Semantic Web Purpose and Challenges- Wiki Page

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12/8/2014 Semantic Web - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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W3C's Semantic Web logo

Semantic WebFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Semantic Web is a collaborative movement led byinternational st andards body the Wor ld Wide Web Consortium(W3C). [1] The standard promotes common data formats on theWorld Wi de Web. By enco uraging the inclusion of semantic contentin web pages, t he Semantic Web aims at co nverting the current web,dominated by u nstructured a nd semi-structured documents into a"web of d ata". The Semantic Web stack builds on the W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF). [2]

According to th e W3C, " The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be sharedand reused acro ss application, enterpr ise, and community boundaries". [2] The term was coined by TimBerners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines. [3]

While its critics h ave questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in industry, biology and

human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept. Scholars have exploredthe social potential of the semantic web in the business and health sectors, and for social networking. [4]

The original 2001 Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, Hendler, and Lassila described an expectedevolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web, [5] but this has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee andcolleagues stated th at: "This simple idea...remains larg ely un reali zed". [6]

Contents

1 History

2 Purpose

2.1 Limitations of HTML

2.2 Semantic Web solutions

2.3 Web 3.0

3 Challe nges

4 Standards

4.1 Components4.2 Current state of standardization

5 Skeptical reactions

5.1 Practical feasibility

5.2 Censorship and privacy

5.3 Doubling output formats

6 Projects

6.1 DBpedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hendlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_Lassilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_Lassilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sw-horz-w3c.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hendlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_Lassilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page


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6.2 FOAF

6.3 SIOC

6.4 GoPubMed

6.5 eagle-i.net

6.6 NextBio

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

History

The concept of the Semantic Network Model was formed in the early 1960s by the cognitive scientist Allan

M. Collins, linguist M. Ross Quillian and psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus in various publications, [7][8][9][10][11] as a form to represent semantically structured knowledge. When applied in thecontext of the modern internet, it extends the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages byinserting machine-readable metadata about pages and how they are related to each other. This enablesautomated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform more tasks on behalf of users. The term"Semantic Web" was coined by Tim Berners-Lee, [3] the inventor of the World Wide Web and director of the World Wide Web Consortium ("W3C"), which oversees the development of proposed Semantic Webstandards. He defines the Semantic Web as "a web of data that can be processed directly and indirectly bymachines".

Many of the technologies proposed by the W3C already existed before they were positioned under the W3Cumbrella. These are used in various contexts, particularly those dealing with information that encompassesa limited and defined domain, and where sharing data is a common necessity, such as scientific research or data exchange among businesses. In addition, other technologies with similar goals have emerged, such asmicroformats.

Purpose

The main purpose of the Semantic Web is driving the evolution of the current Web by enabling users tofind, share, and combine information more easily. Humans are capable of using the Web to carry out taskssuch as finding the German translation for "eight days", reserving a library book, and searching for thelowest price for a DVD. However, machines cannot accomplish all of these tasks without human direction,

because web pages are designed to be read by people, not machines. The semantic web is a vision of information that can be readily interpreted by machines, so machines can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding, combining, and acting upon information on the web. It uses metadata as well.

The Semantic Web, as originally envisioned, is a system that enables machines to "understand" and respondto complex human requests based on their meaning. Such an "understanding" requires that the relevantinformation sources be semantically structured.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Ross_Quillian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine#Computing_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Loftushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microformathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_M._Collinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pages


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Tim Berners-Lee originally expressed the vision of the Semantic Web as follows:

I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data onthe Web the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A "SemanticWeb", which makes this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-daymechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking tomachines. The "intelligent agents" people have touted for ages will finally materialize. [12]

The Semantic Web is regarded as an integrator across different content, information applications andsystems. It has applications in publishing, blogging, and many other areas.

Often the terms "semantics", "metadata", "ontologies", and "Semantic Web" are used inconsistently. In particular, these terms are used as everyday terminology by researchers and practitioners, spanning a vastlandscape of different fields, technologies, concepts and application areas. Furthermore, there is confusionwith regard to the current status of the enabling technologies envisioned to realize the Semantic Web.Gerber, Barnard, and Van der Merwe chart the Semantic Web landscape and provide a brief summary of

related terms and enabling technologies in a paper. [13] The architectural model proposed by Tim Berners-Lee is used as basis to present a status model that reflects current and emerging technologies. [14]

Limitations of HTML

Many files on a typical computer can also be loosely divided into human readable documents and machinereadable data. Documents like mail messages, reports, and brochures are read by humans. Data, likecalendars, addressbooks, playlists, and spreadsheets are presented using an application program which letsthem be viewed, searched and combined.

