Sem 2 ReviewSem 2 ReviewMs. MartinezMs. Martinez, 2011, 2011

1. In a cat, the gene for 1. In a cat, the gene for black fur (B) is dominant black fur (B) is dominant while the gene for white while the gene for white

fur (b) is recessivefur (b) is recessive.. a.a. What are the possible What are the possible combinations of genes in the combinations of genes in the

offspring of two offspring of two heterozygousheterozygous black cats black cats

((BbBb)? )?

Meiosis/Genetics (CA Standards 2g, 3a-b)

a. What are the possible a. What are the possible combinations of genes in combinations of genes in

the offspring of two the offspring of two heterozygousheterozygous black black

cats (cats (BbBb)?)?

B b

B

b

BB Bb

Bb bb

b. What are the possible b. What are the possible combinations of genes in the combinations of genes in the

offspring of one offspring of one homozygous homozygous whitewhite cat ( cat (bbbb) and one ) and one

heterozygous blackheterozygous black cat ( cat (BbBb)? )?

b. What are the possible b. What are the possible combinations of genes in the combinations of genes in the

offspring of one offspring of one homozygous homozygous whitewhite cat ( cat (bbbb) and one ) and one

heterozygous blackheterozygous black cat ( cat (BbBb)?)?

b b

B

b

Bb Bb

bb bb

2. Describe how twoorganisms may show the same

trait, yet havedifferent genotypes for that trait?

2. Describe how twoorganisms may show the same

trait, yet havedifferent genotypes for that trait?

-Organisms may be homozygous dominant or one heterozygous, but express same phenotype.

3. Dog fur color is controlled by a gene that 3. Dog fur color is controlled by a gene that comes in a dominant form (G) or a comes in a dominant form (G) or a

recessive form (g). Eye color is also recessive form (g). Eye color is also controlled by another gene that comes in controlled by another gene that comes in a dominant form (B) or a recessive form a dominant form (B) or a recessive form

(b). (b).

Two dogs with the following Two dogs with the following genotypes were bred: genotypes were bred:

Ggbb x GgBBGgbb x GgBB

a. What are the possible a. What are the possible phenotypesphenotypes for for fur colorfur color of their of their offspring?offspring?

3a. What are the 3a. What are the possible possible phenotypesphenotypes for for fur colorfur color of their of their

offspring? offspring?

Ggbb x GgBBGgbb x GgBBGene Trait

G Golden Fur

g Black Fur

B Brown Eyes

b Blue Eyes

B B

b

b

?? ??

?? ??

NEXT….

3a. What are the 3a. What are the possible possible phenotypesphenotypes for for fur colorfur color of their of their

offspring? offspring? Ggbb x GgBBGgbb x GgBB

Gene Trait

G Golden Fur

g Black Fur

B Brown Eyes

b Blue Eyes

G g

G

g

GG Gg

Gg gg

a.a. 75% Golden Fur (75% Golden Fur (GG, Gg), GG, Gg), 25% Black Fur (gg)25% Black Fur (gg)

3b. What are the 3b. What are the possible possible phenotypesphenotypes for for eye coloreye color of their of their

offspring? offspring? Gene Trait

G Golden Fur

g Black Fur

B Brown Eyes

b Blue Eyes

B B

b

b

?? ??

?? ??NEXT….

100% Brown Eyes (Bb)100% Brown Eyes (Bb)

b. What are the possible b. What are the possible phenotypesphenotypes for for eye eye

colorcolor of their offspring? of their offspring? Gene Trait

G Golden Fur

g Black Fur

B Brown Eyes

b Blue Eyes

B B

b

b

Bb Bb

Bb Bb

4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells

have only one factor for each inherited trait.

This hypothesis is supported by the observation that during the formation of sex cells, a process called , gametes with one set of chromosomes are formed, also known as

cells.

4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells

have only one factor for each inherited

trait.This hypothesis is supported by the observation that

during the formation of sex cells, a process called Meiosis , gametes with one set of chromosomes are

formed, also known as Haploid cells.

5. The following diagram 5. The following diagram represents which two represents which two

processes?processes?

