
rd z
onat
ion
map
s ar
e pr
epar
ed f
or t
he a
rea.
Uri
, Ba
ram
ulla
dis
tric
t in
Jam
mu
and
Kash
mir
is
a vu
lner
able
zon
e fr
om a
nat
ural
haz
ard
poin
t of
vie
w.
For
delin
eati
ng t
he h
azar
d
pron
e ar
eas
in t
he r
egio
n, t
he s
tudy
are
a w
as d
ivid
ed i
nto
smal
ler
poly
gons
/ele
men
ts.
This
is
adva
ntag
eous
for
att
ribu
ting
and
map
ping
. Ea
ch e
lem
ent
repr
esen
ts a
sm
all
area
hav
ing
mor
e or
les
s un
ifor
m s
lope
and
asp
ect
and
henc
e fo
rms
a m
icro
-wat
ersh
ed o
r
a pa
rt o
f it
. Va
riou
s ph
ysic
al a
nd g
eolo
gica
l fa
ctor
s th
at c
ontr
ibut
e to
lan
dslid
e ev
ent
was
ana
lyse
d to
ass
ign
an in
form
atio
n va
lue
to
each
ele
men
t. T
he in
form
atio
n va
lue
has
been
det
erm
ined
usi
ng t
he in
form
atio
n te
chni
que.
Info
rmat
ion
valu
e w
as t
hen
cate
gori
zed
base
d on
the
ran
ges,
into
fiv
e gr
ades
. Th
ese
five
gra
des
of in
stab
ility
are
def
ined
as
very
low
, lo
w,
med
ium
, hi
gh a
nd v
ery
high
. Th
e
accu
racy
of
esti
mat
ion
is 9
3%.
It i
s fo
und
that
9 p
olyg
ons
in t
he a
rea
fall
unde
r ve
ry h
igh-
risk
cat
egor
y an
d 21
fal
l un
der
high
ris
k
cate
gory
. Fr
om t
he o
verl
ay a
naly
sis
of l
ands
lide
inci
denc
es a
nd h
azar
d zo
nes,
it
was
fou
nd t
hat
the
haza
rd m
aps
gene
rate
d
corr
elat
e w
ell
wit
h th
e la
ndsl
ide
even
t m
ap.
Ther
e is
hig
h de
gree
of
conf
orm
ity
amon
g th
e ha
zard
zon
es a
nd t
he e
vent
map
s in
term
s of
land
slid
e in
cide
nces
.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-1
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
CHA
PTER
7.0
SITE
GEO
TECH
NIC
AL
AN
ALY
SIS
Thischap
terd
escribes
thekeyfeatures
regardingthemorph
olog
yof
thesettlem
entsas
wellasthetechnicalg
eoinvestigationpa
rametersfor
the
respectiv
esites.Th
eabbreviatio
nsused
inthechap
tera
rean
nexedattheendof
thischap
ter.
7.1
Land
form
The
regi
on i
s m
arke
d by
sev
eral
sm
all
rivu
lets
(na
llah
s) o
ften
nam
ed a
fter
the
loc
al o
r pr
omin
ent
sett
lem
ent
and
are
mar
ked
by d
eep
cutt
ing
on t
he s
outh
ern
slop
es o
f th
e va
lley.
Fre
quen
t sl
ope
brea
ks a
re v
ery
com
mon
in
the
regi
on a
nd o
ne c
omes
acr
oss
seve
ral
smal
l
spri
ngs,
str
eam
s fl
owin
g th
roug
h th
e se
ctio
ns o
f th
e ro
ad t
o m
eet
Rive
r Jh
elum
. Pe
ople
at
seve
ral
plac
es h
ave
utili
zed
the
pote
ntia
l of
natu
rally
flo
win
g w
ater
for
irr
igat
ion
by m
eans
of
chan
nelis
ing
wat
er t
hrou
gh m
an m
ade
chan
nels
, lo
call
y kn
own
as g
uls.
But
mos
t of
thes
e gu
ls s
uffe
red
dam
ages
and
are
als
o no
t be
ing
effe
ctiv
ely
used
. Th
e so
ils i
n th
e re
gion
are
typ
ical
ly h
ill s
oils
wit
h al
luvi
al
com
posi
tion
, in
the
low
er r
each
es o
n th
e re
gion
lik
e in
the
ran
ge o
f 13
00-1
500m
ts,
clay
ey p
ocke
ts o
f so
il ar
e pr
esen
t an
d as
one
mov
es
to h
ighe
r al
titu
des,
the
re a
re i
nter
veni
ng p
ocke
ts o
f cl
ay a
nd b
ould
ers
or a
lluvi
al m
ater
ial.
The
phy
sica
l ap
pear
ance
s of
soi
ls i
ndic
ate
that
the
se a
re s
hallo
w a
nd e
xces
sive
ly d
rain
ed M
esic
-loa
my-
skel
etal
soi
ls o
n st
eep
slop
es w
ith
loam
y su
rfac
e. S
ever
e er
osio
n an
d st
rong
ston
ines
s as
soci
ated
wit
h m
ediu
m d
eep
but
exce
ssiv
ely
drai
ned.
Sev
eral
of
the
land
slid
es o
ccur
red
as a
n ev
ent
of c
osei
smic
act
ivit
y
alon
g th
e m
ain
Uri
-Muz
affa
raba
d hi
ghw
ay a
nd a
long
the
ban
ks o
f Ri
ver
Jhel
um.
The
text
ure
of t
he s
oil
is f
rom
lig
ht r
eddi
sh b
row
n to
lig
ht b
row
n in
col
our
exce
pt f
or t
he r
egio
n su
rrou
ndin
g ca
rbon
aceo
us m
ater
ial
like
that
of
Sult
an D
aki,
Sar
ai e
tc.
At s
ome
inst
ance
s th
ere
coul
d be
see
n sm
all
chun
k of
fla
t ag
ricu
ltur
al l
ands
ver
y ne
ar t
o th
e ri
ver
whe
re
the
terr
ace
ends
.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-2
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
regi
on o
f U
ri h
as b
een
expe
rien
cing
spu
rt o
f pu
blic
inv
estm
ents
ove
r th
e la
st s
ever
al y
ears
lik
e th
e hy
drop
ower
pro
ject
s, r
oads
etc
.
Ther
e ha
s be
en a
con
side
rabl
e re
spit
e to
the
peo
ple
over
the
las
t se
vera
l ye
ars
whe
n lin
kage
s to
the
vill
ages
sta
rted
dev
elop
ing
on
diff
eren
t ro
utes
. Th
ough
the
se r
oute
s ar
e st
ill w
eak
and
are
not
all
wea
ther
roa
ds b
ut i
t ha
s so
meh
ow e
ased
the
mov
emen
t of
goo
ds
and
peop
le b
etw
een
villa
ges
and
the
near
est
tow
n of
Uri
.
Qua
ntum
of
land
and
its
loc
atio
n ha
s be
en o
ne o
f th
e lim
itin
g fa
ctor
s in
the
hill
s an
d sp
ecif
ical
ly i
n th
is r
egio
n, w
hich
has
see
n m
ilita
ry
reta
liati
on a
s w
ell a
s fa
ced
the
dam
agin
g ea
rthq
uake
at
the
fag
end
of y
ear
2005
. O
wne
rshi
p ha
s be
en o
ne o
f th
e ot
her
impo
rtan
t is
sues
that
has
bee
n di
stur
bing
and
lim
its
the
expa
nsio
n of
agr
icul
ture
as
wel
l as
oth
er p
ublic
inf
rast
ruct
ure
wor
ks.
Now
the
rec
entl
y m
odif
ied
Rosh
ni s
chem
e ha
s be
en in
trod
uced
, w
hich
env
isag
es v
esti
ng o
wne
rshi
p to
occ
upan
ts.
Peop
le h
ave
som
e ho
pes
from
thi
s sc
hem
e.
7.2
Geo
tech
nica
l Inv
esti
gati
ons
Site
Ana
lysi
s
The
tech
niqu
es a
nd t
ools
use
d fo
r ge
otec
hnic
al i
nves
tiga
tion
s pr
ovid
e a
deta
iled
anal
ytic
al b
ehav
iour
of
the
site
inc
orpo
rati
ng t
he
fact
or o
f sa
fety
whi
le l
ooki
ng a
t th
e st
anda
rdiz
ed p
roce
ss a
s ad
opte
d un
der
the
IS c
odes
for
scr
utin
izin
g th
e fi
eld
obse
rvat
ions
. Si
nce
mos
t of
the
ava
ilabl
e si
tes
are
posi
tion
ed i
n te
cton
ic e
nvir
onm
ent,
the
inv
esti
gati
ons
wer
e ca
rrie
d ou
t in
ord
er t
o in
crea
se t
he
valid
atio
n of
the
res
ults
and
fut
ure
desi
gn p
aram
eter
s fo
r a
part
icul
ar s
ite.
Apa
rt f
rom
the
loc
atio
nal
para
met
ers,
whi
ch a
ttri
bute
vuln
erab
ility
to
site
fro
m a
djoi
ning
fea
ture
s, t
he l
abor
ator
y te
stin
g of
sam
ples
giv
es a
spe
cifi
c le
ad i
nto
desi
gn p
aram
eter
s an
d an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
var
iabl
es.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-3
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
obje
ctiv
e of
the
geo
tech
nica
l in
vest
igat
ions
was
to
obta
in s
eque
nce
and
exte
nt o
f su
b-so
il an
d to
asc
erta
in t
he c
hara
cter
isti
cs o
f
sub-
soil
so a
s to
arr
ive
at d
esig
n pa
ram
eter
s fo
r th
e fo
unda
tion
s of
pro
pose
d st
ruct
ures
as
wel
l as
und
erst
and
the
geol
ogic
al p
aram
eter
s
that
may
bec
ome
the
dete
rmin
ing
para
met
ers
for
the
site
sui
tabi
lity
anal
ysis
.
The
tech
niqu
es u
sed
for
geo
tech
nica
l inv
esti
gati
ons
com
pris
e of
thr
ee s
eque
ntia
l ste
ps;
Fiel
d Te
stin
g –
SPT
or B
oreh
ole
depe
ndin
g on
the
sit
e co
ndit
ions
whi
le f
ollo
win
g th
e pr
escr
ibed
IS c
odes
Sam
ple
colle
ctio
n an
d la
bora
tory
ana
lysi
s of
sam
ples
for
mec
hani
cal a
nd e
ngin
eeri
ng p
rope
rtie
s
Form
ulat
ion
of d
esig
n pa
ram
eter
s fo
r sa
fety
Brie
f in
trod
ucti
on t
o th
e fi
eld
proc
edur
es a
s w
ell a
s th
e de
fini
ng p
aram
eter
s is
exp
lain
ed a
s un
der:
Stan
dard
Pen
etra
tion
Tes
t
The
test
is
perf
orm
ed i
n th
e bo
reho
le/p
it.
The
stan
dard
spl
it s
poon
sam
pler
, at
tach
ed t
o a
stri
ng o
f dr
ill r
ods
in l
ower
ed t
o th
e
bott
om o
f th
e ho
le/p
it a
nd a
llow
ed t
o re
st u
nder
sel
f w
eigh
t. T
he d
rill
rods
are
con
nect
ed t
o dr
ivin
g as
sem
bly,
whi
ch c
onsi
sts
of
hois
ting
equ
ipm
ent,
a d
rive
wei
ght
(Ham
mer
) of
63.
5 kg
, an
d a
guid
e to
ens
ure
a 75
cm
fre
e fa
ll of
ham
mer
on
an a
nvil.
The
num
ber
of h
amm
er b
low
s re
quir
ed t
o pe
netr
ate
the
sam
pler
thr
ough
thr
ee r
uns
of 1
50 m
m e
ach
are
reco
rded
. In
itia
l dr
ivin
g of
150m
m i
s di
sreg
arde
d an
d th
e nu
mbe
r of
blo
ws
requ
ired
to
driv
e th
e sa
mpl
er t
hrou
gh t
he r
emai
ning
300
mm
is
calle
d BL
OW
COU
NT
or P
ENET
RATI
ON
NU
MBE
R, N
. At
the
end
of
the
test
, th
e sa
mpl
er i
s w
ithd
raw
n an
d th
e so
il ex
trac
ted
for
subs
eque
nt
test
ing
in t
he la
bora
tory
.
Ref
usal
is d
eem
ed t
o ha
ve b
een
met
, if
und
er 5
0 bl
ows,
pen
etra
tion
ach
ieve
d is
les
s th
an 3
0 cm
s.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-4
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
desi
gn o
f a
foun
dati
on u
nit
norm
ally
req
uire
s th
at b
oth
bear
ing
capa
city
and
set
tlem
ent
crit
eria
be
chec
ked.
Bea
ring
cap
acit
y
anal
ysis
for
fou
ndat
ions
res
ting
in b
ould
ry/r
ocky
str
ata
is c
ompl
icat
ed b
y m
any
fact
ors.
The
maj
or d
istr
essi
ng f
acto
rs a
re a
s un
der:
i.El
asti
c co
mpr
essi
on o
f fo
unda
tion
and
und
erly
ing
bear
ing
stra
ta;
ii.G
roun
d m
ovem
ent
on s
lope
s du
e to
ero
sion
, cr
eep
or l
and
slid
es;
iii.
Ingr
ess
of w
ater
may
sof
ten
the
join
t fi
ll m
ater
ial
caus
ing
slip
page
alo
ng t
he j
oint
s;
iv.
Post
con
stru
ctio
n se
ttle
men
ts d
ue t
o lik
ely
wea
ther
ing
of b
ould
ry/r
ocky
str
ata;
v.O
ther
cau
ses
such
as
adja
cent
exc
avat
ion,
min
ing,
sub
side
nce
and
unde
rgro
und
eros
ion
Thus
a h
ighl
y co
nser
vati
ve a
ppro
ach
shou
ld b
e ad
opte
d in
the
bea
ring
cap
acit
y an
alys
is.
By h
ighl
y co
nser
vati
ve a
ppro
ach
we
mea
n th
at
a la
rge
fact
or o
f sa
fety
aga
inst
she
ar f
ailu
re s
houl
d be
ado
pted
and
per
mis
sibl
e se
ttle
men
t sh
ould
be
used
as
low
as
poss
ible
usi
ng
engi
neer
ing
judg
emen
t.
Cert
ain
othe
r pa
ram
eter
s lik
e sh
ear
failu
re a
naly
sis,
set
tlem
ent
anal
ysis
and
oth
er s
ite
spec
ific
iss
ues
are
addr
esse
d in
the
fol
low
ing
sect
ions
of
the
chap
ter.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-5
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
7.3
Site
Spe
cifi
c D
etai
ls
CLU
STER
I
SITE
: SU
LTAN
DAK
I (H
EALT
H C
ENTR
E)
The
Cha
mba
pah
ar s
tand
s gu
ard
to t
he v
illag
e of
Sul
tan
Dak
i, w
hich
is
loca
ted
in b
etw
een
the
kall
a na
llah
sec
tion
(ca
rbon
atio
us s
hale
sequ
ence
dep
icti
ng c
onta
ct w
ith
the
MBT
). T
he v
illag
e of
Sul
tan
Dak
i su
ffer
ed n
ear
com
plet
e da
mag
e to
the
bui
ldin
gs;
incl
udin
g
hous
ing
unit
s, m
asji
ds,
publ
ic i
nfra
stru
ctur
e lik
e he
alth
cen
tre
and
scho
ols.