Currently, the World Wide Web is based mainly on documents written in Hypertext Markup Language(HTML), a markup convention that is used for coding a body of text interspersed with multimedia objectssuch as images and interactive forms. Metadata tags provide a method by which computers can categorisethe content of web pages, for example:

With HTML and a tool to render it (perhaps web browser software, perhaps another user agent), one cancreate and present a page that lists items for sale. The HTML of this catalog page can make simple,document-level assertions such as "this document's title is 'Widget Superstore' ", but there is no capabilitywithin the HTML itself to assert unambiguously that, for example, item number X586172 is an AcmeGizmo with a retail price of 199, or that it is a consumer product. Rather, HTML can only say that thespan of text "X586172" is something that should be positioned near "Acme Gizmo" and "199", etc. Thereis no way to say "this is a catalog" or even to establish that "Acme Gizmo" is a kind of title or that "199" isa price. There is also no way to express that these pieces of information are bound together in describing adiscrete item, distinct from other items perhaps listed on the page.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document


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Semantic HTML refers to the traditional HTML practice of markup following intention, rather thanspecifying layout details directly. For example, the use of denoting "emphasis" rather than , whichspecifies italics. Layout details are left up to the browser, in combination with Cascading Style Sheets. Butthis practice falls short of specifying the semantics of objects such as items for sale or prices.

Microformats extend HTML syntax to create machine-readable semantic markup about objects including people, organisations, events and products. [15] Similar initiatives include RDFa, Microdata and Schema.org.

Semantic Web solutions

The Semantic Web takes the solution further. It involves publishing in languages specifically designed for data: Resource Description Framework (RDF), Web Ontology Language (OWL), and Extensible MarkupLanguage (XML). HTML describes documents and the links between them. RDF, OWL, and XML, bycontrast, can describe arbitrary things such as people, meetings, or airplane parts.

These technologies are combined in order to provide descriptions that supplement or replace the content of Web documents. Thus, content may manifest itself as descriptive data stored in Web-accessible

databases,[16]

or as markup within documents (particularly, in Extensible HTML (XHTML) interspersedwith XML, or, more often, purely in XML, with layout or rendering cues stored separately). The machine-readable descriptions enable content managers to add meaning to the content, i.e., to describe the structureof the knowledge we have about that content. In this way, a machine can process knowledge itself, insteadof text, using processes similar to human deductive reasoning and inference, thereby obtaining moremeaningful results and helping computers to perform automated information gathering and research.

An example of a tag that would be used in a non-semantic web page:

blog

Encoding similar information in a semantic web page might look like this:

Semantic Web

Tim Berners-Lee calls the resulting network of Linked Data the Giant Global Graph, in contrast to theHTML-based World Wide Web. Berners-Lee posits that if the past was document sharing, the future is datasharing. His answer to the question of "how" provides three points of instruction. One, a URL should pointto the data. Two, anyone accessing the URL should get data back. Three, relationships in the data should

point to additional URLs with data.

Web 3.0

Tim Berners-Lee has described the semantic web as a component of "Web 3.0". [17]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microformathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Global_Graphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italics


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People keep asking what Web 3.0 is. I think maybe when you've got an overlay of scalablevector graphics everything rippling and folding and looking misty on Web 2.0 and access toa semantic Web integrated across a huge space of data, you'll have access to an unbelievabledata resource ...

Tim Berners-Lee, 2006

"Semantic Web" is sometimes used as a synonym for "Web 3.0", [18] though each term's definition varies.

Challenges

Some of the challenges for the Semantic Web include vastness, vagueness, uncertainty, inconsistency, anddeceit. Automated reasoning systems will have to deal with all of these issues in order to deliver on the

promise of the Semantic Web.