5. The following diagram 5. The following diagram represents which two represents which two

processes?processes?

_Segregation_ (or the separating of chromosomes)_Recombination____ (the random combining of chromosomes)

6 List the most likely order of 6 List the most likely order of successionsuccession following a following a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens, the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens,

Mosses, Trees.Mosses, Trees.

Ecology (CA Standards 6a-f)

6 List the most likely order of 6 List the most likely order of successionsuccession following a following a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens, the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens,

Mosses, Trees.Mosses, Trees.

Lichens/mosses grasses shrubs trees

7. 7. What is the difference What is the difference between between BioticBiotic and and AbioticAbiotic

factors of an ecosystem?factors of an ecosystem?

Biotic – living things in an ecosystemBiotic – living things in an ecosystemEx Squirrel, tree, grass, etc.Ex Squirrel, tree, grass, etc.

Abiotic – Non-living things in an ecosystemAbiotic – Non-living things in an ecosystemEx Sun, wind, rocks, etc.Ex Sun, wind, rocks, etc.

7. What is the difference 7. What is the difference between between BioticBiotic and and AbioticAbiotic factors of an factors of an

ecosystem?ecosystem?

8. 8. Over the course of 400 years, a river Over the course of 400 years, a river eventually became a fertile valley. During this eventually became a fertile valley. During this

transformation, various communities took transformation, various communities took over from previous ones. The reason these over from previous ones. The reason these

newer communities replaced the older newer communities replaced the older communities was that the communities was that the

( biotic / abiotic ) ( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics characteristics of theof the ( habitat / population ) ( habitat / population )

changed.changed.

8. 8. Over the course of 400 years, a river Over the course of 400 years, a river eventually became a fertile valley. During this eventually became a fertile valley. During this

transformation, various communities took transformation, various communities took over from previous ones. The reason these over from previous ones. The reason these

newer communities replaced the older newer communities replaced the older communities was that thecommunities was that the

( biotic / ( biotic / abioticabiotic ) ) characteristics characteristics of theof the ( habitat( habitat / population ) / population )

changed.changed.

9. 9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago have become a serious pest and predator to native birds. have become a serious pest and predator to native birds.

Black snake populations increased so much that they Black snake populations increased so much that they displaced many native bird populations. List some possible displaced many native bird populations. List some possible

reasons that could have increased the snake numbers reasons that could have increased the snake numbers ((reasons for change in population sizereasons for change in population size).).

The snakes have few effective The snakes have few effective predators since they were not predators since they were not

originally part of the ecosystem!originally part of the ecosystem!

9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several 9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago have become a serious pest and decades ago have become a serious pest and

predator to native birds. Black snake populations predator to native birds. Black snake populations increased so much that they displaced many increased so much that they displaced many native bird populations. List some possible native bird populations. List some possible

reasons that could have increased the snake reasons that could have increased the snake numbers (numbers (reasons for change in population sizereasons for change in population size).).

10. 10. In the Carbon Cycle, whichIn the Carbon Cycle, which processes return the largest amount processes return the largest amount

of of carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide back to the back to the atmosphereatmosphere??

Respiration Respiration CombustionCombustion

10. In the Carbon Cycle, which10. In the Carbon Cycle, which processes return the largest processes return the largest

amount of amount of carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide back back to the to the atmosphereatmosphere??

11. 11. Combustion or burning of Combustion or burning of plant material returns the plant material returns the

elementelement ?? ?? primarily to primarily to the the ???? ..

11. 11. Combustion or burning of Combustion or burning of plant material returns the plant material returns the

elementelement Carbon Carbon primarily to the primarily to the

atmosphereatmosphere..

12. 12. Draw arrows to match Draw arrows to match the following population the following population changes to the correct changes to the correct

explanation for this change.explanation for this change.

Population increasing birth rate = death rate

Population decreasing birth rate > death ratePopulation remains steady emigration > immigration

12. 12. Draw arrows to Draw arrows to match match the following the following

population changes to population changes to the correct explanation the correct explanation

for this change.for this change.