As
one
appr
oach
es t
owar
ds t
he v
illag
e of
Sul
tan
Dak
i an
open
pro
file
of
carb
onat
ious
mat
eria
l al
ong
the
road
is
seen
wit
h a
littl
e m
oist
ure
cont
ent.
Dur
ing
rain
y se
ason
s th
is z
one
beco
mes
a
slip
ping
zon
e du
e to
the
pro
pert
ies
of t
he c
arbo
nati
ous
mat
eria
l.
The
heal
th c
ente
r co
nstr
ucte
d in
ran
dom
rub
ble
mas
onar
y st
ruct
ure
and
woo
den
roof
col
laps
ed d
urin
g th
e ea
rthq
uake
. Ap
art
from
the
eart
hqua
ke i
nten
sity
, po
or w
orkm
ansh
ip s
eem
s to
be
one
of t
he c
riti
cal
fact
ors
in b
uild
ing
dam
ages
in
the
villa
ge.
The
site
is
appr
oach
able
by
road
at
an a
ltit
ude
of 1
460m
. Th
e si
te h
as a
ver
y m
oder
ate
slop
e i.
e. 1
6% s
lopi
ng t
owar
ds t
he r
oad
and
is q
uite
oft
en
noti
ced
in t
he h
illy
regi
ons.
The
exp
osur
es n
otic
ed a
roun
d th
e si
te w
ere
thos
e of
car
bona
tiou
s m
ater
ial
and
shal
es b
ut n
o pr
omin
ent
feat
ure
is p
rese
nt.
Soil
type
s in
thi
s pa
rt o
f th
e re
gion
are
con
fine
d to
the
loc
al g
eolo
gica
l co
ndit
ions
and
bei
ng c
lose
r to
the
MBT
inte
rfac
e, b
lack
ish
dry
soil
wit
h ag
greg
ates
is
noti
ced.
The
sit
e is
saf
e fr
om a
ny s
hoot
ing
ston
es b
ut a
lit
tle
wor
k fo
r th
e dr
aina
ge
alig
nmen
t m
ay n
eed
to b
e ta
ken
up in
the
imm
edia
te c
atch
men
t of
the
sit
e.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-6
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
COLL
APS
ED H
EALT
H C
ENTR
E A
ND
THE
EXIS
TIN
G S
ITE
SURR
OU
ND
ED B
YTR
EES
At
each
lo
cati
on,
open
pitt
ing
was
don
e up
to a
dept
h of
2.
0 m
. As
pitt
ing
prog
ress
ed
at
each
lo
cati
on,
N-v
alue
s
wer
e ob
serv
ed a
t de
pths
of
1.0
m
and
2.0
m.
Refu
sal
to S
PT w
as m
et
at 2
.0 m
dep
th a
t bo
th
the
loca
tion
s.
Soil
sam
ples
up
to
grav
el
frac
tion
fr
om
diff
eren
t
dept
hs f
rom
wit
hin
the
pits
w
ere
obta
ined
fo
r
subs
eque
nt
anal
ysis
in
the
labo
rato
ry.
The
natu
re o
f st
rata
met
at
diff
eren
t de
pths
is,
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-7
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Stra
ta P
rofi
le
St
rata
Pro
pert
ies
The
supp
orti
ng s
trat
a at
the
sit
e is
Den
se b
ould
ry d
epos
it.
Sinc
e re
fusa
l to
SPT
was
met
in
the
supp
orti
ng s
trat
a at
bot
h th
e lo
cati
ons
and
as s
uch
a va
lue
of N
= 5
0 ca
n
be a
dopt
ed i
n th
e be
arin
g ca
paci
ty a
naly
sis
so a
s to
be
on t
he c
onse
rvat
ive
side
.
Sub-
soil
wat
er w
as n
ot m
et a
t th
e si
te u
pto
the
expl
ored
dep
ths.
As p
er I
S, a
gain
st N
= 5
0, Ø
= 4
0.7o .
Ingr
ess
of w
ater
is
boun
d to
sof
ten
the
Join
t
plan
es e
xist
ing
in r
ocky
str
ata/
boul
dry
stra
ta f
allin
g w
ithi
n si
gnif
ican
t de
pth
of
prop
osed
foo
ting
s. A
s su
ch f
ully
sub
mer
ged
cond
itio
ns a
re b
eing
inc
orpo
rate
d in
the
anal
ysis
.
It i
s a
case
of
wal
l as
wel
l as
col
umn
foot
ings
. Fi
ll ex
ists
upt
o a
dept
h of
1.5
0 m
and
as s
uch
dept
h of
foo
ting
s sh
ould
be
adop
ted
as 1
.50
m.
Loca
tion
D
epth
Ran
ge
Nat
ure
of S
trat
a1
ESL
to 1
.5
Very
Loo
se F
ill b
y SM
1.5
- 2.
0 D
ense
Bou
ldry
dep
osit
2
ESL
to 1
.5
Very
Loo
se F
ill b
y SM
1.
5 -
2.0
Den
se B
ould
ry d
epos
it
Loca
tion
Dep
thfr
om E
SLN
Soil
Com
posi
tion
Att
erbe
rg
Lim
its
(%)
% M
oist
ure
Cont
ent
In m
eter
s
% G
rave
l %
Sand
%
Fine
s LL
PL
Poin
t 1
14
18.7
59.3
22N
on P
last
ic13
250
(bl
ows
for
50 c
m
pene
trat
ion
(ref
usal
)
50.7
40.4
5.9
Non
Pla
stic
10.2
Poin
t 2
13
12.9
5037
.1N
on P
last
ic12
.32
5056
.833
.99.
3N
on P
last
ic8.
7
SITE
INV
ESTI
GA
TIO
NS
INPR
OG
RESS
IN S
ULT
AN
DA
KI
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-8
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
valu
es a
re b
ased
on
the
follo
win
g pa
ram
eter
s.
D
epth
of
Foot
ings
at
each
loca
tion
(D
) =
1.50
m
i)
Stri
p or
Wal
l Foo
ting
s
W
idth
of
foot
ings
= 1
.2 m
, 1.
5 m
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
Si
ze o
f fo
otin
gs (
B x
L) =
1.5
m x
2.0
m
2
.0 m
x 2
.5 m
2.5
m x
3.0
m
Shea
r Fa
ilure
Ana
lysi
s
Ø =
40.
70
Now
,
q n
f
=
q (
Nq
– 1)
Sq
dq +
0.5
B N
S
dW
’
D
=
1
.50
m ;
q =
1.7
x 1
.5 =
2.5
5 t/
m2;
=
2.0
t/m
3 ;
W’
= 0.
5
Sinc
e `Ø
’ is
mor
e th
an 3
60 and
as
such
it is
a c
ase
of G
ener
al S
hear
Fai
lure
. Be
arin
g ca
paci
ty f
acto
rs w
ork
out
to b
e as
und
er:
Nq
= 74
.0;
N
=
132
Com
puta
tion
of
`qns
’ fo
r fo
otin
g pa
ram
eter
s le
adin
g to
its
leas
t va
lue.
The
se p
aram
eter
s ar
e as
und
er:-
B
=
1
.20
m (
Wal
l foo
ting
)
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-9
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
S q
=
S
=
1 (
Stri
p ac
tion
)
D
d q
= d
= 1
+ 0.
1 x
----
Tan
(45
+ Ø
/2)
= 1
.272
B
So,
q nf =
337.
5 t/
m2
Taki
ng
into
co
nsid
erat
ion
the
appr
ehen
sion
s of
ro
cky
stra
ta
asso
ciat
ed
wit
h th
e he
tero
gene
ity,
an
isot
ropy
, de
form
abili
ty
and
unfa
vour
able
roc
k co
ndit
ions
tha
t te
nd t
o in
flue
nce
the
beha
viou
r of
roc
k m
asse
s, a
fac
tor
of s
afet
y of
10
is a
dopt
ed.
Usi
ng F
OS
(fac
tor
of s
afet
y) =
10,
q ns =
33.
8 t/
m2
Obv
ious
ly,
the
valu
es o
f `q
ns’
for
rest
of
foot
ing
para
met
ers
bein
g an
alys
ed s
hall
be g
reat
er t
han
the
abov
e va
lue.
Thu
s, a
llow
able
bear
ing
capa
city
val
ues
are
gove
rned
by
the
sett
lem
ent
crit
eria
.
Sett
lem
ent
Ana
lysi
s
IS :
130
63-1
991
reco
mm
ends
tha
t m
axim
um p
erm
issi
ble
sett
lem
ent
for
foot
ings
re
stin
g on
In
tact
Ro
ck
mas
ses
valu
es c
an b
e ta
ken
as
12m
m.
Hig
her
valu
es c
an b
e ad
opte
d fo
r w
eath
ered
and
dis
inte
grat
ed r
ock
mas
ses
as t
heir
cap
acit
y to
abs
orb
sett
lem
ents
is
mor
e th
an
that
of
inta
ct r
ocks
. Ta
king
int
o co
nsid
erat
ion
the
feed
bac
k of
fie
ld o
bser
vati
ons
a pe
rmis
sibl
e va
lue
of 1
.50
cms
is b
eing
ado
pted
in
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-10
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
the
pres
ent
case
. At
all
thes
e lo
cati
ons,
ref
usal
to
SPT
was
met
at
leve
ls c
over
ing
the
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
valu
es.
As s
uch,
as
a
cons
erva
tive
app
roac
h, b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
anal
ysis
is b
ased
on
N =
50.
The
follo
win
g eq
uati
on is
use
d to
com
pute
`So
b’ v
alue
s.
2
B
S o
b =
14.4
4 (-
----
----
----
-)2
B +
0.3
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
N
-3
14
.44
2B
=
----
----
- (-
----
----
----
-)2
4
7
B +
0.3
2B
= 0.
3072
(--
----
----
----
)2
B +
0.3
`S
ob’
valu
es f
or f
ooti
ng w
idth
s be
ing
anal
ysed
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:-
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- W
idth
(m)
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.
5
S ob(
cms)
0.
79
0.85
0.
93
0.
98
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
To s
atis
fy t
he s
ettl
emen
t cr
iter
ia,
`qn’
val
ues
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:-
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-11
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
gs
1.20
m
1.5
m
q n(t
/m2 )
19
.0
17.6
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
Size
of f
ooti
ngs
1.
5 m
x 2
.0 m
2.
0 m
x 2
.5 m
2.
5 m
x 3
.0 m
q n(t
/m2 )
17.6
16
.1
15
.3
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
RECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
Allo
wab
le B
eari
ng C
apac
ity
Valu
es
Follo
win
g va
lues
of
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
are
valid
for
foo
ting
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.50
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
g
(q
a)N
ET
(qa)
GRO
SS
t
/m2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
20 m
19.0
21
.6
1.50
m
17
.6
22.2
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-12
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Aver
age
valu
e of
(q a
) NET
= 1
8.3
t/m
2 ca
n be
ado
pted
for
des
ign
of f
ound
atio
ns r
esti
ng a
t a
dept
h of
1.5
0 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Size
of
foot
ing
(q
a)N
ET
(q
a)G
ROSS
(B x
L)
t/m
2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
5 m
x 2
.0 m
17.6
20
.2
2.0
m x
2.5
m
16
.1
18.7
2.
5 m
x 3
.0 m
15.3
17
.9
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
An a
vera
ge v
alue
of
(q a
) NET
= 1
6.3
t/m
2ca
nbe
ado
pted
for
des
ign
of f
ound
atio
ns r
esti
ng a
t a
dept
h of
1.5
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
SITE
: SH
AHD
RA (
SCH
OO
L)
Shah
dra
site
is
acce
ssib
le b
y m
otor
able
rou
te t
ill S
arai
fol
low
ed b
y a
path
way
to
the
villa
ge.
The
scho
ol b
uild
ing
suff
ered
com
plet
e
dam
age
duri
ng t
he e
arth
quak
e an
d th
e ex
isti
ng s
ite
is t
he o
nly
avai
labl
e lo
cati
on w
here
the
sch
ool
is p
ropo
sed.
The
sch
ool
serv
es t
he
adjo
inin
g vi
llage
s an
d ha
mle
ts i
n th
e vi
cini
ty.
Shah
dra
scho
ol s
ite
is l
ocat
ed a
t an
alt
itud
e of
138
7m a
nd a
sea
sona
l na
llah
flow
s by
the
side
of
this
sid
e. T
he n
alla
h is
app
roxi
mat
ely
20’
dow
n fr
om t
his
site
and
it
has
no i
mpa
cts
as r
egar
d to
sid
e sl
opes
. Th
e su
ppor
ting
stra
tum
at
the
site
is h
ard
but
fria
ble
rock
.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-13
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Stra
ta P
rofi
le
Prof
ile P
rope
rtie
s
Loca
tion
D
epth
fro
m E
SL
NPo
int
1 In
met
ers
1 50
(bl
ows
for
21 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
2
50 (
blow
s fo
r 14
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)
Poin
t 2
1 50
(bl
ows
for
16 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
2 50
(bl
ows
for
18 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
Po
int
3 1
50 (
blow
s fo
r 7
cm p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
2
50 (
blow
s fo
r 14
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)Po
int
4 1
50 (
blow
s fo
r 19
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)
2 50
(bl
ows
for
24 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
SHA
HD
RA S
CHO
OL
SITE
BEI
NG
INV
ESTI
GA
TED
Poin
t D
epth
(m
) N
atur
e of
Str
ata
1 ES
L to
0.9
CL
(St
iff
clay
)
0.9
- 2.
0
Den
se m
atri
x of
Cob
bles
and
GC
2
ESL
to 0
.6
CL (
Stif
f cl
ay)
0.
6 -
2.0
D
ense
mat
rix
of C
obbl
es a
nd G
C3
ESL
to 0
.6
CL (
Stif
f cl
ay)
0.6
- 2.
0
Den
se m
atri
x of
Cob
bles
and
GC
4 ES
L to
0.7
5 CL
(St
iff
clay
)
0.75
- 2
.0
Den
se m
atri
x of
Cob
bles
and
GC
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-14
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Loca
tion
D
epth
fro
m E
SL
Soil
Com
posi
tion
Att
erbe
rg L
imit
s (%
)M
oist
ure
Cont
ent
Poin
t 1
In m
eter
s %
Gra
vel
% Sa
nd
% Fi
nes
LL
PL
%1
60.3
21
.0
18.7
31
.7
21
9.3
2 50
.7
33
16.3
30
.8
20.5
10
.7
Poin
t 2
1 54
.7
27.5
17
.8
32.1
21
.2
11.7
2
63.7
23
.6
12.7
31
.1
21
10.3
Po
int
3 1
70.4
16
.8
12.8
34
.2
22.8
8.
7 2
60.3
12
.7
27
33
21.9
9.