Vastness: The World Wide Web contains many billions of pages

(http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/). The SNOMED CT medical terminology ontology alonecontains 370,000 class names, and existing technology has not yet been able to eliminate all

semantically duplicated terms. Any automated reasoning system will have to deal with truly huge

inputs.

Vagueness: These are imprecise concepts like "young" or "tall". This arises from the vagueness of

user queries, of concepts represented by content providers, of matching query terms to provider terms

and of trying to combine different knowledge bases with overlapping but subtly different concepts.

Fuzzy logic is the most common technique for dealing with vagueness.

Uncertainty: These are precise concepts with uncertain values. For example, a patient might present a

set of symptoms which correspond to a number of different distinct diagnoses each with a different

probability. Probabilistic reasoning techniques are generally employed to address uncertainty.

Inconsistency: These are logical contradictions which will inevitably arise during the development of

large ontologies, and when ontologies from separate sources are combined. Deductive reasoning fails

catastrophically when faced with inconsistency, because "anything follows from a contradiction".

Defeasible reasoning and paraconsistent reasoning are two techniques which can be employed to deal

with inconsistency.Deceit: This is when the producer of the information is intentionally misleading the consumer of the

information. Cryptography techniques are currently utilized to alleviate this threat.

This list of challenges is illustrative rather than exhaustive, and it focuses on the challenges to the "unifyinglogic" and "proof" layers of the Semantic Web. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Incubator Groupfor Uncertainty Reasoning for the World Wide Web (URW3-XG) final report(http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/urw3/XGR-urw3-20080331/) lumps these problems together under the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/urw3/XGR-urw3-20080331/http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_reasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED_CThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconsistent_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_vector_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography


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single heading of "uncertainty". Many of the techniques mentioned here will require extensions to the WebOntology Language (OWL) for example to annotate conditional probabilities. This is an area of activeresearch. [19]

Standards

Standardization for Semantic Web in the context of Web 3.0 is under the care of W3C. [20]

Components

The term "Semantic Web" is often used more specifically to refer to the formats and technologies thatenable it. [2] The collection, structuring and recovery of linked data are enabled by technologies that providea formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given knowledge domain. Thesetechnologies are specified as W3C standards and include:

Resource Description Framework (RDF), a general method for describing information

RDF Schema (RDFS)Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS)

SPARQL, an RDF query language

Notation3 (N3), designed with human-readability in mind

N-Triples, a format for storing and transmitting data

Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language)

Web Ontology Language (OWL), a family of knowledge representation languages

Rule Interchange Format (RIF), a framework of web rule language dialects supporting rule

interchange on the Web

The Semantic Web Stack illustrates the architecture of the Semantic Web. The functions and relationshipsof the components can be summarized as follows: [21]

XML provides an elemental syntax for content structure within documents, yet associates no

semantics with the meaning of the content contained within. XML is not at present a necessary

component of Semantic Web technologies in most cases, as alternative syntaxes exists, such as

Turtle. Turtle is a de facto standard, but has not been through a formal standardization process.

XML Schema is a language for providing and restricting the structure and content of elements

contained within XML documents.

RDF is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer to objects ("web resources") and

their relationships. An RDF-based model can be represented in a variety of syntaxes, e.g.,

RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, and RDFa. [22] RDF is a fundamental standard of the Semantic Web. [23][24][25

RDF Schema extends RDF and is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF-based

resources, with semantics for generalized-hierarchies of such properties and classes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Tripleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_XML_Schemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF_Schemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)


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The Semantic Web Stack.

OWL adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between

classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. "exactly one"), equality, richer typing of properties,

characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and enumerated classes.

SPARQL is a protocol and query language for semantic web data sources.

RIF is the W3C Rule Interchange Format. It's an XML language for expressing Web rules which

computers can execute. RIF provides multiple versions, called dialects. It includes a RIF Basic Logic

Dialect (RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules Dialect (RIF PRD).

Current state of standardization

Well-established standards:

Unicode

Uniform Resource Identifier

XML

RDF

RDFS

SPARQL

Web Ontology Language (OWL)

Rule Interchange Format (RIF)

Not yet fully realized:

Unifying Logic and Proof layers

The intent is to enhance the usabilityand usefulness of the Web and itsinterconnected resources through:

Servers which expose existing

data systems using the RDF and

SPARQL standards. Many

converters to RDF

(http://esw.w3.org/topic/ConverterToRdf) exist from different applications. Relational databases are

an important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing system without affecting its

operation.