Population decreasing birth rate > death ratePopulation remains steady emigration > immigration

Population increasing birth rate = death rate

13. What is 13. What is demonstrated by the demonstrated by the

Carrying Capacity Carrying Capacity shown in the graph shown in the graph

below?below?

Carrying capacity is the maximum Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can number of individuals an ecosystem can

support or the ecosystem’s ability to support or the ecosystem’s ability to sustain a stable population of sustain a stable population of

organisms.organisms.

13. What is demonstrated by 13. What is demonstrated by the Carrying Capacity shown the Carrying Capacity shown

in the graph below?in the graph below?

14. Which community 14. Which community below has more below has more biodiversitybiodiversity? ?

Community A Community B

14. Which community 14. Which community below has more below has more biodiversitybiodiversity? ?

Community A

15. Which community has a greater 15. Which community has a greater chance of surviving a natural chance of surviving a natural

disaster?disaster? Why? Why?

15. Which community has a greater 15. Which community has a greater chance of surviving a natural chance of surviving a natural

disaster?disaster? AA Why? Why? More More diversity = better chance for diversity = better chance for

survival of at least some survival of at least some organisms if a natural disaster organisms if a natural disaster

occurred.occurred.

16. Circle all of the 16. Circle all of the following that would most following that would most likely be found at the likely be found at the top top

of an energy pyramid? of an energy pyramid? Why?Why?

sharks kelp lions eagles clams sardines humans

16. Circle all of the 16. Circle all of the following that would most following that would most likely be found at the likely be found at the top top of an energy pyramid? of an energy pyramid? sharks kelp lions eagles clams sardines humans

Why? Why? carnivores at the carnivores at the toptop

17. Consumers release 17. Consumers release ________________gas, which is gas, which is

required required by by ________________________(commonly called (commonly called

plants).plants).

17. Consumers release 17. Consumers release Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide (CO2)(CO2) gas, gas,

which is required which is required by by ProducersProducers (commonly (commonly

called plants).called plants).

18. What percentage of 18. What percentage of available energy is passed available energy is passed

from one trophic level to the from one trophic level to the next in an energy pyramid?next in an energy pyramid?

Explain what Explain what happens to the rest happens to the rest of the energy that is of the energy that is

not passed on…not passed on…

10%10%

18. What percentage of available energy 18. What percentage of available energy is passed is passed

from one trophic level to the next in an from one trophic level to the next in an

energy pyramid?energy pyramid? Explain what Explain what

happens to the rest happens to the rest of the energy that is of the energy that is

not passed on…not passed on…The other 90% of the energy is lost as heat at each level. This is the amount of energy that is used by the organisms during photosynthesis and respiration.

19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green 19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, alga, SpirogyraSpirogyra; the primary consumer is ; the primary consumer is the crustacean, the crustacean, DaphniaDaphnia; the secondary ; the secondary

consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in bass. What changes can be expected in the lake if the Daphnia are killed with the lake if the Daphnia are killed with

pesticides?pesticides?

Circle Circle increaseincrease or or decreasedecrease::The Spirogyra will The Spirogyra will increaseincrease or or decreasedecrease

The Daphnia will iThe Daphnia will increasencrease or or decreasedecrease

The sunfish will The sunfish will increaseincrease or or decreasedecrease

The bass will The bass will increaseincrease or or decreasedecrease

19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, 19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, SpirogyraSpirogyra; the primary ; the primary consumer is the crustacean, consumer is the crustacean, DaphniaDaphnia; the secondary consumer ; the secondary consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in the lake if the fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in the lake if the

Daphnia are killed with pesticides?Daphnia are killed with pesticides?

Circle Circle increaseincrease or or decreasedecrease::The Spirogyra will The Spirogyra will increaseincrease or or decreasedecreaseWHY? With the Daphnia gone they don’t have a WHY? With the Daphnia gone they don’t have a

predator!!predator!!

The Daphnia will iThe Daphnia will increasencrease or or decreasedecreaseWHY? Told in the question that pesticides killed them!WHY? Told in the question that pesticides killed them!