3 Po
int
4 1
59.3
27
13
.7
35
23
9.3
2 60
.325
14.7
32.8
22.1
10.2
As p
er t
he s
hear
fai
lure
ana
lysi
s, t
he n
et u
ltim
ate
bear
ing
capa
city
is w
orke
d ou
t to
be
277.
9 t/
m2 .
Net
saf
e be
arin
g ca
paci
ty a
gain
st
shea
r fa
ilure
wor
ks o
ut t
o be
27.
80 t
/m2 c
onsi
deri
ng t
he f
acto
r of
saf
ety.
Sett
lem
ent
Ana
lysi
s
`Sob
’ va
lues
for
foo
ting
wid
ths
bein
g an
alys
ed w
ork
out
to b
e as
und
er:-
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- W
idth
(m
) 1.
2 1.
5 2.
0
2.5
Sob
(cm
s)
0.79
0.
85
0.93
0.98
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
To
sat
isfy
the
set
tlem
ent
crit
eria
, `q
n’ v
alue
s w
ork
out
to b
e as
und
er:-
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
gs
1.20
m
1.5
m
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-15
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
q n(t
/m2 )
19
.0
17.6
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- Si
ze o
f foo
ting
s 1.
5 m
x 2
.0 m
2.
0 m
x 2
.5 m
2.
5 m
x 3
.0 m
Qn
(t/m
2 )
17.6
16
.1
15.3
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
RECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
Allo
wab
le B
eari
ng C
apac
ity
Valu
es
Follo
win
g va
lues
of
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
are
valid
for
foo
ting
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.20
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
g
(qa)
NET
(q
a)G
ROSS
t/m
2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
20 m
19.0
21
.0
1.50
m
17
.6
19.6
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Aver
age
valu
e of
(q a
) NET
= 1
8.3
t/m
2 ca
n be
ado
pted
for
des
ign
of f
ound
atio
ns r
esti
ng a
t a
dept
h of
1.2
0 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Size
of
foot
ing
(q
a)N
ET
(q a
) GRO
SS
(B
x L)
t/
m2
t/
m2
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-16
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
5 m
x 2
.0 m
17.6
19
.6
2.0
m x
2.5
m
16
.1
18.1
2.
5 m
x 3
.0 m
15.3
17
.3
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- An
ave
rage
val
ue o
f (q
a)N
ET =
16.
3 t/
m2
can
be a
dopt
ed f
or d
esig
n of
fou
ndat
ions
res
ting
at a
dep
th o
f 1.
2 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
SITE
: BA
SIG
RAN
(SC
HO
OL)
Basi
gran
vill
age
is e
nrou
te t
o Sa
rai,
the
las
t
dest
inat
ion
for
mot
orab
le r
oute
on
this
rou
te.
The
site
is
an
el
onga
ted
patc
h of
la
nd
follo
wed
by
seri
es o
f pa
tche
s va
ryin
g 10
-12’
thic
k te
rrac
es d
ownw
ards
fro
m t
he s
ite.
The
rock
ex
posu
res
are
seen
at
th
e ro
ad
head
incl
inin
g to
war
ds t
he s
ite
whe
reas
no
shoo
ting
ston
es o
r ro
ck f
all
zone
s ar
e no
tice
d in
the
vici
nity
of
the
site
. Th
e ge
otec
hnic
al
BASI
GRA
N SC
HO
OL
–RE
TRO
FITT
ED BU
ILD
ING
IS
SE
EN
IN
ENCL
OSE
D W
HIT
E BO
X
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-17
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
inve
stig
atio
ns a
lso
sugg
este
d th
at a
t ab
out
2m d
epth
the
str
ata
is i
ncom
pres
sibl
e as
per
the
sta
ndar
d pr
oced
ures
of
test
ing.
A s
easo
nal
nalla
h fl
ows
by t
he s
ide
of t
he s
ite.
Sub
-soi
l w
ater
str
ata
wer
e no
t m
et a
t th
e si
te u
pto
a de
pth
of 3
.5 m
eter
s. T
he s
trat
a at
thi
s si
te i
s
laye
red
wit
h cl
ay f
ill,
very
sti
ff c
lay
and
inco
mpr
essi
ble
stra
ta.
Stra
ta P
rofi
le
Poin
tD
epth
(m
)N
atur
e of
Str
ata
1ES
L to
0.9
Fill
by c
laye
y so
il
0.9
-2.
0 CI
(St
iff
clay
)
Beyo
nd 2
.0In
com
pres
sibl
e st
rata
2
ESL
to 1
.2Fi
ll by
cla
yey
soil
1.
2 -
3.5
CI (
Stif
f cl
ay)
Be
yond
3.5
Inco
mpr
essi
ble
stra
ta
3ES
L to
1.2
Fill
by c
laye
y so
il
1.2
-2.
5CI
(St
iff
clay
)
Beyo
nd 2
.5In
com
pres
sibl
e st
rata
4
ESL
to 0
.9Fi
ll by
cla
yey
soil
0.
9-
2.0
Fria
ble
rock
(C
ompo
sed
of C
I)
Beyo
nd 2
.0In
com
pres
sibl
e st
rata
Prof
ile P
rope
rtie
s
Loca
tion
D
epth
fro
m E
SL
NSo
il Co
mpo
siti
onA
tter
berg
Lim
its
(%)
Moi
stur
e Co
nten
tPo
int
1 In
met
ers
%
Sand
%
Silt
%
Clay
LL
PL
%
0.90
10
13.2
67.7
19.1
37
24.3
12.1
2 28
11
42
17
36
.1
23.2
12
.1
Poin
t 2
1 5
10.6
68
.4
21
41
24.3
11
.9
2 16
1057
.322
.7
42.4
25.5
11.9
3 20
13
.2
68.1
18
.7
37.4
24
.1
10.8
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-18
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Loca
tion
D
epth
fro
m E
SL
NSo
il Co
mpo
siti
onA
tter
berg
Lim
its
(%)
Moi
stur
e Co
nten
t
3.5
50 (
blow
s fo
r 23
cm
pe
netr
atio
n (r
efus
al)
Inco
mpr
essi
ble
stra
ta
Po
int
3 1
6 11
.3
64.7
24
44
25
12
.5
2 17
9.6
67.7
22.7
42
.924
.412
.5
2.5
50 b
low
s be
twee
n 2
to 2
.5 m
ts
Inco
mpr
essi
ble
stra
ta
Po
int
4 1
39
13.9
64
.1
22
43.2
24
.8
11.5
2 50
blo
ws
Inco
mpr
essi
ble
stra
ta
Shea
r Fa
ilure
Ana
lysi
s
The
valu
e of
`q n
s’ i
s go
vern
ed b
y th
e sh
ear
stre
ngth
cha
ract
eris
tics
of
the
supp
orti
ng s
trat
a. L
ocat
ion
wis
e, t
he n
atur
e of
sup
port
ing
stra
ta a
nd t
he c
orre
spon
ding
gov
erni
ng s
hear
str
engt
h pa
ram
eter
s ar
e gi
ven
here
und
er:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-Lo
cati
on
Nat
ure
of S
trat
a
G
over
ning
She
ar
Stre
ngth
Par
amet
ers
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- Lo
c-1
CI
C u
= 0
.46
Kg/c
m2
Loc-
2
CI
C
u =
0.53
Kg/
cm2
Loc-
3
CI
C
u =
0.55
Kg/
cm2
Lo
c-4
Fria
ble
Rock
N =
39
Ø =
38.
5o (
As p
er IS
) --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
O
bvio
usly
, C
u =
0.46
Kg/
cm2le
ads
to c
onse
rvat
ive
valu
es o
f `q
ns’.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-19
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Now
,
q n
f =
C u x N
c x
S c x
dc
N
c =
Bear
ing
Capa
city
fac
tor
= 5.
14 (
undr
aine
d co
ndit
ions
)
S c
= S
hape
fac
tor
d c
= D
epth
fac
tor
= 1
+ 0.
2 x
D/B
Usi
ng F
OS
= 2.
5,
q n
s=
9.45
76 x
Sc
x d c
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s
S c
= 1
(St
rip
acti
on)
`q
ns’
valu
es f
or f
ooti
ng w
idth
s be
ing
anal
ysed
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
W
idth
of
foot
ing
d c
q n
s (t
/m2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
1.
05 m
1.
229
11.6
1.
20 m
1.
20
11.3
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
S c
= 1
+ 0
.2 x
B/L
`q
ns’
valu
es f
or f
ooti
ng s
izes
bei
ng a
naly
sed
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-20
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
Si
ze o
f fo
otin
g
S c
d c
q ns
(t/m
2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
1.
2 m
x 1
.5 m
1.
16
1.
20
13.2
1.
5 m
x 1
.8 m
1.
167
1.
16
12.8
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
Sett
lem
ent
Ana
lysi
s
The
valu
e of
`q n
’ is
gov
erne
d by
the
phy
sica
l an
d co
mpr
essi
bilit
y ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
the
str
ata
falli
ng w
ithi
n th
e si
gnif
ican
t de
pth
of
prop
osed
fou
ndat
ions
. Re
sult
s of
she
ar f
ailu
re a
naly
sis
lead
to
the
conc
lusi
on t
hat
if f
ollo
win
g pa
ram
eter
s sa
tisf
y se
ttle
men
t cr
iter
ia,
then
the
res
t of
the
par
amet
ers
bein
g an
alys
ed a
lso
sati
sfy
sett
lem
ent
crit
eria
und
er id
enti
cal
cond
itio
ns.
a)
Wal
l Foo
ting
B =
1.2
m
q n =
qns
= 1
1.3
t/m
2
b)
Colu
mn
Foot
ing
B
x L
= 1.
5 m
x 1
.8 m
q n
= q
ns =
12.
8 t/
m2
Peru
sal o
f th
e da
ta s
how
s th
at c
hara
cter
isti
cs o
f Lo
c-2
are
crit
ical
w.r
.t.
sett
lem
ent
anal
ysis
.
Follo
win
g ex
pres
sion
is u
sed
to c
ompu
te s
ettl
emen
t of
foo
ting
s un
der
load
s.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-21
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
H
x C
có
+
Se
tt.
= --
----
----
----
Log
---
----
----
----
x D
f x
1
+ e
oó
As
per
BIS
reco
mm
enda
tion
s, m
axim
um p
erm
issi
ble
sett
lem
ent
valu
es f
or W
all
and
colu
mns
foo
ting
s re
stin
g on
cla
ys c
an b
e ta
ken
as 6
.0
cms.
and
7.5
cm
s re
spec
tive
ly .
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s
q n = q
ns =
11.
3 t/
m2
Sett
. =
5.
40 c
ms
< 6.
0 cm
s, O
’k
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
q n =
qns
= 1
2.8
t/m
2
Sett
. =
5.
43 c
ms
< 7.
5 cm
s, O
’k
RECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
Allo
wab
le B
eari
ng C
apac
ity
Valu
es
Follo
win
g va
lues
of
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
are
valid
for
foo
ting
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.2
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-W
idth
of
foot
ings
(q a
) NET
(t/
m2 )
(q
a)G
ROSS
(t/m
2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-22
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
1.05
m
11
.6
1
3.6
1.20
m
11
.3
1
3.3
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
An
aver
age
valu
e of
(q
a)N
ET =
11.
5 t/
m2
can
be a
dopt
ed f
or d
esig
n of
fou
ndat
ions
res
ting
at
a de
pth
of 1
.2 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
ii)
C
olum
n Fo
otin
gs
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- Si
ze o
f fo
otin
gs
(qa)
NET
(q
a)G
ROSS
t/m
2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
2 m
x 1
.5 m
13.2
15
.2
1.5
m x
1.8
m
12
.8
14.8
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
An
aver
age
valu
e of
(q a
) NET
= 1
3.0
t/m
2 m
ay b
e ad
opte
d fo
r de
sign
of
foun
dati
ons
rest
ing
at a
dep
th o
f 1.
2 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
CLU
STER
II
SITE
: G
OAL
TA (
HEA
LTH
CEN
TRE)
Geo
grap
hica
lly a
nd t
radi
tion
ally
Gw
alta
vill
age
is c
lass
ifie
d in
to
thre
e se
ctio
ns c
ompr
isin
g of
dif
fere
nt p
atti
’s -
Gw
alth
a A
incl
udin
g
Dap
atti
and
Sau
garh
; B
incl
udin
g M
oori
patt
i an
d C
incl
udin
g Kh
alsa
Pat
ti /
Hun
di P
atti
& B
hata
kot.
The
vill
age
is l
ocat
ed o
ver
Mur
ree
grou
p of
roc
ks a
nd s
prea
d on
fai
rly
stee
p ba
nks
of G
oalt
a N
alla
h. T
he e
xist
ing
mak
e sh
ift
sub
cent
re is
ope
rati
onal
in H
undi
Pat
ti.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-23
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Khal
sa
Patt
i:
Khal
sa
patt
i is
appr
oach
able
by
road
an
d th
e si
te
is
loca
ted
at
an
alti
tude
of 1
560m
. Th
is s
ite
has
been
on
e of
th
e
favo
urab
le
site
s as
fa
r
as
acce
ssib
ility
is
conc
erne
d to
th
e
exis
ting
su
b ce
ntre
in
hund
i pa
tti.
Th
e
alti
tude
di
ffer
ence
betw
een
the
two
site
s
is
appr
oxim
atel
y 21
5
m.
In p
rinc
iple
, th
e lo
wer
ord
er f
acili
ty s
houl
d be
clo
ser
and
linke
d to
the
hig
her
orde
r fa
cilit
y, w
hich
is
avai
labl
e in
Uri
, a
dist
ance
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 17
km
s fr
om G
ohal
ta.
The
site
is a
n el
onga
ted
agri
cult
ural
ter
race
and
ver
y sa
fe in
ter
ms
of a
djoi
ning
fea
ture
s.
Hun
di P
atti
: As
per
the
loc
als,
cra
cks
have
dev
elop
ed a
t th
e to
p of
the
rid
ge a
nd it
als
o re
sult
ed in
roc
kfal
l to
war
ds t
he v
illag
e as
a p
ost
eart
hqua
ke e
vent
als
o. T
he r
ock
outc
rop
of s
hale
and
met
abas
ics
is s
een
in t
he v
icin
ity
of t
he s
ite,
whi
ch a
re t
he p
roba
ble
wea
ker
zone
s in
cas
e of
a m
ild e
arth
quak
e or
hea
vy r
ains
. Th
e sl
opes
are
fai
rly
on h
ighe
r si
de a
djoi
ning
the
sit
e w
hich
is
loca
ted
at 1
775
mts
.
SITE
AT
KHA
LSA
PA
TTI,
GW
ALT
A A
CCES
SIBL
E TH
ROU
GH
A R
OA
D.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-24
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
site
ha
s a
mod
erat
e sl
ope
and
is
also
al
igne
d
tow
ards
th
e va
lley
side
. Th
e si
te
soil
cond
itio
ns
indi
cate
d cl
ayey
soi
l w
ith
dens
e m
atri
x of
big
bou
lder
s
and
GC.
The
soil
cond
itio
ns f
or b
oth
the
site
s is
of
sim
ilar
type
and
cons
titu
tes
of S
oft
clay
Fill
(C
L) c
onti
nuin
g ti
ll th
e
dept
h of
1.5
m a
nd d
ense
mat
rix
of b
ig b
ould
ers
and
GC
till
2m.
