Upload
jose-kanjirathumkal
View
670
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
1
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
Submitted for Academic Assignment for Human Resource Management
March 2010 Authors:
MRITYUNJAY SINGH,
SURANJIT,
ASWATHY.R,
PRANJAL,
HARI
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
2
SELECTION PROCESS
Recruitment is the process of identifying and attracting potential candidates from within and
Outside an organization to begin evaluating them for future employment.
Once candidates are identified, an organization can begin the selection process. This includes
collecting, measuring, and evaluating information about candidates’ qualifications for specified
positions. Organizations use these processes to increase the likelihood of hiring individuals who
possess the right skills and abilities to be successful at their jobs.
Why Careful Selection Is Important
Selecting the right employees is important for three main reasons.
1) Employees with the right skills and attributes will perform more effectively;
2) The cost of making a wrong hire can become exhorbitant considering the time and
money invested in the selection and training process; and
3) The legal implications of incompetent or negligent hiring.
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
3
Recruitment Vs Selection
Both recruitment and selection are the two phases of the employment process. The differences
between the two are:
1. The recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating
them to apply for jobs in the organization WHEREAS selection involves the series of steps by
which the candidates are screened for choosing the most suitable persons for vacant posts.
2. The basic purpose of recruitments is to create a talent pool of candidates to enable the
selection of best candidates for the organization, by attracting more and more employees to apply
in the organization WHEREAS the basic purpose of selection process is to choose the right
candidate to fill the various positions in the organization.
3. Recruitment is a positive process i.e. encouraging more and more employees to apply
WHEREAS selection is a negative process as it involves rejection of the unsuitable candidates.
4. Recruitment is concerned with tapping the sources of human resources WHEREAS
selection is concerned with selecting the most suitable candidate through various interviews and
tests.
5. There is no contract of established in recruitment WHEREAS selection results in a contract of
service between the employer and the selected employee.
Selection Procedure The Main Objective of a selection procedure is to determine whether an applicant meets the
qualification for a specific job, and then to choose the applicant who is most likely to perform
well in that job.
The entire process of selection begins with an initial screening interview and concludes with a
final employment decision. When a selection policy is formulated, organizational requirement
like technical and professional dimensions are kept in mind.
Steps in selection procedure:
1. Reception of applications or preliminary screening
2. Application bank that gives a detail about the applicant’s background and life history
3. A well conducted interview to explore the applicant’s background
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
4
4. The physical examination
5. Psychological testing that gives an objective look at a candidate’s suitability for that job
6. A reference check
7. Final Selection approved by the manager
8. Communication of the decision to the candidate.
Therefore the Selection Process can be pictorially represented in a flowchart as below:
Establishing Selection Process -> Identifying & choosing selection criteria -> Gathering
information about potential employees -> Evaluating information for assessing applicant ->
Making decision to select or reject -> Communicating decision
Thus the selection process should be planned such that human resource is efficiently used. The
right person for the right job and inducting her/him into the organization or department
successfully is the basic criteria of the entire process.
Types of test
A. Ability (Competence/Skill) Tests
Typing tests, a spelling test, an arithmetic test, the Graduate Employability Test. These
require the "subject" in a test situation demonstrating what he/she is supposed to know and
can do. For the test to be valid the competences being tested must be required by the
job/task. If not, then the results from the test may have nothing to do with job performance.
For employment test design, a very thorough job analysis is needed to establish the
knowledge, skill level and to elicit the contexts or environmental circumstances within
which the job holders will perform with competence.
Some question is asked to verify whether the candidate...
Will the employee be performing in a busy, noisy environment?
Will he/she be expected to perform speedily or under pressure?
B. Aptitude test
Aptitude tests seek to measure candidate qualities or traits (physical, social, conceptual,
analytic and practical). The outcome of the test will aim to assist in predicting the
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
5
candidate's capacity (potential) to develop those competences/skills that are needed to
perform a task/job/role well.
The traits that we associate with job performance must be definable in concrete, measurable
terms. Aptitude tests are used to assess potential and trainability e.g. of an unskilled or
inexperienced job applicant.
C. Intelligence tests
Aptitude testing overlaps with the interest of employers who to seek to test/measure aspects
of the intelligence of candidates. Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure.
Various intelligence tests give an IQ score or score against a particular population, e.g.
college graduates. They seek to measure a range of intelligence-related capacities for:
verbal, numerical, spatial and general reasoning i.e. abilities to perform mental tasks (the
outcomes of cognition). Various tests targeting similar traits (with slight differences as the
nature of the trait is defined by test designers) may be done by the same group of people. By
comparing individual results across various tests and also by comparing group scores,
consistent patterns emerge may.
D. Creativity tests
There is creativity tests on the market designed to "measure" how flexible someone is in
reacting to given situations. However, creativity involves imagination, originality and ability
to see new opportunities and relationships. Creative people may not have original ideas but
use the ideas of others organize to bring these ideas into fruition.