The sunfish will The sunfish will increaseincrease or or decreasedecreaseWHY? They don’t have the Daphnia to eatWHY? They don’t have the Daphnia to eat

The bass will The bass will increaseincrease or or decreasedecrease WHY? They don’t have the sunfish to eatWHY? They don’t have the sunfish to eat

20. What is genetic 20. What is genetic drift?drift?

Give 2 examples of Give 2 examples of how it can occur. how it can occur.

Evolution (CA Standards 7a-d, 8a-e)

Changes in a gene pool due to Changes in a gene pool due to RANDOM or CHANCE eventsRANDOM or CHANCE events

20. What is genetic drift?20. What is genetic drift?

Give 2 examples of how it can occur.

1.1. Founder Effect (new population Founder Effect (new population started by a small group) and started by a small group) and

2.2. Bottleneck Effect (natural disasters)Bottleneck Effect (natural disasters)

21. How does genetic drift 21. How does genetic drift affect the diversity a affect the diversity a population living in a population living in a habitat that does not habitat that does not

change for a long period change for a long period of time?of time?

Decreases the diversity of the Decreases the diversity of the population/gene pool.population/gene pool.

21. How does genetic drift 21. How does genetic drift affect the diversity a affect the diversity a population living in a population living in a habitat that does not habitat that does not

change for a long period change for a long period of time?of time?

22. Which of the following is the best 22. Which of the following is the best example of genetic drift?example of genetic drift?

a. a species of fish evolving with greater a. a species of fish evolving with greater speed over time to evade predatorsspeed over time to evade predators

b. a rhino breeding more successfully b. a rhino breeding more successfully because it has evolved a thicker coat because it has evolved a thicker coat over timerover timer

c. a fire destroying most of the remaining c. a fire destroying most of the remaining members of an isolated gorilla members of an isolated gorilla populationpopulation

22. Which of the following is the best 22. Which of the following is the best example of genetic drift?example of genetic drift?a. a species of fish evolving with greater a. a species of fish evolving with greater

speed over time to evade predatorsspeed over time to evade predators

b. a rhino breeding more successfully b. a rhino breeding more successfully because it has evolved a thicker coat because it has evolved a thicker coat over timerover timer

c. a fire destroying most of the remaining c. a fire destroying most of the remaining members of an isolated gorilla populationmembers of an isolated gorilla population

23. What is Natural 23. What is Natural Selection?Selection?

23. What is Natural 23. What is Natural Selection?Selection?

Organisms that are better Organisms that are better suited (adaptations) to their suited (adaptations) to their environment will survive and environment will survive and reproduce more successfully reproduce more successfully than those that are not well than those that are not well suited for their environment.suited for their environment.

24. In terms of natural selection, genetic 24. In terms of natural selection, genetic traits are passed on by better traits are passed on by better adapted organisms which also adapted organisms which also

a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit” a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit” organisms.organisms.

b. tend to take resources from “less fit” b. tend to take resources from “less fit” organisms.organisms.

c. tend to have a longer lifespan than “less c. tend to have a longer lifespan than “less fit” organisms.fit” organisms.

24. In terms of natural selection, 24. In terms of natural selection, genetic traits are passed on by genetic traits are passed on by better adapted organisms which also better adapted organisms which also a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit” a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit”

organisms.organisms.

b. tend to take resources from “less fit” b. tend to take resources from “less fit” organisms.organisms.

c. tend to have a longer lifespan than c. tend to have a longer lifespan than “less fit” organisms.“less fit” organisms.

25. What is 25. What is reproductive reproductive

isolation?isolation?

25. What is 25. What is reproductive reproductive

isolation?isolation?

Individuals/populations of the Individuals/populations of the same species are prevented same species are prevented from reproducing with each from reproducing with each

otherother

26. What is 26. What is geographic geographic isolation? isolation?

26. What is 26. What is geographic isolation?geographic isolation?

Individuals/populations of the Individuals/populations of the same species cannot same species cannot

reproduce due to geographic reproduce due to geographic barriersbarriers

27. What is temporal 27. What is temporal isolation? isolation?

27. What is temporal 27. What is temporal isolation?isolation?

Individuals/population of the same Individuals/population of the same species cannot reproduce due to species cannot reproduce due to

different mating seasonsdifferent mating seasons

28. A significant source 28. A significant source of variation in a gene of variation in a gene pool ispool is ________________ . .