Documents "marked up" with semantic information (an extension of the HTML tags used in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semantic_web_stack.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usabilityhttp://esw.w3.org/topic/ConverterToRdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database


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today's Web pages to supply information for Web search engines using web crawlers). This could be

machine-understandable information about the human-understandable content of the document (such

as the creator, title, description, etc.) or it could be purely metadata representing a set of facts (such as

resources and services elsewhere on the site). Note that anything that can be identified with a

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals,

people, places, ideas, etc. Semantic markup is often generated automatically, rather than manually.

Common metadata vocabularies (ontologies) and maps between vocabularies that allow document

creators to know how to mark up their documents so that agents can use the information in the

supplied metadata (so that Author in the sense of 'the Author of the page' won't be confused with

Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of a book review)

Automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data

Web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply information specifically to agents, for

example, a Trust service that an agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or

spamming

Skeptical reactions

Practical feasibility

Critics (e.g., Which Semantic Web? (http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=900051.900063&coll=ACM&dl=ACM&CFID=29933182&CFTOKEN=24611642)) question the basicfeasibility of a complete or even partial fulfillment of the semantic web. Cory Doctorow's critique("metacrap") is from the perspective of human behavior and personal preferences. For example, people mayinclude spurious metadata into Web pages in an attempt to mislead Semantic Web engines that naivelyassume the metadata's veracity. This phenomenon was well-known with metatags that fooled the Altavistaranking algorithm into elevating the ranking of certain Web pages: the Google indexing engine specificallylooks for such attempts at manipulation. Peter Grdenfors and Timo Honkela point out that logic-basedsemantic web technologies cover only a fraction of the relevant phenomena related to semantics. [26][27]

Core, specialized communities and organizations for intra-company projects tended to practically adoptsemantic web technologies greater than peripheral and less-specialized communities. [28] The practicalconstraints toward adoption have appeared less challenging where domain and scope is more limited than

that of the general public and the World-Wide Web.[28]

Censorship and privacy

Enthusiasm about the semantic web could be tempered by concerns regarding censorship and privacy. For instance, text-analyzing techniques can now be easily bypassed by using other words, metaphors for instance, or by using images in place of words. An advanced implementation of the semantic web wouldmake it much easier for governments to control the viewing and creation of online information, as thisinformation would be much easier for an automated content-blocking machine to understand. In addition,the issue has also been raised that, with the use of FOAF files and geolocation meta-data, there would be
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Doctorowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_text_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Honkelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altavistahttp://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=900051.900063&coll=ACM&dl=ACM&CFID=29933182&CFTOKEN=24611642http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_G%C3%A4rdenforshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacraphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOAF_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trust_service&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship


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very little anonymity associated with the authorship of articles on things such as a personal blog. Some of these concerns were addressed in the "Policy Aware Web" project [29] and is an active research anddevelopment topic.

Doubling output formats

Another criticism of the semantic web is that it would be much more time-consuming to create and publish

content because there would need to be two formats for one piece of data: one for human viewing and onefor machines. However, many web applications in development are addressing this issue by creating amachine-readable format upon the publishing of data or the request of a machine for such data. Thedevelopment of microformats has been one reaction to this kind of criticism. Another argument in defenseof the feasibility of semantic web is the likely falling price of human intelligence tasks in digital labor markets, such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk.

Specifications such as eRDF and RDFa allow arbitrary RDF data to be embedded in HTML pages. TheGRDDL (Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Language) mechanism allows existing material(including microformats) to be automatically interpreted as RDF, so publishers only need to use a singleformat, such as HTML.

Projects

This section lists some of the many projects and tools that exist to create Semantic Web solutions. [30]

DBpedia

DBPedia is an effort to publish structured data extracted from Wikipedia: the data is published in RDF andmade available on the Web for use under the GNU Free Documentation License, thus allowing SemanticWeb agents to provide inferencing and advanced querying over the Wikipedia-derived dataset andfacilitating interlinking, re-use and extension in other data-sources. [31]

FOAF

A popular vocabulary on the semantic web is Friend of a Friend (or FOAF), which uses RDF to describethe relationships people have to other people and the "things" around them. FOAF permits intelligent agentsto make sense of the thousands of connections people have with each other, their jobs and the itemsimportant to their lives; [32] connections that may or may not be enumerated in searches using traditional

web search engines. Because the connections are so vast in number, human interpretation of the informationmay not be the best way of analyzing them.