E. Personality tests
Intelligence is an aspect of personality of which other characteristics might be defined. You
can describe your personality in terms of how you see it given the limited information you
have about you and how you (your personality) interpret this information.
Personality is socially constructed. How you actually behave is concrete. If your behaviours
compare with patterns of commonly appreciated behaviour - we build up a model of what
personality characteristics are. As a generalization it is probably true to say that your
"personality" affects your job performance
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
6
Psychometric test researchers have tried to correlate "personality types" against job
performance. So if we can find an instrument to measure the presence of the personality trait
then if there is a good correlation with job performance then we will be able to predict job
performance more reliability.
F. Group Activity Tests
Instead of paper-based tests, the interviewer might use group activities from which the
behaviour of participants is interpreted as being "creative" (more or less).
Background Investigations and Other Selection Techniques
A. Background Investigations and Reference Checks – Most employers
check and verify an applicant’s background information and references,
including driving record, check for criminal charges or convictions, and
credit check.
1. Aims – The main reasons for conducting investigations into an
applicant’s background are to verify factual information and to
uncover damaging information to help prevent losses.
2. Types of Background Checks – Typically the applicant’s current
and/or former position and salary are verified. Commercial credit
rating companies and other services can provide information about
credit standing, criminal, employment and educational histori.
Employers often check social networking site postings online.
3. Effectiveness – Reference letters are not viewed as very useful. Fewer
than half of HR managers state that they were able to obtain adequate
information about candidates.
4. Legal Issues: a. Defamation - Laws (like the Fair Credit Reporting Act of
1970) increase the likelihood that rejected applicants will have
access to the background information. The rejected applicant
has various legal remedies including the right to sue for
defamation.
b. Privacy – Truth is not always a defense. Employees can sue
employers for disclosing true but embarrassing private facts to
those without a need to know.
5. Supervisor Reluctance – Rather than damage a former employee’s
chance for a job, supervisors may sometimes give good references.
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
7
6. Employer Guidelines – Defensible reference policies include having
only authorized managers provide information about employees. Some
employers will only provide dates of employment, salary and position
title to reference seekers.
8. Making Background and Checks More Useful – Employers should:
include on their application forms a statement for applicants to sign,
explicitly authorizing a background check; rely more on telephone
references than written ones; ask open-ended questions, use each
reference as a sorce for another and watch for ―red flags.‖.
B. Using Preemployment Information Services - Various federal and state
laws govern how employers acquire and use applicants' and employees'
background information. Compliance involves four steps: 1) Disclosure
and authorization; 2) Certification; 3) Providing copies of the reports; and
4) Notice after adverse action.
C. The Polygraph and Honesty Testing
A polygraph (lie detector) is a device that measures physiological changes
like increased perspiration. Current law prevents most employers engaged
in interstate commerce from using these tests for preemployment
screening or during the course of employment. Local, state and federal
government employers can continue to use the tests.
1. Paper-and-Pencil Tests – Paper-and-pencil honesty tests are
psychological tests designed to predict job applicants’ proneness to
dishonesty and other forms of counter-productive behavior.
2. What Employers Can Do – Employers can: ask blunt questions;
listen, rather than talk; ask for a credit check; check all references;
consider paper-and-pencil honesty tests and psychological tests as a
part of your honesty-screening program; test for drugs; establish a
search-and-seizure policy; and conduct searches.
D. Graphology (handwriting analysis) assumes that handwriting reflects basic
personality tests.
E. Physical Exams – Once an offer is made and the person is hired, a
medical exam is usually the next step in the selection process.
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
8
F. Substance Abuse Screening – Because drug abuse is a serious problem for
employers, it is common practice for most employers to conduct drug screening just
before employees are formally hired.
1. Ethical Issues – Because drug testing indicates only the presence or
absence of drugs, it can’t measure the level of impairment or addiction.
Some argue that the testing is therefore not justifiable if workplace
safety is the motivator for using tests.
2. Legal Issues – Former drug users may be protected under ADA.
Privacy rights are also often cited.
G. HRIS: Automated Applicant Tracking Systems and Applicant Screening -
These systems are an example of technology use in HR. These systems
help companies screen applicants in three ways:
1)"Knock out" applicants who do not meet minimum, non-negotiable
job requirements;
2) Test and screen applicants online including web-based skills testing,
cognitive skills testing, and psychological testing; and
3) discover "hidden talents" by identifying talents in the candidate pool
that lend themselves to job matches at the company that the applicant
didn't know existed when he applied.
INTERVIEW
Conversation between two or more people for the purpose of yielding
information for guidance, counseling, treatment, or employment.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
1. Informal Interview: This is the interview which can be conducted at any place by
any person to secure the basic and non-job related information.