28. A significant source 28. A significant source of variation in a gene of variation in a gene

pool is/arepool is/aremutationsmutations . .

29. While SOME 29. While SOME mutations CAN cause mutations CAN cause

harm, harm, MOSTMOST mutations mutations

( cause no harm / ( cause no harm / benefit people )benefit people )

29. While SOME 29. While SOME mutations CAN cause mutations CAN cause

harm, harm, MOSTMOST mutations mutations

( ( cause no harmcause no harm / / benefit people )benefit people )

30. Mutations within a 30. Mutations within a DNA sequence are DNA sequence are (natural / unnatural)(natural / unnatural) processes that processes that produce produce (different (different phenotypes/ genetic phenotypes/ genetic diversity ).diversity ).

30. Mutations within a 30. Mutations within a DNA sequence are DNA sequence are ((naturalnatural / unnatural) / unnatural) processes that processes that produce produce (different (different phenotypes/phenotypes/geneticgenetic diversitydiversity).).

31. Complete the following 3 parts of 31. Complete the following 3 parts of Darwin’sDarwin’s theory of theory of natural selection.natural selection.

– More individuals are produced than can More individuals are produced than can

( survive / emerge )( survive / emerge )– There is genetic ( consistency / variation ) There is genetic ( consistency / variation )

among individuals in a populationamong individuals in a population– Individuals within a population must Individuals within a population must

compete for ( predators / resources )compete for ( predators / resources )

31. Complete the following 3 parts of 31. Complete the following 3 parts of Darwin’sDarwin’s theory of theory of natural natural selection.selection.– More individuals are produced than can More individuals are produced than can

( ( survive survive / emerge ) / emerge )– There is genetic ( consistency / There is genetic ( consistency / variationvariation

) among individuals in a population ) among individuals in a population– Individuals within a population must Individuals within a population must

compete for ( predators / compete for ( predators / resources resources ) )

32. How often do new 32. How often do new mutations occur in a mutations occur in a

gene pool?gene pool?

32. How often do new 32. How often do new mutations occur in a mutations occur in a

gene pool?gene pool?

-Constantly.-Constantly.

-Some are good, some bad, -Some are good, some bad, and some have no effect.and some have no effect.

QuaternaryQuaternary??

CretaceousCretaceous??

Triassic?Triassic?

33. According to this chart, which 33. According to this chart, which group demonstrated the greatest group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity biodiversity during each of the during each of the following period?following period?

QuaternaryQuaternary??

LizardsLizardsCretaceousCretaceous

??LizardsLizards Triassic?Triassic?

DinosaursDinosaurs

33. According to this chart, which 33. According to this chart, which group demonstrated the greatest group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity biodiversity during each of the during each of the following period?following period?

34. Finding a large number of dinosaur 34. Finding a large number of dinosaur fossils in one layer of sedimentary fossils in one layer of sedimentary rock but not in the newer layers rock but not in the newer layers above it would indicate that above it would indicate that perhaps aperhaps a

???? took place. took place.

34. Finding a large 34. Finding a large number of dinosaur number of dinosaur fossils in one layer of fossils in one layer of sedimentary rock but sedimentary rock but not in the newer not in the newer layers above it would layers above it would indicate that perhaps indicate that perhaps a a

Mass ExtinctionMass Extinctiontook place. took place.

35. After a mass 35. After a mass extinction, what is likely extinction, what is likely

to occur? to occur?

35. After a mass 35. After a mass extinction, what is likely extinction, what is likely

to occur?to occur?

Those species that survive Those species that survive will adapt and evolve and will adapt and evolve and

increase in number increase in number

36. Why has life on 36. Why has life on earth continued earth continued despite major despite major catastrophes?catastrophes?

Answer:Answer: A wide A wide of of existed.existed.

36. Why has life on 36. Why has life on earth continued despite earth continued despite

major catastrophes?major catastrophes?

Answer:Answer: A wide A wide

DiversityDiversity of of

SpeciesSpecies existed.existed.

37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that 37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect affect

rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it. below it.

Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptiblesusceptible

to predators. Which of the following genotypes will to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a produce a

rabbit that is rabbit that is least least likely to survive? likely to survive?

Hint: Focus on the Order

of Dominance

at the bottom of diagram!!

37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that 37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect affect

rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it. below it.

Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptiblesusceptible

to predators. Which of the following genotypes will to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a produce a

rabbit that is rabbit that is least least likely to survive? likely to survive?

Hint: Focus on the Order of Dominance at the bottom of diagram!!

chc

38. In sharks there is a rare disease that 38. In sharks there is a rare disease that causes the death of the young causes the death of the young

before they are born. In order for before they are born. In order for this disease to be passed to future this disease to be passed to future

progeny, the genotypes of the progeny, the genotypes of the parent sharks must be parent sharks must be

. Why?. Why?

38. In sharks there is a rare disease that 38. In sharks there is a rare disease that causes the death of the young causes the death of the young

before they are born. In order for before they are born. In order for this disease to be passed to future this disease to be passed to future

progeny, the genotypes of the progeny, the genotypes of the parent sharks must beparent sharks must be Heterozygous, RrHeterozygous, Rr . .

Why?Why?

-Disease is recessive, rr-Disease is recessive, rr

R r

R

r

?? ??

?? rr

39. 39. In natural selection, an organism with favorable ( acquired traits / genetic

variations ) will tend to survive and

(breed / live ) successfully.

39. 39. In natural selection, an organism with favorable ( acquired traits / genetic

variations ) will tend to survive and

(breed / live ) successfully.

40. 40. Surviving families of organisms most likely ( acquired / inherited )

advantageous ( variations / resources ).

40. 40. Surviving families of organisms most likely ( acquired / inherited )

advantageous ( variations / resources ).

41. 41. The chemical decomposition of food to produce energy must be

followed by the removal of________.

41. 41. The chemical decomposition of food to produce energy must be

followed by the removal of_____waste___.

42. How does the 42. How does the respiratory system respiratory system

depend on the nervous depend on the nervous and muscular system?and muscular system?

42. How does the 42. How does the respiratory system respiratory system

depend on the nervous depend on the nervous and muscular system?and muscular system?

By coordinating muscles controlling breathing

43. Which 43. Which twotwo systems are systems are involved in the involved in the removal removal

of carbon dioxide of carbon dioxide (CO2(CO2) from the body? ) from the body?

43. Which 43. Which twotwo systems are systems are involved in the involved in the removal removal

of carbon dioxide of carbon dioxide (CO2(CO2) from the body? ) from the body?

Respiratory and Circulatory

44. Which system 44. Which system coordinates the body’s coordinates the body’s

response to changes in its response to changes in its internal and external internal and external

environment?environment?

44. Which system 44. Which system coordinates the coordinates the body’s response body’s response to changes in its to changes in its

internal and internal and external external

environment?environment?

Nervous SystemNervous System

45. Once a nerve is stimulated, a nerve 45. Once a nerve is stimulated, a nerve impulse or ( threshold / action potential ) impulse or ( threshold / action potential )

moves along a neuron as moves along a neuron as

(sodium Na+/ potassium K+) (sodium Na+/ potassium K+) moves intomoves into the cell and the cell and

(sodium Na+/ potassium K+) (sodium Na+/ potassium K+) moves out ofmoves out of the cell. the cell.

At At rest rest the inside of the nerve is the inside of the nerve is ( negative / positive ) compared to the ( negative / positive ) compared to the

outside.outside.

45. Once a nerve is stimulated, a nerve impulse or 45. Once a nerve is stimulated, a nerve impulse or ( threshold / ( threshold / action potentialaction potential ) )

moves along a neuron as moves along a neuron as ((sodium Na+/sodium Na+/ potassium K+) potassium K+)

moves intomoves into the cell and the cell and (sodium Na+/ (sodium Na+/ potassium K+)potassium K+)

moves out ofmoves out of the cell. the cell. At At rest rest the inside of the nerve is the inside of the nerve is

( ( negativenegative / positive ) compared to the outside. / positive ) compared to the outside.