No
rock
out
crop
in
the
near
vic
init
y is
see
n.
AD
JOIN
ING
FEA
TURE
S –R
OCK
OU
TCRO
P –A
ROU
ND
TH
E SI
TE IN
HU
ND
I PA
TTI
SITE
AT
HU
ND
I PA
TTI,
GW
ALT
A
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-25
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Stra
ta P
rofi
le
Loca
tion
Po
int
Dep
th (
M)
Nat
ure
of S
trat
a
Gw
alta
Hea
lth
Cent
re (
Khal
sa
Patt
i)
1 ES
L to
1.5
So
ft c
lay
Fill
(CL)
1.
5 -
2.0
Den
se m
atri
x of
Big
Bo
ulde
rs a
nd G
C 2
ESL
to 1
.5
Soft
cla
y Fi
ll (C
L)
1.
5 -
2.0
Den
se m
atri
x of
Big
Bo
ulde
rs a
nd G
C
Gw
alta
Hea
lth
Cent
re (
Hun
di
Patt
i)
3 ES
L to
1.5
So
ft c
lay
Fill
(CL)
1.5
-2.
0D
ense
mat
rix
of B
ig
Boul
ders
and
GC
4ES
L to
0.5
Soft
cla
y Fi
ll (C
L)
0.
5 -
2.0
Den
se m
atri
x of
Big
Bo
ulde
rs a
nd G
C
Prof
ile P
rope
rtie
s Lo
cati
on
Dep
th f
rom
ESL
N
Soil
Com
posi
tion
At
terb
erg
Lim
its
(%)
Moi
stur
e Co
nten
t
In m
eter
s
% Sa
nd%
Silt
% Cl
ayLL
PL%
Poin
t 1
1 4
- 9.
3 87
.7
34
23.1
13
.9
1.5
50 b
low
s fo
r 18
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)57
.4
20.4
22
.2
27.8
20
12
.7
Poin
t 2
1 3
-13
.686
.429
.620
.310
.91.
5 50
blo
ws
for
12 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
70.3
11
18
.7
30.2
21
12
.8
Poin
t 3
150
blo
ws
for
16 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
76
7.9
17.1
29
.9
20.7
10
.9
1.5
50 b
low
s fo
r 17
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)66
11.2
22.8
28.6
20.3
10.6
Poin
t 4
150
blo
ws
for
20 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
66
12.3
21
.7
28.9
20
.4
12.6
1.
550
blo
ws
for
16 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
56
14.3
29
.7
29.5
20
.3
9.2
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-26
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Und
er t
he s
hear
fai
lure
ana
lysi
s, t
he n
et u
ltim
ate
bear
ing
capa
city
is
wor
ked
out
to b
e 33
7.5
t/m
2 . N
et s
afe
bear
ing
capa
city
aga
inst
shea
r fa
ilure
wor
ks o
ut t
o be
33.
80 t
/m2 c
onsi
deri
ng t
he f
acto
r of
saf
ety.
The
val
ues
of `
q ns’
for
res
t of
foo
ting
par
amet
ers
bein
g
anal
ysed
sha
ll be
gre
ater
tha
n th
e ab
ove
valu
e. T
hus,
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
valu
es a
re g
over
ned
by s
ettl
emen
t cr
iter
ia.
As p
er t
he s
ettl
emen
t cr
iter
ia a
nd u
sing
the
pre
scri
bed
equa
tion
s as
dis
cuss
ed e
arlie
r, `
S ob’
valu
es f
or f
ooti
ng w
idth
s be
ing
anal
ysed
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:-
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- W
idth
(m)
1.
2 1.
5 2.
0
2.5
S ob(c
ms)
0.
79
0.85
0.
93
0.
98
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
To
sat
isfy
the
set
tlem
ent
crit
eria
, `q
n’ va
lues
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:-
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
gs
1.20
m
1.5
m
q n(t
/m2 )
22
.2
20.6
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Siz
e of
foo
ting
s
1.5
m x
2.0
m
2.0
m x
2.5
m
2.5
m x
3.0
m
q n(t
/m2 )
20.6
18
.8
17.9
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-27
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
RECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
Allo
wab
le B
eari
ng C
apac
ity
Valu
es
Follo
win
g va
lues
of
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
are
valid
for
foo
ting
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.50
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
g
(qa) N
ET
(q
a) GRO
SS
t/m
2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
20 m
22.2
24
.8
1.50
m
20
.6
23.2
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Aver
age
valu
e of
(q a) N
ET =
21.
4 t/
m2m
ay b
e ad
opte
d fo
r de
sign
of
foun
dati
ons
rest
ing
at a
dep
th o
f 1.
50 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Size
of
foot
ing
(q
a )N
ET
(qa
) GRO
SS
(B x
L)
t/m
2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
5 m
x 2
.0 m
20.6
23
.2
2.0
m x
2.5
m
18
.8
21.4
2.
5 m
x 3
.0 m
17.9
20
.5
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
An a
vera
ge v
alue
of
(qa)
NET
= 1
9.1
t/m
2 m
ay b
e ad
opte
d fo
r de
sign
of
foun
dati
ons
rest
ing
at a
dep
th o
f 1.
50 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-28
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
SITE
: D
ARD
KOT
(SCH
OO
L)
DA
RDKO
T SI
TE1
–AN
EWLY
CO
NST
RUCT
ED H
OU
SE,A
DJO
ININ
G T
HE
SCH
OO
L SI
TE.
THE
SITE
IS E
NCL
OSE
D B
ETW
EEN
BA
SE R
OCK
S A
ND
ISIN
DIC
ATE
D B
YA
RRO
WS
The
villa
ge i
s lo
cate
d al
ong
the
uppe
r ba
nks
of d
ardk
ot n
alla
h, t
ribu
tary
of
Naw
a ru
ndan
str
eam
and
res
ts o
ver
a te
rrac
e of
mod
erat
ely
slop
ing
hills
of
mur
ree
grou
p of
roc
ks.
The
low
er p
otio
n of
the
vill
age
is s
prea
d ov
er t
his
plat
eau
like
terr
ace.
Int
ense
ly f
olde
d se
ctio
ns
are
seen
in t
his
stre
tch
look
ing
tow
ards
NE.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-29
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
scho
ol s
ite
is l
ocat
ed a
long
the
roa
d to
the
villa
ge o
ver
a te
rrac
e w
ith
a th
ickn
ess
of a
roun
d 20
’
wit
h br
eaks
of
6’an
d 12
’ ea
ch.
Dar
dkot
is w
ater
ric
h
pock
et,
a ca
nal
runs
bes
ide
the
scho
ol s
ite.
The
sit
e
is t
otal
ly e
nclo
sed
betw
een
the
base
roc
ks v
isib
le a
t
the
site
, w
hich
are
als
o fr
om t
he m
urre
e gr
oup
of
rock
s. B
etw
een
thes
e ar
e se
en t
he r
ock
expo
sure
s
and
loos
e pr
ofile
.
LOO
KIN
G N
WO
FD
ARD
KOT
SCH
OO
L –R
OA
DTO
NA
WA
ISSH
OW
N
WIT
H W
HIT
E LI
NE
AN
D F
OLD
ED S
EQU
ENCE
OF
ROCK
S IS
SEE
N
ABO
VE
Ther
e ar
e an
othe
r tw
o si
tes
in s
erie
s. T
he s
econ
d
one
is t
he l
and
whe
re t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
of a
thr
ee-
room
bu
ildin
g fo
r m
iddl
e sc
hool
ha
s be
en
com
plet
ed.
Her
e ro
ck e
xpos
ures
are
see
n in
the
back
grou
nd a
nd t
he s
ite
mor
phol
ogy
is a
gain
of
very
mod
erat
e sl
ope
wit
h ir
regu
lar
plot
s, w
hich
is v
ery
com
mon
.
Stra
ta P
rofi
le
Loca
tion
Po
int
Dep
th (
m)
Nat
ure
of S
trat
aD
ardk
ot S
choo
l - 1
(Kam
ar A
li La
nd)
1ES
L to
1.5
CI
(St
iff
clay
)
1.5
- 2.
0 D
ense
Bou
ldry
Str
ata
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-30
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
2
ESL
to 0
.6
CL (
Stif
f cl
ay)
0.6
- 2.
0 Bi
g Bo
ulde
rs h
avin
g gr
avel
y cl
ay a
s an
inte
rven
ing
mat
eria
l (D
ense
Mat
rix)
3ES
L to
0.7
CL
(St
iff
clay
)
0.
7 -
2.0
Big
Boul
ders
hav
ing
grav
ely
clay
as
an in
terv
enin
g m
ater
ial (
Den
se M
atri
x)
Dar
dkot
Sch
ool –
2 (M
ir A
hmed
Lan
d)
4ES
L to
1.1
CL
(St
iff
clay
)
1.
1 -
2.0
Big
Boul
ders
hav
ing
grav
ely
clay
as
an in
terv
enin
g m
ater
ial (
Den
se M
atri
x)
Dar
dkot
Sch
ool –
3 (A
li Kh
an's
Land
) 5
ESL
to 1
.0
CL (
Stif
f cl
ay)
1.0
- 2.
0 Bi
g Bo
ulde
rs h
avin
g gr
avel
y cl
ay a
s an
inte
rven
ing
mat
eria
l (D
ense
Mat
rix)
6ES
L to
0.9
CL
(To
p La
yer
of c
lay
of lo
w p
last
icit
y)
0.9
-2.
0Bi
g Bo
ulde
rs h
avin
g gr
avel
y cl
ay a
s an
inte
rven
ing
mat
eria
l (D
ense
Mat
rix)
7
ESL
to 0
.7
CL (
Top
Laye
r of
cla
y of
low
pla
stic
ity)
0.
7 -
2.0
Cl
ay S
hale
(Co
mpo
sed
of C
L)
Stra
ta P
rope
rtie
s Lo
cati
on
Dep
th f
rom
ESL
N
So
il Co
mpo
siti
onA
tter
berg
Lim
its
(%)
Moi
stur
e Co
nten
t D
ardk
ot
In m
eter
s
% Sa
nd
% Si
lt
% Cl
ay
LL
PL
%
Site
1
1 10
4
9.2
86.8
36
.8
24.3
15
2
50 b
low
s fo
r 1
6 cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)
60.3
21
18
.7
30.7
20
.3
12.7
1
50 b
low
s fo
r 2
1 cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)
58.1
10
.1
31.4
37
.3
24.5
12
.4
2 50
blo
ws
for
12
cm p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
64.3
9 26
.734
23.1
11.8
Site
2
1 50
blo
ws
for
17
cm p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
60
.2
8.7
31.1
38
.3
24.4
12
2
50 b
low
s fo
r 1
4 cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)
67.3
7.
6 25
.1
37.1
23
.9
10.8
1
50 b
low
s fo
r 2
0 cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)25
11.7
63
.338
.724
.514
2 50
blo
ws
for
18
cm p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
70
.2
8.9
20.9
35
.3
23.4
10
.1
Site
3
1 50
blo
ws
for
16
cm p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
56
.3
11.2
35
.5
36.2
23
.8
10.7
2
50 b
low
s fo
r 1
2 cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)67
.89.
6 22
.637
.124
.29.
3
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-31
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
DA
RDKO
T SC
HO
OL
SITE
2
–M
USH
TAQ
M
IR’S
LAN
D.
THE
BRO
WN
EN
CLO
SED
BO
X IN
DIC
ATE
S TW
O B
UIL
DIN
GS
WH
ICH
WER
ED
AM
AG
ED D
URI
NG
TH
E EA
RTH
QU
AKE
AN
D T
HE
WH
ITE
BOX
IND
ICA
TES
THE
NEW
LY C
ON
STR
UCT
ED B
LOCK
.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-32
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Shea
r Fa
ilure
Ana
lysi
s
Lo
cati
on w
ise
gove
rnin
g pa
ram
eter
s ar
e as
und
er:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Loca
tion
N
atur
e of
Str
ata
G
over
ning
Par
amet
ers
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Loc
-1
CI
Cu
= 0.
48 K
g/cm
2
Loc-
2
Boul
dry
Stra
ta
N =
50
; Ø
= 4
0.7o
(As
per
IS)
Loc-
3
Boul
dry
Stra
ta
N =
50
; Ø
= 4
0.7o
(As
per
IS)
Loc-
4
Boul
dry
Stra
ta
N =
50
; Ø
= 4
0.7o
(As
per
IS)
Loc-
5
Boul
dry
Stra
ta
N =
50
; Ø
= 4
0.7o
(As
per
IS)
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
It is
Jud
icio
us a
s w
ell
as J
usti
fiab
le t
o ba
se t
he a
naly
sis
on t
he d
ata
repr
esen
ting
the
lea
st f
avou
rabl
e co
ndit
ion.
Thi
s co
ndit
ion
pert
ains
to t
he d
ata
of L
oc-1
.
As
suc
h, C
u
= 0.
48 k
g/cm
2 le
ads
to c
onse
rvat
ive
valu
es o
f q n
s.
Now
,
q n
f =
C u
x N
c x
S c x
dc
N
c =
Bea
ring
Cap
acit
y Fa
ctor
=
5.14
(U
ndra
ined
con
diti
ons)
S c
=
Sha
pe f
acto
r =
1 +0
.2 x
B/L
d c
=
Dep
th f
acto
r =
1 +
0.2
x D
/B
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-33
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Usi
ng F
OS
= 2.
5,
q n
s
= 9
.868
8 x
S c x
dc
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s
S c
=
1 (
Stri
p ac
tion
)
`q
ns’
valu
es f
or f
ooti
ng w
idth
s be
ing
anal
ysed
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
W
idth
of
foot
ing
d c
q ns (
t/m
2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
1.
05 m
1.
229
12.1
1.
20 m
1.
20
11.8
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
S c
=
1 +
0.2
x B
/L
`q
ns’
valu
es f
or f
ooti
ng s
izes
bei
ng a
naly
sed
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
Si
ze o
f fo
otin
g
S c
d c
q
ns (
t/m
2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
1.
2 m
x 1
.5 m
1.16
1.20
13
.7
1.5
m x
1.8
m
1.
167
1.
16
13.3
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-34
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Sett
lem
ent
Ana
lysi
s
The
val
ue o
f `q
n’ i
s go
vern
ed b
y th
e ph
ysic
al a
nd c
ompr
essi
bilit
y ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
the
str
ata
falli
ng w
ithi
n th
e si
gnif
ican
t de
pth
of
prop
osed
fou
ndat
ions
. Re
sult
s of
she
ar f
ailu
re a
naly
sis
lead
to
the
conc
lusi
on t
hat
if f
ollo
win
g pa
ram
eter
s sa
tisf
y se
ttle
men
t cr
iter
ia,
then
the
res
t of
the
par
amet
ers
bein
g an
alys
ed a
lso
sati
sfy
sett
lem
ent
crit
eria
und
er id
enti
cal c
ondi
tion
s.
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
B
= 1.
20 m
q n
= q
ns =
11.