2. Unstructured Interview: In this interview the candidate is given the freedom to tell
about himself by revealing his knowledge on various items / areas, his background,
expectations, interest etc. Similarly, the interviewer also provides information on
various items required by the candidate
3. Background Information Interview:
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
9
This interview is intended to collect the information which is not available in the
application blank and to check that information provided in the application blank
regarding education, place of domicile, family, health, interests, hobbies, likes, dislikes,
extracurricular activities of the applicant.
4. Job and Probing Interview
This interview aims at testing the candidate’s job knowledge about duties, activities,
methods of doing the job, critical/ problematic areas, methods of handling those areas etc.
5. Stress Interview:
This interview aims at testing the candidate’s job behaviour and level of withstanding
during the period of stress and strain. Interviewer tests the candidate by putting him under
stress and strain by interrupting the applicant from answering, criticizing his opinions,
asking questions pertaining to unrelated areas, keeping silent for unduly long period after
he has finished speaking etc.
6. Group Discussion Interview:
There are two methods of conducting group discussion interview, namely, group
interview method and discussion interview method. All candidates are brought into one
room i.e. interview room and are interviewed one by one under group interview This
method helps a busy executive to save valuable time and gives a fair account of the
objectivity of the interview to the candidates.
Under the discussion interview method, one topic is given for discussion to the
candidates who assemble in one room and they are asked to discuss the topic in detail.
This type of interview helps the interviewer in appraising, certain skills of the candidates
like initiative, inter-personal skills, dynamism, presentation, leading comprehension,
collaboration etc.
7. Formal and Structured Interview:
In this type of interview, all the formalities, procedure like fixing the value , time, panel
of interviewers, opening and closing, intimati0ng the candidates officially etc. are strictly
followed I arranging and conducting the interview. The course of the interview is pre-
planned and structured, in advance, depending on job requirements. The questions items
for discussion are structured and experts are allotted different areas and questions to be
asked. There will be very little room for the interviewers to deviate from the questions
prepared in advance in a sequence.
8. Panel Interview:
A panel of experts interviews each candidate, judges his performance individually and
prepares a consolidated judgment based on each expert’s judgment and weighted of each
factor. This type of interview is called as panel interview.
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
10
Interviewing of candidates by one person may not be effective as he cannot judge the
candidates in different areas/ skills owning to lack of knowledge and competence in
multiple disciplines and areas. Hence most organizations invite a panel of experts,
specialized in different areas / fields / disciplines, to interview the candidates.
9. Depth Interview
In this type of Interview, the candidates would be examined extensively in core areas of
knowledge and skills of the job. Experts in that particular field examine the candidates by
posing relevant questions as to extract critical answers from them, initiating discussions
regarding critical areas of the job, and by asking the candidates to explain even minute
operations of the job performance.
10. Behavioural Interview
The basic premise behind this type of interview is that the past behaviour is the best
predictor of future actions. These types of questions may be asked in any interview
format—telephone, panel or one-on-one. If the employer asks behaviour-oriented
questions, they are no longer asking hypothetical questions but are now asking questions
that must be answered based on facts.
11. Case Interview
In some interviews you may be asked to demonstrate your problem-solving skills. The
interviewer will outline a situation or provide you with a case study and ask you to
formulate a plan that deals with the problem. The candidate does not have to come up
with the ultimate solution. The interviewers are looking for how you apply your
knowledge and skills to a real-life situation.
12. Telephone Interview
Many organizations will conduct interviews by telephone to narrow a field of candidates.
Telephone interviews may also be used as a preliminary interview for candidates who
live far away from the jobsite. It is important to treat this interview as you would a face-
to-face connection. Arrange for a quiet space and time to schedule the conversation.
Clear a work surface to minimize distractions. Avoid using a phone with call waiting.
INTERVIEW PROCESS
A successful interview of a candidate of a candidate is a specialized process which requires a
thorough grounding in the art of conducting interviews. The typical sequences of functions that
occur in the course of a interview are as follows:
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
11
APPRAISE
Suspended Judgement
PROBE
Confirmed Decision
ACT
CLOSE
RATE
Prepare to interview next application
(a) First impression, (b) Appearance and manner, (c) Evidence of energy, (d)
Answers to general question
(a) Use “why” “what”, “how” “where” and “when” type of question. (b)
Continue observation of a person. (c) Estimate suitability for
employment. (d) Note degree of a rapport with interviewer.
ACCEPT (a) Give information about company history, products, opportunities,
salary, and training programmes.
REJECT (a) Maintain a good public relations but do not oversell. (b) Answer
question
ENCOURAGE (a) Give information. (b) Indicate interest in further contact when
available. (c) Answer questions.
(a) Describe the next steps, such as application form, test, factory visits. (b)
Arrange time for next contact.
(a) Indicate decision to person. (b) Avoid specific reasons for rejection.
(a) Explain referral procedure. (b) Give name of persons or office to contact.
(a) Suggest ways for maintaining contacts.
Make notes fill out Rating Form
18’A’GROUP-4 HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT’S NOTES
12