FOAF is an example of how the Semantic Web attempts to make use of the relationships within a socialcontext.

SIOC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microformathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRDDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERDF_(data_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOAF_(software)


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The Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities project (SIOC, pronounced "shock") provides avocabulary of terms and relationships that model web data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include,among others: discussion forums, blogs, blogrolls / feed subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks andimage galleries.

GoPubMed

GoPubMed is a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts. The Gene Ontology (GO) andMedical Subject Headings (MeSH) serve as "Table of contents" in order to structure the millions of articlesof the MEDLINE database. [33] The search engine allows its users to find relevant search resultssignificantly faster than Pubmed.

eagle-i.net

eagle-i is an open source, semantic web platform for entering and publishing information about resourcesused in biomedical research. [34] The platform consists of the Semantic Web Entry and Editing Tool(SWEET), an RDF database, and a Search tool. All components of the eagle-i platform are driven by a

central ontology to promote uniformity and interoperability with other platforms. [35][36] The eagle-isoftware, documentation, and information are accessible through Harvard medical school's open.medwebsite. [37] The eagle-i project started as a consortium of nine universities (Harvard, Oregon Health &Science University, Dartmouth, Jackson State, Montana State, University of Puerto Rico, MorehouseCollege, University of Alaska, and University of Hawaii), but is now being used by more than thirtyuniversities. [38]

NextBio

A database consolidating high-throughput life sciences experimental data tagged and connected via biomedical ontologies. Nextbio is accessible via a search engine interface. Researchers can contribute their findings for incorporation to the database. The database currently supports gene expression or proteinexpression data and sequence centric data and is steadily expanding to support other biological data types.

See also

Agris: International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology

Business semantics management

Computational semanticsConceptual interoperability

Corporate Semantic Web

Entity-attribute-value model

EU Open Data Portal

Internet of Things

Linked data

List of emerging technologies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Open_Data_Portalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Thingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-attribute-value_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_interoperabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Health_%26_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_semantics_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextbiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agris:_International_Information_System_for_the_Agricultural_Sciences_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Semantic_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_expressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogrollhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-throughput_screeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantically-Interlinked_Online_Communitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_ontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailing_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoPubMed


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References

Ontology learning

Semantic advertising

Semantic computing

Semantic Sensor Web

Semantic Web Services

Smart-M3

Social Semantic Web

Semantic Social Network

Web 3.0

Web Engineering

Web Ontology Language

Web science

Website Parse Template

1. ^ "XML and Semantic Web W3C Standards Timeline"

(http://www.dblab.ntua.gr/~bikakis/XML%20and%20Semantic%20Web%20W3C%20Standards%20Timeline-

History.pdf). 2012-02-04.

2. ^ a b c "W3C Semantic Web Activity" (http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/). World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

November 7, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

3. ^ a b Berners-Lee, Tim; James Hendler; Ora Lassila (May 17, 2001). "The Semantic Web"

(http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web&print=true). Scientific American Magazine . Retrieved

March 26, 2008.

4. ^ Lee Feigenbaum (May 1, 2007). "The Semantic Web in Action"

(http://www.thefigtrees.net/lee/sw/sciam/semantic-web-in-action). Scientific American. Retrieved February 24,

2010.

5. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (May 1, 2001). "The Semantic Web" (http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?

articleID=00048144-10D2-1C70-84A9809EC588EF21). Scientific American. Retrieved March 13, 2008.

6. ^ Nigel Shadbolt, Wendy Hall, Tim Berners-Lee (2006). "The Semantic Web Revisited"(http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12614/1/Semantic_Web_Revisted.pdf). IEEE Intelligent Systems . Retrieved

April 13, 2007.

7. ^ Allan M. Collins; M. R. Quillian (1969). "Retrieval time from semantic memory". Journal of verbal learning

and verbal behavior 8 (2): 240247. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80069-1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-

5371%2869%2980069-1).