8 t/
m2
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ing
B
x L
= 1.
5 m
x 1
.8 m
q n
= q
ns =
13.
3 t/
m2
Per
usal
of
the
data
sho
ws
that
cha
ract
eris
tics
of
Loc-
1 ar
e cr
itic
al w
.r.t
. se
ttle
men
t an
alys
is.
Follo
win
g ex
pres
sion
s ar
e us
ed t
o co
mpu
te s
ettl
emen
t of
foo
ting
s un
der
load
s.
a)
Clay
Lay
er
H
x C
có
+
Se
tt.
= --
----
----
----
Log
---
----
----
----
x D
fx
....
....
....
..(1
)
1
+ e o
ó
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-35
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
b)
Boul
dry/
Roc
ky L
ayer
Se
tt.
= S o
x
t
.
....
....
....
..(2
)
As
a co
nser
vati
ve a
ppro
ach,
max
imum
per
mis
sibl
e se
ttle
men
t va
lue
for
the
laye
red
syst
em g
over
ning
set
tlem
ent
can
be a
dopt
ed a
s
2.50
cm
s.
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s
q n =
qns
= 1
1.8
t/m
2
S 1
= Se
tt.
due
to L
ayer
I =
1.49
cm
s
S 2
= Se
tt.
due
to L
ayer
II
= 0.
68 c
ms
S t
= 2.
17 c
ms
< 2.
5 cm
s, O
’k
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
q n
= q
ns =
13.
3 t/
m2
S 1
= Se
tt.
due
to L
ayer
I =
1.42
cm
s
S 2
= Se
tt.
due
to L
ayer
II
= 0.
78 c
ms
S t
= 2.
20 c
ms
< 2.
5 cm
s, O
’k
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-36
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
RECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
Allo
wab
le B
eari
ng C
apac
ity
Valu
es
Follo
win
g va
lues
of
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
are
valid
for
foo
ting
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.2
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
gs
(q
a) NET
(qa) G
ROSS
t/
m2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
1.
05 m
12.1
14
.1
1.20
m
11
.8
13.8
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
An a
vera
ge v
alue
of
(qa) N
ET =
12.
0 t/
m2
may
be
adop
ted
for
desi
gn o
f fo
unda
tion
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.2
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Size
of
foot
ings
(q
a) NET
(qa) G
ROSS
t/m
2
t/
m2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
1.2
m x
1.5
m
13.7
15
.7
1.
5 m
x 1
.8 m
13
.3
15.3
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
An a
vera
ge v
alue
of
(qa)
NET
= 1
3.5
t/m
2 m
ay b
e ad
opte
d fo
r de
sign
of
foun
dati
ons
rest
ing
at a
dep
th o
f 1.
2 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-37
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Clus
ter
III
SITE
: G
OH
ALAN
(H
IGH
SCH
OO
L)
Goh
alan
vi
llage
is
on
e am
ongs
t th
e
fart
hest
of
al
l th
e pr
ogra
mm
e vi
llage
s
and
is
loca
ted
at
an
alti
tude
ra
ngin
g
from
185
0m t
o 19
90m
. Th
e ot
her
two
site
s i.
e.
near
m
asji
d an
d ol
d sc
hool
build
ing
are
not
amon
g th
e fa
vour
able
s
amon
g th
e co
mm
unit
y du
e to
th
eir
conc
erns
reg
ardi
ng s
ecur
ity/
safe
ty.
The
prob
able
si
te
for
the
high
sc
hool
is
a
stab
le
terr
ace
of
muc
h in
el
onga
ted
shap
e an
d ge
nera
lly a
fla
t la
nd.
A lo
cal
nalla
h fl
ows
by t
he s
ide
of t
he s
ite.
The
rock
ou
tcro
p is
ob
serv
ed
in
the
back
grou
nd o
f th
e si
te,
the
rock
typ
es a
re l
arge
ly q
uart
zite
and
mur
ree
shal
e gr
oup.
A d
ense
mat
rix
of c
obbl
es a
nd G
C w
as o
bser
ved
till
the
top
laye
r fo
llow
ed b
y bi
g bo
ulde
rs (
sand
ston
e) a
nd G
C.
H
IGH
SCH
OO
L SI
TE IN
GO
HA
LAN. A
STR
EAM
FLO
WS
ALO
NG
TH
E SI
TE IN
DIC
ATE
D W
ITH
BLU
E LI
NE
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-38
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Stra
ta P
rofi
le
Site
Po
int
Dep
th (
m)
Nat
ure
of S
trat
a G
ohal
an H
igh
Scho
ol
1ES
L -
2.0
D
ense
mat
rix
of B
ig B
ould
ers
and
GC
2
ESL
- 1.
0 D
ense
mat
rix
of C
obbl
es a
nd G
C
1.0
- 2.
0 D
ense
mat
rix
of B
ig B
ould
ers
and
GC
3
ESL
- 2.
0
Den
se m
atri
x of
Big
Bou
lder
s an
d G
C
Prof
ile P
rope
rtie
s
Loca
tion
D
epth
fro
m E
SL
NSo
il Co
mpo
siti
onAt
terb
erg
Lim
its
(%)
Moi
stur
e Co
nten
t
In m
eter
s
% Sa
nd
% Si
lt
% Cl
ay
LL
PL
%Po
int
1 1
15 b
low
s fo
r 17
cm
pen
etra
tion
62
13
.9
24.1
37
.4
24.4
11
.2
2 15
blo
ws
for
12 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
7018
.5
11.5
36.8
2410
.8Po
int
2 1
15 b
low
s fo
r 18
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)60
12
.9
27.1
32
.7
22.4
11
2
15 b
low
s fo
r 13
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)58
24
.40
17.6
36
.2
23.8
10
.1
Poin
t 3
1 15
blo
ws
for
12 c
m p
enet
rati
on(r
efus
al)
58.4
15.7
25
.931
.723
.77.
82
15 b
low
s fo
r 9
cm p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
60
.3
16.3
23
.4
32.4
22
.5
8.6
Und
er t
he s
hear
fai
lure
ana
lysi
s, t
he n
et u
ltim
ate
bear
ing
capa
city
is
wor
ked
out
to b
e 27
7.9
t/m
2 . N
et s
afe
bear
ing
capa
city
aga
inst
shea
r fa
ilure
wor
ks o
ut t
o be
27.
80 t
/m2
cons
ider
ing
the
fact
or o
f sa
fety
. Th
e va
lues
of
`qns
’ fo
r re
st o
f fo
otin
g pa
ram
eter
s be
ing
anal
ysed
sha
ll be
gre
ater
tha
n th
e ab
ove
valu
e. T
hus,
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
valu
es a
re g
over
ned
by s
ettl
emen
t cr
iter
ia.
Sett
lem
ent
Anal
ysis
indi
cate
the
fol
low
ing
resu
lts:
`Sob
’ va
lues
for
foo
ting
wid
ths
bein
g an
alys
ed w
ork
out
to b
e as
und
er:-
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-39
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- W
idth
(m)
1.
2 1.
5 2.
0
2.5
Sob
(cm
s)
0.79
0.
85
0.93
0.98
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
To
sat
isfy
the
set
tlem
ent
crit
eria
, `q
n’ va
lues
wor
k ou
t to
be
as u
nder
:-
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
gs
1.20
m
1.5
m
q n(t
/m2 )
20
.3
18.8
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- Si
ze o
f fo
otin
gs
1.5
m x
2.0
m
2.0
m x
2.5
m
2.5
m x
3.0
m
q n(t
/m2 )
18
.8
17.2
16
.3
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
RECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
Allo
wab
le B
eari
ng C
apac
ity
Valu
es
Follo
win
g va
lues
of
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
are
valid
for
foo
ting
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.20
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-40
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
W
idth
of
foot
ing
(qa) N
ET
(
q a) GRO
SS
t/m
2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
1.20
m
20
.3
22.3
1.50
m
18
.8
20.8
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Aver
age
valu
e of
(q a) N
ET =
19.
6 t/
m2m
ay b
e ad
opte
d fo
r de
sign
of
foun
dati
ons
rest
ing
at a
dep
th o
f 1.
20 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Si
ze o
f fo
otin
g
(qa) N
ET
(q
a) GRO
SS
(B
x L
)
t/m
2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
1.5
m x
2.0
m
18.8
20
.8
2.
0 m
x 2
.5 m
17
.2
19.2
2.5
m x
3.0
m
16.3
18
.3
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
An a
vera
ge v
alue
of
(qa) N
ET
= 17
.4 t
/m2
may
be a
dopt
ed f
or d
esig
n of
fou
ndat
ions
res
ting
at
a de
pth
of 1
.2 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-41
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
SITE
: G
OH
ALAN
(H
EALT
H C
ENTR
E)
The
exis
ting
he
alth
ce
ntre
in
th
e
villa
ge i
s be
ing
plan
ned
for
expa
nsio
n
and
the
avai
labl
e si
te i
s no
t su
ffic
ient
as
wel
l as
no
t in
us
e du
e to
th
e
dam
age
done
dur
ing
the
eart
hqua
ke.
The
site
fo
r he
alth
ce
ntre
is
a
very
smal
l pa
tch
of
agri
cult
ural
la
nd
loca
ted
near
the
old
hea
lth
cent
re a
t
an a
ltit
ude
of 1
870
m.
The
site
slo
pes
near
ly 1
00 .
Stra
ta P
rofi
le
H
EALT
H C
ENTR
E SI
TE IN
GO
HA
LAN
–A
SMA
LL A
GRI
CULT
URA
L TE
RRA
CE J
UST
ABO
VE T
HE
EXIS
TIN
G H
EALT
H C
ENTR
E
Poin
t D
epth
(m
) N
atur
e of
St
rata
1 ES
L to
1.2
G
rave
ls m
ixed
w
ith
clay
(C
L)
1.
2 -
2.0
Den
se B
ould
ry
depo
sit
2 ES
L to
0.9
G
rave
ls m
ixed
w
ith
clay
(C
L)
0.
9 -
2.0
D
ense
Bou
ldry
de
posi
t
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-42
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Prof
ile P
rope
rtie
s Lo
cati
on
Dep
th f
rom
ESL
N
Soil
Com
posi
tion
Att
erbe
rg L
imit
s (%
)M
oist
ure
Cont
ent
In m
eter
s
% Sa
nd
% Si
lt
% Cl
ay
LL
PL
%Po
int
1 1
15 b
low
s fo
r 21
cm p
enet
rati
on
13
9.3
77.7
33
.4
22.6
5.
2 2
15 b
low
s fo
r 14
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)60
.725
14
.327
.419
8.4
Poin
t 2
1 15
blo
ws
for
12 c
m p
enet
rati
on (
refu
sal)
60
.4
24.9
14
.7
25.4
18
7.
8 2
15 b
low
s fo
r 16
cm
pen
etra
tion
(re
fusa
l)
70.4
15
.9
13.7
26
.7
18.9
8.
4
RECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
Allo
wab
le B
eari
ng C
apac
ity
Valu
es
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
W
idth
of
foot
ing
(q a) N
ET
(q a) G
ROSS
t/m
2
t/m
2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
1.20
m
20
.3
22.3
1.50
m
18
.8
20.8
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Aver
age
valu
e of
(q a) N
ET =
19.
6 t/
m2
may
be
adop
ted
for
desi
gn o
f fo
unda
tion
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.20
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Si
ze o
f fo
otin
g (B
x L
)
(q
a) NET
t
/m2
(q
a) GRO
SS
t/
m2
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
1.
5 m
x 2
.0 m
18
.8
20.8
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-43
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
2.
0 m
x 2
.5 m
17
.2
19.2
2.5
m x
3.0
m
16.3
18
.3
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
An a
vera
ge v
alue
of
(qa) N
ET
= 17
.4 t
/m2
may
be a
dopt
ed f
or d
esig
n of
fou
ndat
ions
res
ting
at
a de
pth
of 1
.2 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
SITE
: U
RI S
CHO
OL
The
site
is
loca
ted
wel
l w
ithi
n th
e U
ri
tow
n.
A m
iddl
e an
d hi
gh
scho
ol
is
prop
osed
for
con
stru
ctio
n. T
his
will
be
the
high
er h
iera
rchy
fac
ility
ove
r an
are
a
of 3
000
sq m
ts.
The
site
is
flat
and
the
leve
l di
ffer
ence
be
twee
n th
e hi
gh
and
the
mid
dle
scho
ol i
s ap
prox
imat
ely
6’.
A
nalla
h fl
owin
g do
wn
has
prim
ary
inte
rfac
e w
ith
the
sub
surf
ace
of
the
site
, th
is m
ight
be
due
to t
he u
ncon
fine
d
hill
acqu
ifer
po
cket
be
neat
h th
e si
te.
This
fac
t is
als
o su
ppor
ted
by t
he f
act
that
out
of
four
pla
ces,
wat
er p
ocke
t w
as
stru
ck a
t a
dept
h of
3 m
at
thre
e po
ints
.
URI
SCH
OO
L SI
TE –
ARO
UN
D T
HE
SCH
OO
L IS
ALA
RGE
OPE
NSP
ACE
,TH
ESI
TE IS
BO
UN
DED
BY
ROA
DS
ON
TW
OSI
DES
.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-44
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
No
rock
ex
posu
res
are
seen
at
th
e si
te
and
its
vici
nity
. Th
e na
llah
is f
low
ing
near
ly 5
0 m
ts a
way
from
the
sid
e in
NW
N f
low
.
SUBS
URF
ACE
WA
TER
EMER
GED
AT
THE
SITE
–TH
REE
OU
T O
F FO
UR
BORE
HO
LES
REPR
ESEN
TED
TH
E SI
MIL
AR
FEA
TURE
.
Stra
ta P
rofi
le
Four
bor
ehol
es,
each
man
ually
dri
lled
upto
a d
epth
of
6.0
m w
ere
used
so
as t
o ca
rry
out
the
desi
red
inve
stig
atio
ns.
Sub-
soil
wat
er w
as
met
at
a de
pth
of a
roun
d 2.
5 m
at
the
prop
osed
sit
e.
Thou
gh t
he s
trat
a is
of
stif
f to
ver
y st
iff
clay
but
liq
uefa
ctio
n is
rul
ed o
ut o
n th
e
grou
nds
that
liq
uefa
ctio
n is
mos
t co
mm
only
obs
erve
d in
sha
llow
, lo
ose,
sat
urat
ed d
epos
its
of c
ohes
ionl
ess
soils
sub
ject
ed t
o st
rong
grou
nd m
otio
ns in
lar
ge m
agni
tude
ear
thqu
akes
. U
nsat
urat
ed s
oils
are
not
sub
ject
to
lique
fact
ion
beca
use
volu
me
com
pres
sion
doe
s no
t
Loca
tion
Poin
t D
epth
(m
)N
atur
e of
Str
ata
Uri
Hig
h an
dM
iddl
e Sc
hool
1N
SL -
1.2
CL (
Stif
f cl
ay)
1.
2 -
6 CI
(St
iff/
very
sti
ff c
lay)
2
NSL
- 1
.2
CL (
Stif
f cl
ay)
1.2
-2.
5CL
(St
iff
clay
)
2.5
- 6.