46. 46. Sensory neuronsSensory neurons carry carry impulses from impulses from to to the the ______________ ______________

andand ..

46. 46. Sensory neuronsSensory neurons carry carry impulses from impulses from body body

to to the the

________brainbrain__________ __________ andand spinal cordspinal cord ..

47. Label which 47. Label which nervous system nervous system

structures each letter structures each letter in the diagram to in the diagram to

the right represents.the right represents.

47. Label which 47. Label which nervous system nervous system

structures each letter structures each letter in the diagram to in the diagram to

the right represents.the right represents.

A-BrainA-BrainB-Spinal CordB-Spinal CordC-HandC-HandD-NerveD-Nerve

48. What is the 48. What is the path of a path of a reflexreflex impulse in the impulse in the above figure? above figure?

48. What is the 48. What is the path of a path of a reflexreflex impulse in the impulse in the above figure? above figure?

C-B-C

49. In a reflex arc, what 49. In a reflex arc, what type of neurons type of neurons

connects inter-neurons connects inter-neurons to muscles (to muscles (effectorseffectors)? )?

49. In a reflex arc, what 49. In a reflex arc, what type of neurons type of neurons

connects inter-neurons connects inter-neurons to muscles (to muscles (effectorseffectors)? )?

MotorMotor

50. The hormone FSH causes 50. The hormone FSH causes levels of estrogen to levels of estrogen to

increase. When increased increase. When increased these estrogen levels reach these estrogen levels reach

a threshold level, they a threshold level, they cause the amount of FSH to cause the amount of FSH to

then drop. This is an then drop. This is an example of example of

feedback.feedback.

50. The hormone FSH causes 50. The hormone FSH causes levels of estrogen to levels of estrogen to

increase. When increased increase. When increased these estrogen levels reach these estrogen levels reach

a threshold level, they a threshold level, they cause the amount of FSH to cause the amount of FSH to

then drop. This is an then drop. This is an example of example of

feedback.feedback.negativenegative

51. Explain the 51. Explain the experimental results experimental results that the graph to the that the graph to the right is describing. right is describing.

Concentration of Oxytocin and Strength of Uterine Contractions

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

9:0011:0

01:00

3:005:00

7:009:00

Time

% H

orm

one

Leve

l/

% S

tren

gth

of C

ontr

actio

ns

OxytocinLevelsUterineContractions

51. Explain the 51. Explain the experimental results experimental results that the graph to the that the graph to the right is describing. right is describing.

The amount oxytocin and The amount oxytocin and unterine contractions unterine contractions

increases until 1pm. The increases until 1pm. The baby was probably born baby was probably born

around 2pm.around 2pm.

Concentration of Oxytocin and Strength of Uterine Contractions

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

9:0011:0

01:00

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OxytocinLevelsUterineContractions

52. What type of 52. What type of feedback system is feedback system is

shown? shown? Concentration of Oxytocin and Strength of

Uterine Contractions

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

9:0011:0

01:00

3:005:00

7:009:00

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OxytocinLevelsUterineContractions

52. What type of 52. What type of feedback system is feedback system is

shown? shown?

PositivePositiveConcentration of Oxytocin and Strength of

Uterine Contractions

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

9:0011:0

01:00

3:005:00

7:009:00

Time

% H

orm

one

Leve

l/

% S

tren

gth

of C

ontr

actio

ns

OxytocinLevelsUterineContractions

53. What is the 53. What is the greatest danger greatest danger to a person with to a person with damage to the damage to the

skin?skin?

53. What is 53. What is the greatest the greatest danger to a danger to a person with person with damage to damage to the skin?the skin?

InfectionInfection

54. What is the most 54. What is the most important non specific important non specific

defense against defense against infection humans have? infection humans have?

54. What is the most 54. What is the most important non specific important non specific

defense against defense against infection humans have? infection humans have?