8. ^ Allan M. Collins, A; M. Ross Quillian (1970). "Does category size affect categorization time?". Journal of

verbal learning and verbal behavior 9 (4): 432438. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(70)80084-6

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5371%2870%2980084-6).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_Parse_Templatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Semantic_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_advertisinghttp://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web&print=truehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5371%2870%2980084-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Sensor_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Social_Networkhttp://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00048144-10D2-1C70-84A9809EC588EF21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Languagehttp://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12614/1/Semantic_Web_Revisted.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.w3.org/2001/sw/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5371%2869%2980069-1http://www.thefigtrees.net/lee/sw/sciam/semantic-web-in-actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart-M3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_computinghttp://www.dblab.ntua.gr/~bikakis/XML%20and%20Semantic%20Web%20W3C%20Standards%20Timeline-History.pdf


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9. ^ A an M. Co ns, A an M.; E za et F. Lo tus 1975 . "A sprea ng-act vat on t eory o semant c

processing". Psychological Review 82 (6): 407428. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.82.6.407).

10. ^ Quillian, MR (1967). "Word concepts. A theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities".

Behavioral Science 12 (5): 410430. doi:10.1002/bs.3830120511 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbs.3830120511).

PMID 6059773 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6059773).

11. ^ Semantic memory |book:Marvin Minsky (editor): Semantic information processing, MIT Press, Cambridge,

Mass . 1988.12. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Fischetti, Mark (1999). Weaving the Web . HarperSanFrancisco. chapter 12. ISBN 978-0-06-

251587-2.

13. ^ Gerber, AJ, Barnard, A & Van der Merwe, Alta (2006), "A Semantic Web Status Model, Integrated Design &

Process Technology"

(http://www.researchgate.net/publication/30509768_Semantic_Web_status_model/links/02e7e51c0cfc84077d0000

00), Special Issue: IDPT 2006

14. ^ Gerber, Aurona; Van der Merwe, Alta; Barnard, Andries; (2008), "A Functional Semantic Web architecture",

European Semantic Web Conference 2008, ESWC'08, Tenerife, June 2008.

15. ^ Allsopp, John (March 2007). Microformats: Empowering Your Markup for Web 2.0 . Friends of ED. p. 368.

ISBN 978-1-59059-814-6.

16. ^ Artem Chebotko and Shiyong Lu, "Querying the Semantic Web: An Efficient Approach Using Relational

Databases", LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, ISBN 978-3-8383-0264-5, 2009.

17. ^ Victoria Shannon (June 26, 2006). "A 'more revolutionary' Web"

(http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/technology/23iht-web.html). International Herald Tribune . Retrieved

May 24, 2006.

18. ^ Introducing The Concept of Web 3.0 (http://www.tweakandtrick.com/2012/05/web-30.html)

19. ^ Lukasiewicz, Thomas; Umberto Straccia. "Managing uncertainty and vagueness in description logics for theSemantic Web" (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B758F-4SPSPKW-

1&_user=147018&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&vie

w=c&_acct=C000012179&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=147018&md5=8123c273189b1148cadb12f95b87

a5ef).

20. ^ Semantic Web Standards published by the W3C (http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Main_Page)

21. ^ "OWL Web Ontology Language Overview" (http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/). World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C). February 10, 2004. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

22. ^ "RDF tutorial" (http://www.lesliesikos.com/tutorials/rdf/). Dr. Leslie Sikos. Retrieved 2011-07-05.

23. ^ "Resource Description Framework (RDF)" (http://www.w3.org/RDF/). World Wide Web Consortium.24. ^ "Standard websites" (http://www.lesliesikos.com/). Dr. Leslie Sikos. Retrieved 2011-07-05.

25. ^ Allemang, D., Hendler, J. (2011). "RDF The basis of the Semantic Web. In: Semantic Web for the Working

Ontologist (2nd Ed.)". Morgan Kaufmann. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385965-5.10003-2

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385965-5.10003-2).

26. ^ Grdenfors, Peter (2004). How to make the Semantic Web more semantic . Formal Ontology in Information

Systems: proceedings of the third international conference (FOIS-2004) (IOS Press). pp. 1734.