0
CI (
Stif
f/ve
ry s
tiff
cla
y)
3N
SL -
2.2
CI
(St
iff/
very
sti
ff c
lay)
2.
2 -
3.3
CL (
Stif
f cl
ay)
3.
3 -
6.0
CL (
Stif
f cl
ay)
4N
SL -
6.0
CI
(Fi
rm t
o St
iff
clay
)
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-45
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
gene
rate
exc
ess
pore
pre
ssur
es.
Liq
uefa
ctio
n an
d la
rge
defo
rmat
ions
are
mor
e lik
ely
wit
h co
ntra
ctiv
e so
ils w
hile
cyc
lic s
ofte
ning
and
limit
ed d
efor
mat
ions
are
ass
ocia
ted
wit
h di
lati
ve s
oils
. So
ils d
epos
ited
pri
or t
o th
e H
oloc
ene
epoc
h (m
ore
than
10,
000
year
s ol
d) a
re
usua
lly n
ot p
rone
to
lique
fact
ion
(You
d an
d Pe
rkin
s 19
78),
per
haps
due
to
wea
k ce
men
tati
on a
t th
e gr
ain
cont
acts
. W
hile
liq
uefa
ctio
n is
usua
lly a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
sand
s or
silt
s, g
rave
lly s
oils
hav
e al
so b
een
know
n to
liq
uefy
. Ro
unde
d so
il pa
rtic
les
of u
nifo
rm s
ize
are
gene
rally
the
mos
t su
scep
tibl
e to
liq
uefa
ctio
n (P
oulo
s et
al.
198
5).
Clay
s w
ith
mea
sura
ble
plas
tici
ty a
re r
esis
tant
to
the
rela
tive
mov
emen
t of
part
icle
s du
ring
cyc
lic s
hear
loa
ding
and
are
gen
eral
ly n
ot p
rone
to
pore
pre
ssur
e ge
nera
tion
and
liq
uefa
ctio
n. S
oils
wit
h si
gnif
ican
t
plas
tic
fine
s co
nten
t ar
e ra
rely
obs
erve
d to
liq
uefy
in
eart
hqua
kes.
In
gene
ral
soils
wit
h a
sign
ific
ant
plas
tici
ty a
re n
ot s
usce
ptib
le t
o
lique
fact
ion.
Shea
r Fa
ilure
Ana
lysi
s
The
val
ue o
f `q
ns’
is g
over
ned
by t
he s
hear
str
engt
h ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
the
sup
port
ing
stra
ta.
Bore
hole
wis
e th
e na
ture
of
supp
orti
ng
stra
ta a
nd t
he c
orre
spon
ding
gov
erni
ng s
hear
str
engt
h pa
ram
eter
s ar
e gi
ven
here
und
er:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-Bo
reho
le
Nat
ure
of S
trat
a
G
over
ning
She
ar
Str
engt
h Pa
ram
eter
s --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
BH
-1
ML-
CL
C u =
0.5
1 Kg
/cm
2
BH
-2
ML-
CL
C u =
0.4
9 Kg
/cm
2
BH-3
M
L-C
L C u
= 0
.47
Kg/c
m2
BH-4
M
L-C
L C u
= 0
.45
Kg/c
m2
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-46
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
O
bvio
usly
, C u
= 0
.45
Kg/
cm2
lead
s to
con
serv
ativ
e va
lues
of
`q n
s’.
Now
,
q n
f =
C u x
Nc
x S c
x d
c
N
c =
Bea
ring
Ca
paci
ty
fact
or =
5.1
4 (u
ndra
ined
con
diti
ons)
S c
=
Sha
pe f
acto
r
d c
=
Dep
th f
acto
r =
1 +
0.2
x D
/B
Usi
ng F
OS
= 2.
5,
qn
s = 9
.252
x S
c x
d c
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s
SS cc==
11(( SS
tt rrii pp
aa cctt ii
oo nn))
qns
’ v
alue
s f
or
the
foo
ting
wid
ths
bein
g an
alys
ed w
ork
out
to b
e as
und
er :
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- W
idth
of
foot
ings
d c
q ns (t
/m2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
05 m
1.
229
11.4
1.
20 m
1.
20
11.1
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-47
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
S c =
1 +
0.2
x B
/L
qns
’ v
alue
s f
or
the
foo
ting
siz
es b
eing
ana
lyse
d w
ork
out
to b
e as
und
er :
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- Si
ze o
f fo
otin
g
S c
d c
q ns(t
/m2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- 1.
2 m
x 1
.5 m
1.16
1.
20
12.9
1.
5 m
x 1
.8 m
1.16
7
1.
16
12.5
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Sett
lem
ent
Ana
lysi
s
Res
ults
of
shea
r fa
ilure
ana
lysi
s re
veal
tha
t if
the
fol
low
ing
foot
ing
size
s un
der
thei
r re
spec
tive
`q n =
qns
’ va
lues
sat
isfy
set
tlem
ent
crit
eria
, th
en t
he r
est
of t
he f
ooti
ng s
izes
und
er t
heir
res
pect
ive
`qn =
qns
’ va
lues
sha
ll al
so s
atis
fy t
he s
ettl
emen
t an
alys
is.
D
= 1
.2 m
a)
Wal
l Foo
ting
B =
1.2
m
q n =
qns
= 1
1.1
t/m
2
b)
Colu
mn
Foot
ing
B x
L =
15 m
x 1
.8 m
q n =
qns
= 1
2.5
t/m
2
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-48
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Peru
sal o
f th
e bo
reho
le d
ata
show
s th
at c
hara
cter
isti
cs o
f BH
-4 a
re c
riti
cal
w.r
.t.
sett
lem
ent
anal
ysis
. Co
mpu
tati
on f
rom
the
she
ar
failu
re a
nd r
esul
ts f
or s
ettl
emen
t in
bot
h ca
ses
is
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s
q n = q
ns=
11.
1 t
/m2
Sett
. =
5.6
9 cm
s <
6.0
cms,
O’k
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
q n = q
ns =
12
.5 t
/m2
Sett
. =
5.7
0 cm
s <
7.5
cms,
O’k
RECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
Allo
wab
le B
eari
ng C
apac
ity
Valu
es
Follo
win
g va
lues
of
allo
wab
le b
eari
ng c
apac
ity
are
valid
for
foo
ting
s re
stin
g at
a d
epth
of
1.2
m a
t th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
i)
Wal
l Foo
ting
s --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
Wid
th o
f fo
otin
g
(q
a) NET
(t/m
2 )
(qa) G
ROSS
(t/m
2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
1.
05 m
11
.4
13
.4
1.20
m
11.1
13.1
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-49
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
An
ave
rage
val
ue o
f (q
a) NET
= 1
1.3
t/m
2 m
ay b
e ad
opte
d in
foo
ting
des
ign.
ii)
Colu
mn
Foot
ings
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Size
of
foot
ing
(B x
L)
(qa) N
ET(t
/m2 )
(qa) G
ROSS
(t/
m2 )
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--
1.2
m x
1.5
m
12.9
14.9
1.
5 m
x 1
.8 m
12
.5
14
.5
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
An
aver
age
valu
e of
(q a) N
ET =
12.
7 t/
m2
may
be
adop
ted
in f
ooti
ng d
esig
n.
Apar
t fr
om t
he s
ite
spec
ific
ana
lysi
s an
d da
ta f
or f
ound
atio
n de
sign
ing
for
both
fra
med
and
load
bea
ring
str
uctu
res,
the
fol
low
ing
are
the
basi
c ke
y m
easu
res
whi
ch s
hall
be k
ept
in m
ind
whi
le p
lann
ing
the
cons
truc
tion
of
the
resp
ecti
ve in
fras
truc
ture
in t
he lo
calit
y.
A di
agra
mm
atic
al r
epre
sent
atio
n of
the
wal
l an
d co
lum
n fo
otin
gs a
long
wit
h th
e st
ress
dis
trib
utio
n py
ram
id is
pre
sent
ed.
The
vari
ous
sym
bols
in t
he f
igur
es r
epre
sent
the
fol
low
ing;
e 0 =
Ori
gina
l voi
d ra
tio
0 =
Ori
gina
l eff
ecti
ve o
verb
urde
n pr
essu
re
= V
erti
cal s
tres
s in
crem
ent
C c =
Com
pres
sion
Inde
x
Df=
Dep
th f
acto
r
= L
ater
al y
ield
fac
tor
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-50
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Sugg
este
d M
easu
res
Aga
inst
Dam
ages
/Dis
tres
ses
Due
to
Eart
hqua
ke a
nd D
iffe
rent
ial S
ettl
emen
ts
Tie
Bea
ms
In c
ase
of R
CC f
ram
ed s
truc
ture
s w
itho
ut b
asem
ent
all
colu
mns
sho
uld
be c
onne
cted
to
each
oth
er i
n bo
th d
irec
tion
s at
or
belo
w p
linth
leve
l.
Plin
th B
eam
s an
d R
CC B
ands
Load
bea
ring
mas
onry
sho
uld
be b
race
d us
ing
Plin
th b
eam
s an
d RC
C Ba
nds
(Lin
tel a
nd R
oof)
.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-51
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
8.4
C
hem
ical
Ana
lysi
s of
Soi
l Sam
ples
The
obj
ect
of t
he c
hem
ical
ana
lysi
s of
soi
l sa
mpl
es i
s to
ass
ess
thei
r ag
gres
sive
nat
ure
tow
ards
con
cret
e fo
unda
tion
s. T
he r
esul
ts o
f
chem
ical
ana
lysi
s ba
sed
on m
axim
um v
alue
obt
aine
d fr
om t
hree
sam
ples
for
var
ious
sit
es a
re r
epor
ted
here
unde
r:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
Si
te
pH
Sulp
hate
s
Ch
lori
des
Valu
e
as S
O4
(%)
as
Cl
(%)
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
H
ealt
h Ce
ntre
at
Sult
an D
aki
7.
5
0.03
7
0.
015
Mid
dle
Scho
ol a
t Vi
llage
Sha
hdra
7.7
0.
029
0.01
1
Mid
dle
Scho
ol a
t Vi
llage
Bas
igra
n
7.4
0.
023
0.01
3
Hea
lth
Cent
re a
t Kh
alsa
Pat
i and
Hun
di
7.6
0.
025
0.01
8 Pa
tti
at
Vi
llage
G
wal
tha,
Mid
dle
Scho
ol a
t Vi
llage
Dar
dkot
7.6
0.
028
0.01
3
Hig
h Sc
hool
at
Villa
ge G
ohal
an
7.
8
0.03
4
0.
019
Hea
lth
Cent
re a
t Vi
llage
Goh
alan
7.7
0.
029
0.02
8
Gir
ls H
ighe
r Se
cond
ary
and
Mid
dle
Scho
ol
7.6
0.
028
0.02
3 U
RI--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- N
ote:
Che
mic
al a
naly
sis
at a
lter
nati
ve s
ite
of D
ardk
ot,
Gw
alth
a in
dica
ted
negl
igib
le v
aria
tion
and
are
con
solid
ated
in t
he t
able
abo
ve
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-52
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
pH
val
ue o
f so
il sa
mpl
es v
ary
from
7.4
to
7.8.
The
soi
ls h
avin
g pH
les
s th
an 6
.0 a
re a
cidi
c an
d de
teri
men
tal
to c
oncr
ete.
Hen
ce,
the
soil
at t
he s
ites
is
not
harm
ful
to c
oncr
ete
w.r
.t.
pH v
alue
. Th
e su
lpha
te c
onte
nt v
arie
s fr
om 0
.023
% to
0.0
37%.
As
per
Tabl
e-5
give
n in
CP-1
10:
Part
-1:
1972
(Th
e st
ruct
ural
use
of
conc
rete
, Br
itis
h St
anda
rds
Inst
itut
ion)
, su
lpha
tes
as S
O4
less
tha
n 0.
24%
are
not
harm
ful
for
conc
rete
. Si
nce
the
sulp
hate
con
tent
is le
ss t
han
0.24
% as
suc
h, t
he s
oil
at s
ites
is n
on-
aggr
essi
ve w
.r.t
. su
lpha
tes.
In s
o fa
r as
chl
orid
es a
re c
once
rned
, a
sim
ilar
clas
sifi
cati
on i
s no
t av
aila
ble.
How
ever
, a
fift
y-ye
ar s
urve
y of
fou
ndat
ions
of
cert
ain
conc
rete
str
uctu
res
mad
e el
se w
here
has
sho
wn
that
chl
orid
es o
f th
e or
der
of 0
.5%
to 1
.0%
wou
ld b
e po
siti
vely
agg
ress
ive.
Th
e ch
lori
de
cont
ents
in o
ur c
ase
vary
fro
m 0
.011
% to
0.0
28%.
Thu
s, t
he s
oil
at s
ites
is n
on-a
ggre
ssiv
e w
.r.t
. ch
lori
de c
onte
nts.
Thu
s in
vest
igat
ions
lead
to
the
conc
lusi
on t
hat
the
sub-
soil
is n
on-a
ggre
ssiv
e to
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
at
all t
he s
ites
.