SkinSkin

55. The Y-shaped molecule 55. The Y-shaped molecule that is produced by plasma that is produced by plasma

cells upon exposure to a cells upon exposure to a specific antigen and can bind specific antigen and can bind to that antigen subsequently to that antigen subsequently

is called a(n)is called a(n)

55. The Y-shaped molecule 55. The Y-shaped molecule that is produced by plasma that is produced by plasma

cells upon exposure to a cells upon exposure to a specific antigen and can bind specific antigen and can bind to that antigen subsequently to that antigen subsequently

is called a(n)is called a(n)

AntibodyAntibody

56. The proteins and 56. The proteins and carbohydrates found on carbohydrates found on

foreign materials that trigger foreign materials that trigger an immune response arean immune response are

56. The proteins and 56. The proteins and carbohydrates found on carbohydrates found on

foreign materials that trigger foreign materials that trigger an immune response arean immune response are

antigensantigens

57. A vaccine is a 57. A vaccine is a weakened ______.weakened ______.

57. A vaccine is a 57. A vaccine is a weakened ______.weakened ______.

pathogenpathogen

58. Vaccines promote 58. Vaccines promote the production of ______.the production of ______.

58. Vaccines promote 58. Vaccines promote the production of ______.the production of ______.

antibodiesantibodies

59. A bacterial disease 59. A bacterial disease becomes tough to cure becomes tough to cure

when the bacteria when the bacteria ( make antibodies / ( make antibodies /

develop a resistance to develop a resistance to antibiotics)antibiotics) . .

59. A bacterial disease 59. A bacterial disease becomes tough to cure becomes tough to cure

when the bacteria when the bacteria ( ( make antibodiesmake antibodies / /

develop a resistance to develop a resistance to antibioticsantibiotics)) . .

60. Which require a host cell 60. Which require a host cell because they are NOT because they are NOT able to make their own able to make their own proteins? ( bacteria / proteins? ( bacteria /

viruses )viruses )

60. Which require a host cell 60. Which require a host cell because they are NOT because they are NOT able to make their own able to make their own proteins? ( bacteria / proteins? ( bacteria /

virusesviruses ) )

61. Individuals with HIV 61. Individuals with HIV sometimes contract sometimes contract

a rare disease a rare disease because people with because people with

HIVHIVa. are more often exposed to these rare a. are more often exposed to these rare

diseasesdiseases

b. release substances that increase the strength b. release substances that increase the strength of these diseasesof these diseases

c. are unable to fight off these rare diseasesc. are unable to fight off these rare diseases

61. Individuals with HIV 61. Individuals with HIV sometimes contract sometimes contract

a rare disease a rare disease because people with because people with

HIVHIVa. are more often exposed to these rare a. are more often exposed to these rare

diseasesdiseases

b. release substances that increase the strength b. release substances that increase the strength of these diseasesof these diseases

c. are unable to fight off these rare diseasesc. are unable to fight off these rare diseases

62. Why is a person with AIDS 62. Why is a person with AIDS susceptible to all kinds of susceptible to all kinds of

infectious diseases? infectious diseases? _________________________Wh_________________________Wh

at does HIV do to the at does HIV do to the immune system?______immune system?______

62. Why is a person with AIDS 62. Why is a person with AIDS susceptible to all kinds of susceptible to all kinds of

infectious diseases?infectious diseases?They have a weak immune They have a weak immune

systemsystemWhat does HIV do to the What does HIV do to the

immune system?immune system?Destroys Helper T cellsDestroys Helper T cells

63. What happens when the 63. What happens when the data in an investigation data in an investigation

do NOT support the do NOT support the original hypothesis?original hypothesis?

63. What happens when the 63. What happens when the data in an investigation data in an investigation

do NOT support the do NOT support the original hypothesis?original hypothesis?

The hypothesis has to be The hypothesis has to be revised.revised.

64. When enough 64. When enough experimental data experimental data

support a hypothesis, the support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes hypothesis becomes a (n) a (n) . .

64. When enough 64. When enough experimental data experimental data

support a hypothesis, the support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes hypothesis becomes a (n) a (n) . .

theorytheory

65. Based on the 65. Based on the experimental results graph experimental results graph

to the right.to the right.At which two times of day At which two times of day was the temperature the was the temperature the

same?same?

65. Based on the 65. Based on the experimental results graph experimental results graph

to the right.to the right.At which two times of day At which two times of day was the temperature the was the temperature the

same?same?

10 am10 am