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-53
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Abb
revi
atio
ns
N
=
Obs
erve
d SP
T va
lue
N’
=
Nor
mal
ised
SPT
val
ue
= Bu
lk u
nit
wei
ght
’
= Su
bmer
ged
unit
wei
ght
d
= D
ry u
nit
wei
ght
sat
=
Satu
rate
d un
it w
eigh
t LL
= Li
quid
lim
it
PL
=
Plas
tic
limit
’
=
Effe
ctiv
e an
gle
of s
hear
ing
resi
stan
ce
m
=
Mob
ilise
d an
gle
of s
hear
ing
resi
stan
ce
N
=
Flow
val
ue T
an2 (
45+
/2)
GSF
= G
ener
al s
hear
fai
lure
LS
F
= Lo
cal
shea
r fa
ilure
B
=
Wid
th o
f fo
unda
tion
L
=
Leng
th o
f fo
unda
tion
D
= D
epth
of
foun
dati
on
q
= Ef
fect
ive
surc
harg
e N
’N
q&
Nc
= Be
arin
g ca
paci
ty f
acto
rs
S’S q
& S
c =
Shap
e fa
ctor
s d
’d q
& d
c =
Dep
th f
acto
rs
H
=
Thic
knes
s of
cla
yey
laye
r
’ o
=
Ori
gina
l eff
ecti
ve o
verb
urde
n pr
essu
re
= Ve
rtic
al s
tres
s in
crem
ent
e o
=
Ori
gina
l voi
d ra
tio
w
=
Wat
er c
onte
nt
Ht
=
Thic
knes
s of
san
dy la
yer
B t
=
Top
wid
th o
f sa
ndy
laye
r
t
= St
ress
incr
emen
t at
the
top
of
a sa
ndy
laye
rD
f
= D
epth
fac
tor
= La
tera
l yi
eld
fact
or
R f
=
Rigi
dity
fac
tor
q nf
=
Net
ult
imat
e be
arin
g ca
paci
ty
q ns
=
Net
saf
e be
arin
g ca
paci
ty a
gain
st s
hear
fa
ilure
q n
= N
et f
ound
atio
n lo
adin
g in
tens
ity
for
a gi
ven
se
ttle
men
tq a
= Al
low
able
bea
ring
cap
acit
y S o
= Se
ttle
men
t du
e to
a n
et u
nit
foun
dati
on
load
ing
inte
nsit
y (1
kg/c
m2 )
S ob
=
Sett
lem
ent
due
to a
net
uni
t fo
unda
tion
Seism
ic H
azar
d M
icro
zona
tion
and
Site
Sui
tabi
lity
Eval
uatio
n in
par
ts o
f Uri
Blo
ck, B
aram
ulla
Dist
rict
, J &
K, I
ndia
7-54
Aca
dem
yfo
rMou
ntai
nEn
viro
nics
,Env
iron
icsT
rust
,New
Del
hi–
Mar
ch,2
007
load
ing
inte
nsit
y un
der
subm
erge
d co
ndit
ions
(1k
g/cm
2 )W
T
= W
ater
tab
le
S t
=
Tota
l set
tlem
ent
S a
=
Max
imum
allo
wab
le s
ettl
emen
t G
W
=
Wel
l gr
aded
gra
vels
G
P
= Po
orly
gra
ded
grav
els
GM
= Si
lty
grav
els
GC
=
Clay
ey g
rave
ls
SW
=
Wel
l gr
aded
san
ds
SP
=
Poor
ly g
rade
d sa
nds
SM
=
Silt
y sa
nds
SC
=
Clay
ey s
ands
M
L
= Si
lt o
f lo
w c
ompr
essi
bilit
y CL
= Cl
ay o
f lo
w p
last
icit
y M
I
= Si
lt o
f m
ediu
m c
ompr
essi
bilit
y CI
= Cl
ay o
f m
ediu
m p
last
icit
y M
H
=
Silt
of
high
com
pres
sibi
lity
CH
=
Clay
of
high
pla
stic
ity
M(N
P)
=
Non
pla
stic
silt
M
L-CL
=
M
ixtu
re o
f M
L an
d CL
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
8-1
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
CHA
PTER
8.0
CON
CLU
SIO
NS
AN
D R
ECO
MM
END
ATI
ON
S
The
stud
y of
the
ear
thqu
ake-
affe
cted
Uri
reg
ion
clea
rly
indi
cate
s th
at i
t is
a h
ighl
y di
stur
bed
tect
onic
zon
e. N
umer
ous
neot
ecto
nic
even
ts b
ear
wit
ness
to
this
and
the
int
epre
tati
on o
f se
ism
ic a
nd c
olla
tera
l in
form
atio
n fo
rew
arns
of
cont
inui
ng s
eism
ic a
ctiv
ity.
The
regi
on i
s em
ergi
ng o
ut o
f th
e tr
aum
a ca
used
by
seis
mic
act
ivit
y an
d re
cons
truc
tion
is
still
in
prog
ress
. U
ri w
as t
he w
orst
aff
ecte
d on
the
Indi
an p
art
and
inte
nsit
y of
dam
age
prog
ress
ivel
y de
crea
sed
tow
ards
the
Sou
th E
ast.
The
fol
ded
rock
seq
uenc
es a
long
the
Jhel
um,
the
imbr
icat
e an
d sp
laye
d na
ture
of
faul
ts a
nd t
he r
ecur
ring
lan
dslid
es a
re i
ndic
ativ
e of
the
reg
ion
bein
g un
der
cont
inuo
us
mov
emen
t. T
hese
add
to
the
stru
ctur
al c
ompl
icat
ions
in t
he K
ashm
ir s
ynta
xis.
Base
d on
the
Pro
baba
listi
c Se
ism
ic H
azar
d An
alys
is,
the
PGA
valu
es v
ary
betw
een
149
cm/s
ec2 t
o 16
5 cm
/ s
ec2 i
n ca
se o
f 20
%
exce
edan
ce w
hile
it
vari
es b
etw
een
213
cm/s
ec2
to 2
31 c
m/s
ec2 i
n ca
se o
f 10
% ex
ceed
ance
for
a r
etur
n pe
riod
of
50 y
ears
. Th
e
enti
re r
egio
n is
thu
s hi
ghly
ris
k pr
one.
The
disc
rete
ele
men
t an
alys
is f
or t
he r
egio
n ha
s al
low
ed u
s to
dis
ting
uish
the
fol
low
ing
clas
ses
rang
ing
from
low
– m
oder
ate
– hi
gh –
very
hig
h ha
zard
zon
es.
Nin
e el
emen
ts w
ere
foun
d to
be
in t
he ‘
very
hig
h’ h
azar
d zo
ne f
ollo
wed
by
21 in
‘hi
gh’
haza
rd z
one.
The
tow
n of
Uri
, Vi
llage
Sul
tan
Dak
i, B
asgr
an a
re t
he l
ocal
itie
s in
the
ver
y hi
gh r
isk
zone
, th
e M
BT f
unti
onin
g as
a d
omin
ant
prop
agat
or
and
seve
ral
of
the
linea
men
ts
noti
ced
and
infe
rred
al
so
addi
ng
to
very
hi
gh
haza
rd
fact
or,
apar
t fr
om
the
phys
iogr
pahi
cal
feat
ures
. Th
e sp
lay
of M
BT a
lso
pass
es t
hrou
gh t
he l
ocal
itie
s of
par
an p
illan
and
lag
ama,
whi
ch a
re l
ocat
ed N
E an
d
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
8-2
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
SE r
espe
ctiv
ely.
Thi
s is
a r
egio
n, w
hich
is
diff
eren
tiat
ed b
y th
e ne
otec
toni
c fa
ult,
whi
ch b
isec
ts t
he r
egio
n an
d ru
ns N
NW
and
als
o
defi
nes
the
Mur
ree
grou
p fr
om t
he o
ther
s in
the
reg
ion.
The
wel
l kn
owm
kal
a na
llah
als
o pa
sses
ver
y cl
ose
to t
he v
illag
e of
Sul
tan
Dak
i and
ext
ends
dow
nwar
ds t
owar
ds j
helu
m.
Thre
e si
tes
wer
e in
vest
igat
ed in
thi
s ri
sk z
one.
The
high
haz
ard
zone
is t
he o
ne s
urro
undi
ng t
he ‘
very
hig
h’ r
isk
zone
. Th
e vi
llage
s of
Dac
hi,
Nau
pura
, Su
kdha
r, S
hahd
ra a
nd C
happ
ar
are
in t
he h
igh
haza
rd z
one.
The
neo
tect
onic
fau
lt r
uns
thro
ugh
the
villa
ges
of S
hahd
ra a
nd C
happ
ar.
In t
his
zone
too
, se
vera
l lo
cal
frac
ture
s an
d gr
ound
fea
ture
s ha
ve b
een
noti
ced.
One
sit
e i.
e. S
hahd
ra w
as t
aken
up
for
geot
echn
ical
inv
esti
gati
ons
in t
his
haza
rd
zone
.
The
villa
ges
of G
ohal
an,
Sang
rain
, Ja
bla,
Isha
m,
Naw
a, D
ardk
ot a
re in
the
mod
erat
e ha
zard
zon
e. T
hese
loc
alit
ies
are
loca
ted
wit
hin
the
Mur
ree
grou
p. T
his
regi
on i
s al
so m
arke
d by
sev
erel
y fo
lded
seq
uenc
e of
roc
ks a
nd s
ever
al f
ract
ure
linea
men
ts a
re n
otic
ed i
n
this
zon
e. T
here
are
sev
eral
lin
eam
ents
run
ning
nea
r to
the
vill
ages
of
Dar
dkot
, N
awa
and
Isha
m.
Five
sit
es w
ere
inve
stig
ated
for
geot
echn
ical
inte
rpre
tati
ons.
The
low
haz
ard
zone
is
pred
omin
antl
y in
the
NW
and
SW
par
t of
the
reg
ion
and
the
zone
is
inha
bite
d by
les
ser
num
ber
of
sett
lem
ents
as
com
pare
d to
ano
ther
zon
es.
The
villa
ges
of G
wal
tha,
Cha
kra,
Uru
sa a
nd D
ulan
ja a
re i
n th
is l
ow h
azar
d zo
ne.
Two
site
s w
ere
inve
stig
ated
in t
his
zone
.
Thou
gh t
here
are
fou
r va
ryin
g cl
asse
s of
haz
ard
but
thes
e ar
e re
lati
ve t
o ea
ch o
ther
and
do
not
decl
are
the
regi
on a
s a
who
le a
s a
low
haz
ard
zone
. Al
l re
com
men
ded
mea
sure
s re
gard
ing
spec
ific
sit
es,
need
to
be f
ollo
wed
in
orde
r to
mit
igat
e th
e ri
sk f
rom
fut
ure
eart
hqua
kes.
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
8-3
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
The
clay
str
ata
wer
e fo
und
in U
ri S
choo
l an
d Ba
sigr
an S
choo
l. T
he i
ndex
and
eng
inee
ring
pro
pert
ies
of t
he c
lay
stra
ta s
how
tha
t th
e
over
con
solid
ated
cla
ys p
osse
ss s
tiff
to
very
sti
ff c
onsi
sten
cy.
Infa
ct s
uch
clay
s de
velo
p ne
gati
ve p
ore
pres
sure
s w
hen
subj
ecte
d to
shea
r st
rain
s un
der
undr
aine
d co
ndit
ions
due
to
eart
hqua
ke t
ypes
of
load
ings
. As
a r
esul
t sh
ear
stre
ngth
inc
reas
es a
nd s
trat
a
rem
ains
sta
ble.
The
com
pres
sion
ind
ex C
c va
ry o
ver
a na
rrow
ran
ge o
f 0.
10 t
o 0.
15 w
hich
ind
icat
es t
hat
the
stra
ta i
s su
bjec
t to
low
com
pres
sibi
lity.
The
boul
dary
str
ata
are
a m
atri
x of
bou
lder
s, c
obbl
es,
pebb
les,
gra
vels
and
soi
l as
int
erve
ning
mat
eria
l. T
he i
nter
veni
ng s
oils
hav
e
bind
ing
and
cem
enta
tiou
s ef
fect
s an
d th
e w
hole
mat
rix
met
at
seve
ral
loca
tion
s w
as f
ound
to
have
den
se s
tate
of
com
pact
ness
as
esta
blis
hed
by t
he p
enet
rati
on t
ests
. Th
e ch
emic
al a
naly
sis
of t
he s
oils
als
o in
dica
tes
that
sub
-soi
l is
non
-agg
ress
ive
to c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
es a
t al
l th
e si
tes.
Th
e si
te-s
peci
fic
reco
mm
enda
tion
s ar
e as
fol
low
s:
S.N
o Si
te
Rem
arks
Re
com
men
dati
ons
1.
Sult
an
Dak
i
Hea
lth
Cent
re
A si
ngle
sit
e w
as a
vaila
ble
whe
re t
he e
arlie
r he
alth
cent
er b
uild
ing
was
con
stru
cted
whi
ch c
olla
psed
dur
ing
the
eart
hqua
ke.
The
site
fu
lfils
th
e cr
iter
ia
of
acce
ssib
ility
, sa
fety
fro
m r
ockf
all
zone
and
bou
nded
by
stan
ding
tre
es.
How
ever
as
per
the
anal
ysis
the
sit
e
falls
und
er t
he h
igh
haza
rd z
one
as t
he t
hrus
t pa
ss
thro
ugh
this
reg
ion.
The
site
req
uire
s pr
oper
dra
inag
e w
ork
for
stor
m
wat
er,
whi
ch d
urin
g th
e he
avy
rain
s m
ight
aff
ect
the
build
ing
stru
ctur
es.
Rete
ntio
n w
alls
alo
ng t
he
road
sh
all
also
be
th
ough
t of
by
th
e si
te
engi
neer
s. T
he s
ite
is s
uita
ble
whi
le c
onsi
deri
ng
the
use
of r
ecom
men
ded
para
met
ers
wor
ked
out
for
the
site
.
2.
Shah
dra
Scho
ol
A si
ngle
sit
e w
as a
vaila
ble
for
the
scho
ol.
Thou
gh t
he
site
is
acce
ssib
le b
y pa
thw
ay b
ut i
t ha
s be
en s
ervi
ng
the
adjo
inin
g ha
mle
ts
and
villa
ges
(Cha
ppar
, Sa
rai,
Acro
ss t
he n
ala
loos
e ro
ck e
xpos
ures
alo
ng t
he
clif
f ar
e no
tice
d,
but
are
of
no
thre
at
to
the
scho
ol s
ite
as s
uffi
cien
t bu
ffer
is
avai
labl
e. I
t is
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
8-4
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Jabr
a,
Mar
than
et
c).
In
the
vici
nity
th
ere
are
no
spec
ific
ris
k fa
ctor
s, w
hich
may
aff
ect
the
site
.
reco
mm
ende
d to
con
stru
ct r
eten
tion
wal
l al
ong
the
nala
to
prev
ent
land
sub
side
nce
by t
he s
ides
of n
alla
h. T
he s
ite
is s
uita
ble
for
cons
truc
tion
,
inco
rpor
atin
g re
com
men
ded
engi
neer
ing
mea
sure
s an
d si
te p
repa
rati
on a
spec
ts a
ssoc
iate
d
wit
h it
.
3.
Basi
gran
Scho
ol
The
scho
ol i
s lo
cate
d ov
er a
n el
onga
ted
patc
h of
lan
d
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 30
’ w
idth
. A
port
ion
of
the
old
build
ing
has
been
ret
rofi
tted
. Th
e st
rata
com
pris
e of
stif
f cl
ay a
nd f
riab
le r
ock
till
2.0
mts
. N
o su
b su
rfac
e
wat
er in
trus
ion
is n
otic
ed.
The
site
is
safe
fro
m a
ny r
ockf
all
zone
and
the
part
icul
ar
site
ha
s al
so
indi
cate
d ha
rd
stra
ta
whe
n co
mpa
red
to t
he a
vaila
ble
rock
typ
es f
ound
near
th
e ro
ad
head
(e
xpos
ures
no
tice
d ar
ound
wer
e th
at o
f sh
ale
and
sand
ston
e).
Mor
eove
r th
e
expa
ndin
g te
rrac
e to
war
ds R
iver
Jhe
lum
was
als
o
obse
rved
to
be s
tabl
e (e
xpan
ding
fro
m s
choo
l si
te
tow
ards
Jh
elum
).
The
site
is
su
itab
le
for
cons
truc
tion
of
the
scho
ol b
uild
ing.
4.
Gw
alta
Hea
lth
Cent
re
Two
site
s w
ere
inve
stig
ated
; on
e in
Kha
lsa
Patt
i an
d
the
othe
r in
Hun
di P
atti
. In
com
pari
son
to b
oth
the
site
s th
e Kh
alsa
pat
ti s
ite
is t
he b
est
suit
able
sit
e as
per
its
acce
ssib
ility
and
saf
ety
fact
ors.
As n
o m
ajor
fra
ctur
e pa
tter
ns w
ere
seen
dur
ing
the
site
vi
sits
, th
e Kh
alsa
pa
tti
site
of
fers
acce
ssib
ility
, sa
fer
zone
as
fa
r as
ad
join
ing
feat
ures
are
co
ncer
ned.
Th
ough
bo
th
the
site
s
retu
rned
the
sim
ilar
stra
ta b
ut t
he H
undi
pat
ti
site
is
not
reco
mm
ende
d du
e to
sit
e la
yout
and
its
clos
enes
s to
ex
pose
d ro
ck
outc
rops
an
d
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
8-5
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
prob
able
cra
cks
deve
lope
d on
top
of
hill.
It
is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at K
hals
a pa
tti s
ite
is s
uita
ble
for
cons
truc
tion
pur
pose
s.
5.
Dar
dkot
Scho
ol
Larg
ely
the
who
le
sett
lem
ent
is
loca
ted
over
mod
erat
ely
slop
ing
terr
ace
of M
urre
e gr
oup
of r
ocks
.
Thre
e si
tes
wer
e in
vest
igat
ed f
or l
ocat
ing
the
safe
r
site
. Th
e si
te n
o. 2
i.e
. of
Mus
htaq
Mir
’s l
and
is r
uled
out
due
to l
ack
of s
pace
req
uire
men
ts w
hile
loo
king
at
othe
r fa
ctor
s of
saf
ety.
The
sit
e no
. 1
is a
cces
sibl
e
thro
ugh
road
an
d th
e pr
evio
us
scho
ol
was
al
so
cons
truc
ted
at t
his
loca
tion
. Th
e cl
ear
visi
bilit
y of
bas
e
rock
at
th
e si
te
furt
her
stre
ngth
ens
the
site
para
met
ers.
The
sit
e no
. 3
(Ali
Khan
) is
a m
ore
flat
ter
and
spac
e re
quir
emen
ts
coul
d be
m
et,
if
land
requ
irem
ents
are
neg
otia
ted
wit
h th
e ow
ner.
As p
er t
he e
xist
ing
cond
itio
ns t
he s
ite
no.
1 ho
lds
the
high
er p
rior
ity
than
the
sit
e no
. 3
due
to
cert
ain
cons
trai
nts
as d
iscu
ssed
in
this
sec
tion
. As
site
no
. 1
(Kam
ar
Ali’
s La
nd)
is
also
pro
ne
to
rock
fall,
it
is r
ecom
men
ded
that
sit
e no
. 3
i.e.
Ali
Khan
’s l
and
be n
egot
iate
d fo
r th
e co
nstr
ucti
on o
f
the
scho
ol b
uild
ing
as t
he s
ite
offe
rs c
onso
lidat
ed
area
an
d le
ss
pron
e to
ri
sks
of
slid
ing
and
subs
iste
nce.
6.
Goh
alan
Hig
h Sc
hool
Suff
icie
nt l
and
has
been
ear
mar
ked
for
the
scho
ol a
nd
the
site
pos
e no
ser
ious
ris
ks f
rom
the
adj
oini
ng h
ills,
whi
ch a
re m
oder
atel
y sl
opin
g, r
ock
outc
rops
are
see
n
but
ther
e is
no
clos
e co
ntac
t tr
eats
to
the
site
as
such
.
The
site
of
fers
su
ffic
ient
ev
acua
tion
an
d
acce
ssib
ility
op
tion
s,
and
is
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r
cons
truc
tion
of
sc
hool
w
hile
in
corp
orat
ing
the
desi
gn
para
met
ers
sugg
este
d.
The
educ
atio
n
depa
rtm
ent
and
adm
inis
trat
ion
have
al
read
y
init
iate
d th
e pr
epar
ator
y w
ork
for
the
scho
ol.
7 G
ohal
an
The
site
is
loca
ted
in t
he i
nner
par
t of
the
Cho
otaw
ali
It
is
how
ever
re
com
men
ded
to
sele
ct
bett
er
Seis
mic
Haz
ard
Mic
rozo
natio
n an
d Si
te S
uita
bilit
y Ev
alua
tion
in p
arts
of U
ri B
lock
, Bar
amul
la D
istri
ct, J
& K
, Ind
ia
8-6
Aca
dem
y fo
r Mou
ntai
n En
viro
nics
, Env
iron
ics T
rust
, New
Del
hi –
Mar
ch, 2
007
Hea
lth
Cent
re
ham
let.
Th
ough
th
e si
te
is
safe
fr
om
any
prob
able
land
slid
e, r
ockf
all/
shoo
ting
sto
ne o
r an
y ot
her
type
of
mas
s w
asti
ng p
heno
men
a in
nea
r vi
cini
ty b
ut e
aste
rn
stre
tch
of t
he h
ill l
ock
had
deve
lope
d cr
acks
dur
ing
the
past
ear
thqu
ake
and
land
slip
ping
is
repo
rted
. Sm
all
piec
es o
f lo
ose
boul
ders
als
o re
port
ed t
o ha
ve f
alle
n
duri
ng t
he r
ainy
sea
son.
loca
tion
wit
hin
the
villa
ge a
nd i
f po
ssib
le n
ear
the
road
side
for
lon
g te
rm s
afet
y an
d be
tter
use
of t
he f
acili
ty p
ropo
sed
to b
e de
velo
ped
in t
he
villa
ge
The
ridg
e of
th
e hi
llock
ha
s de
velo
ped
grou
nd c
rack
s w
ith
loos
e la
nd m
ass
whi
ch m
ay g
et
dest
abili
zed
duri
ng h
eavy
rai
ns o
r du
e to
gro
und
shak
ing
even
wit
h m
ild t
rem
ors.
8 U
ri S
choo
l U
ri s
choo
l is
one
of
the
larg
est
scho
ol a
rea
build
ings
to
be c
onst
ruct
ed b
y Ag
a Kh
an F
ound
atio
n. A
hig
h an
d a
mid
dle
scho
ol a
re p
lann
ed.
The
stri
king
fea
ture
of
this
site
has
bee
n th
at o
ut o
f fo
ur b
oreh
oles
, th
ree
of t
hem
show
ed w
ater
int
rusi
on a
t a
dept
h of
2.5
mts
. Th
ough
lique
fact
ion
was
obs
erve
d by
tea
m o
f ex
pert
s in
the
Bara
mul
la r
egio
n an
d ne
ar K
icha
ma-
Shal
a Te
ng v
illag
e,
abou
t 9
km f
rom
Bar
amul
la t
own
on t
he B
aram
ulla
–
Muz
affa
raba
d ro
ad o
n th
e le
ft b
ank
of J
helu
m r
iver
.
How
ever
the
liq
uefa
ctio
n of
the
sit
e fo
r U
ri s
choo
l is
rule
d ou
t as
the
geo
tech
nica
l par
amet
ers
sugg
este
d.
The
natu
re o
f su
ppor
ting
str
ata
met
at
the
site
is
stif
f to
ver
y st
iff
clay
upt
o ex
plor
ed d
epth
whe
re
the
sub
soil
wat
er
occu
rred
at
2.
5mts
.
Liqu
efac
tion
phe
nom
enon
due
to
eart
hqua
ke t
ype
of
load
ings
oc
curs
on
ly
in
loos
e sa
tura
ted
cohe
sion
less
soi
ls.
Clay
s be
com
e qu
ick
if t
hey
are
of s
oft
cons
iste
ncy.
As
the
stra
ta i
s st
iff
clay
and
chan
ces
of s
uch
stra
ta b
ecom
ing
quic
k du
e to
an
even
t of
ear
thqu
ake
type
of
load
ing
is r
uled
out
.
Thus
th
e pr
esen
t si
te
is
suit
able
to
bu
ild
the
scho
ol w
ith
reco
mm
ende
d de
sign
par
amet
ers.
REFE
REN
CES
1.
Bilh
am R
& W
alla
ce K
(20
05)
http
://c
ires
.col
orad
o.ed
u/%7
Ebilh
am/H
imal
ayan
Eart
hqua
kes/
Kang
raCe
nten
aryF
inal
.htm
2.
Cham
berl
ain,
C.
P. a
nd Z
eitl
er,
P.K.
(19
96)
Asse
mbl
y of
cry
stal
line
terr
anes
of
the
nort
hwes
tern
Him
alay
a an
d Ka
rako
ram
,
nort
hwes
tern
Pak
ista
n. T
he T
ecto
nic
Evol
utio
n of
Asi
a (E
d. A
n Yi
n an
d T.
Mar
k H
arri
son)
, Ca
brid
ge U
nive
rsit
y Pr
ess,
138
-148
.
3.
Cham
pti
Ray,
P.K
. et
. al
l, 2
005,
A Q
uick
App
rais
al o
f G
roun
d D
efor
mat
ion
in I
ndia
n Re
gion
due
to
the
Oct
ober
8,
2005
Eart
hqua
ke,
Muz
affr
abad
, Pa
kist
an,
Jour
nal o
f In
dian
Soc
iety
of
Rem
ote
Sens
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Vol
. 33
, N
o. 4
, pp
465
-473
4.
Gan
sser
, A.
(19
77)
The
grea
t su
ture
zon
e be
twee
n H
imal
aya
and
Tibe
t, a
pre
limin
ary
acco
unt.
Sci
. Te
rre
Him
alay
a, C
NRS
,
268,
181
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5.
Gau
r V.
K (2
006)
The
200
5 Ka
shm
ir E
arth
quak
e (P
erso
nal
Com
mun
icat
ion)
6.
GSI
(20
00)
Seis
mot
ecto
nic
Atla
s of
Indi
a an
d it
s En
viro
ns.
Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y of
Indi
a.
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Har
uyam
a, M
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nd K
itam
ura,
R.,
198
4, A
n ev
alua
tion
met
hod
by t
he q
uant
ific
atio
n th
eory
for
the
ris
k de
gree
of
land
slid
e
caus
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y ra
infa
ll in
act
ive
volc
anic
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a, In
t. S
ymp.
Lan
dslil
des,
Tor
onto
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nt.,
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435-
440.
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Hod
ges,
K.V
., P
arri
sh,
R.R.
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oush
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B.,
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D.R
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mul
tane
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he H
imal
ayan
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Sci
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ashi
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52,
On
the
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icti
on o
f ph
enom
ena
from
qua
litat
ive
data
and
qua
ntif
icat
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of q
ualit
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ta f
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the
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hem
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arun
akar
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anga
Rao
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droc
arbo
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n th
e H
imal
ayan
reg
ion
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ntri
buti
ons
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stra
tigr
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uctu
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alay
an G
eolo
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Khat
tri K
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need
to
revi
se t
he t
he c
urre
nt o
ffic
ial
seis
mic
zon
ing
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of
Indi
a, C
urre
nt S
cien
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Vol.
90 N
o 5
pp
634-
12. K
ijko
, A.
, an
d Se
llevo
ll, M
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(198
9),
Esti
mat
ion
of E
arth
quak
e H
azar
d Pa
ram
eter
s fr
om I
ncom
plet
e da
ta F
iles.
Par
t II:
Uti
lizat
ion
of E
xtre
me
and
Com
plet
e Ca
talo
gues
wit
h di
ffer
ent
Thre
shol
d M
agni
tude
s, B
ull.
Sei
sm.
Soc.
Am
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4.
13. K
rish
na R
ao,
V.V.
and
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P.
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9) G
eolo
gy o
f th
e Te
rtia
ry b
elt
of N
orth
wes
t H
imal
aya
Jam
mu
and
Kash
mir
sta
te,
Indi
a.
Him
alay
an G
eolo
gy S
emin
ar,
Sect
ion
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174.
14. O
rdaz
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uila
r, A
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d Ar
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da,
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r 3.
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puti
ng s
eism
ic h
azar
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aina
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N.
et.
All,
197
6, A
Rev
iew
of
Rece
nt G
eolo
gica
l W
ork
in t
he W
este
rn S
ecto
r of
the
Him
alay
a, G
rolo
gica
l So
ciet
y of
Indi
a, M
isc.
Pub
. N
o. 4
1, P
art
II, 1
982,
pp
78 –
101
16. R
amak
rish
nan,
D.,
Gho
se,
M.K
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inu
Chan
dran
, R.
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d Je
yara
m,
A.,
2005
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obab
ilist
ic t
echn
ique
s, G
IS a
nd R
emot
e Se
nsin
g
in L
ands
lide
Haz
ard
Mit
igat
ion:
A C
ase
Stud
y fr
om S
ikki
m H
imal
ayas
, In
dia.
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eoca
rto
Inte
rnat
iona
l, v
ol 2
0, 4
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58.
17. S
earl
e, M
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6) G
eolo
gica
l ev
iden
ce a
gain
st l
arge
sca
le p
re-H
oloc
ene
offs
ets
alon
g th
e Ka
rako
ram
fau
lt:
Impl
icat
ions
for
the
limit
ed e
xtru
stio
n of
the
Tib
etan
pla
teau
. Te
cton
ics,
15,
171
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18. S
hann
on,
C.E.
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48,
A M
athe
mat
ical
The
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omm
unic
atio
n, B
ell
Syst
em T
echn
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9–42
3 &
623
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1) T
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nono
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enta
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tory
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ollis
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synt
hesi
s. P
hys.
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17,
115-
132.
20. S
rika
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harg
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998)
Geo
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acha
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dia,
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21. T
haku
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este
rn H
imal
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Per
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on P
ress
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xfor
d, 3
66p.
22.
Thak
ur,
V.C.
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All,
200
6, 8
Oct
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05 M
uzaf
fara
bad
eart
hqua
ke a
nd S
eism
ic H
azar
d As
sess
men
t of
Kas
hmir
Gap
in
nort
hern
Him
alay
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ourn
al o
f G
eolo
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23. U
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trat
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Lad
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et a
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este
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eolo
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9, 4
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67
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ecto
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Him
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ethy
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d su
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uent
Ind
ian
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e su
bduc
tion
alo
ng
Indu
s Su
ture
zon
e. P
roc.
Indi
an N
atio
nal S
cien
ce A
cade
mi,
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25. V
irdi
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78)
Disc
over
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d si
gnif
ican
ce o
f Pr
mia
n m
icro
foss
ils
in
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Tso
Mor
ari
Crys
talli
nes
of L
adak
h, J
& K
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dia.
Him
alay
an G
eolo
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93-1
000
26. W
adia
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(196
6) G
eolo
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f In
dia.
Mac
mill
an a
nd C
ompa
ny L
imit
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27.
Wad
ia D
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193
1, T
he S
yntr
axis
of
Nor
th-
Wes
t H
imal
aya
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s Ro
cks,
Tec
toni
cs a
nd O
roge
ny,
Reco
rds
of t
ne G
eolo
gica
l
Surv
ey o
f In
dia
Vol.
LXV
, pa
rt II
, pp
190-
220
28. Y
oung
s, R
. R.
, S.
J.
Chio
u, W
. J.
Silv
a an
d J.
R.
Hum
pher
y (1
997)
Str
ong
grou
nd m
otio
n at
tenu
atio
n re
lati
onsh
ips
for
subd
ucti
on z
one
eart
hqua
kes,
Sei
smol
ogic
al R
es L
ette
r, V
ol 6
8, 5
8-73
.
AVI
EW F
RO
M B
ASIG
RAN
-SA
LAM
ABAD
RO
AD
OVE
RLO
OK
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