27. ^ Timo Honkela, Ville Knnen, Tiina Lindh-Knuutila and Mari-Sanna Paukkeri (2008). "Simulating processes

of concept formation and communication" (http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a903999101).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385965-5.10003-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.lesliesikos.com/tutorials/rdf/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apresshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6059773http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-814-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAP_Lambert_Academic_Publishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbs.3830120511http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783838302645http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251587-2http://www.tweakandtrick.com/2012/05/web-30.htmlhttp://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.w3.org/RDF/http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a903999101http://www.lesliesikos.com/http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/technology/23iht-web.htmlhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.82.6.407http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B758F-4SPSPKW-1&_user=147018&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000012179&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=147018&md5=8123c273189b1148cadb12f95b87a5efhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperSanFranciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners_Lee#Weaving_the_Webhttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/30509768_Semantic_Web_status_model/links/02e7e51c0cfc84077d000000


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Roger Chaffin: "The concept of a semantic Relation". In: Adrienne Lehrer u. a. (Hrsg.): Frames,

Fields and contrasts. New essays in semantic and lexical organisation , Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J. 1992,

ISBN 0-8058-1089-7, S. 253288.

Hermann Helbig: Die semantische Struktur natrlicher Sprache. Wissensprsentation mit MultiNet ,Springer, Heidelberg 2001, ISBN 3-540-67784-4.

M. Ross Quillian: "Word concepts. A theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities". In:

Behavioral Science 12 (1967), S. 410430.

M. Ross Quillian: "Semantic memory". In: Marvin Minsky (Hrsg.): Semantic information processing

MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1988.

Klaus Reichenberger: Kompendium semantische Netze: Konzepte, Technologie, Modellierung ,

Springer, Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 3-642-04314-3.

John F. Sowa: Principles of semantic networks. Explorations in the representation of knowledge ,Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, Cal. 1991, ISBN 1-55860-088-4.

Further reading

Aaron Swartz's A Programmable Web: An unfinished Work donated by Morgan & Claypool

Publishers after Aaron Swartz's death in January 2013.

Liyang Yu (January 6, 2011). A Developer's Guide to the Semantic Web

Journal of Economic Methodology .

28. ^ a b Ivan Herman (2007). "State of the Semantic Web" (http://www.w3.org/2007/Talks/0424-Stavanger-

IH/Slides.pdf). Semantic Days 2007 . Retrieved July 26, 2007.

29. ^ "Policy Aware Web Project" (http://www.policyawareweb.org/). Policyawareweb.org. Retrieved 2013-06-14.

30. ^ See, for instance: Bergman, Michael K. "Sweet Tools" (http://www.mkbergman.com/?page_id=325). AI3;

Adaptive Information, Adaptive Innovation, Adaptive Infrastructure . Retrieved January 5, 2009.

31. ^ "wiki.dbpedia.org : About" (http://dbpedia.org/About). Dbpedia.org. 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-06-14.

32. ^ "FOAF" (http://semanticweb.org/wiki/FOAF). semanticweb.org. Retrieved 2013-06-14.

33. ^ GoPubMed in a nutshell

(http://www.gopubmed.com/web/gopubmed/www/GoPubMed/Search/index.html#Nutshell)

34. ^ "eagle-i central search tool" (http://eagle-i.net). President and Fellows of Harvard College.

35. ^ "eagle-i resource ontology" (https://code.google.com/p/eagle-i/). Google Code.

36. ^ Vasilevsky, N; Johnson, T; Corday, K; Torniai, C; Brush, M; Segerdell, E; Wilson, M; Shaffer, C; Robinson,

D; Haendel, M (2012). "Research resources: curating the new eagle-i discovery system.". Database : the journal

of biological databases and curation 2012 : bar067. doi:10.1093/database/bar067

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdatabase%2Fbar067). PMID 22434835(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434835).

37. ^ "eagle-i open source site" (https://open.med.harvard.edu/display/eaglei/Welcome+to+eagle-i). open.med.

38. ^ "Participating eagle-i institutions" (https://www.eagle-i.net/about/participating-institutions/). eagle-i.net.
http://www.amazon.com/Developers-Guide-Semantic-Web/dp/3642159699/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321027111&sr=8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://www.eagle-i.net/about/participating-institutions/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Sowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558600884http://www.gopubmed.com/web/gopubmed/www/GoPubMed/Search/index.html#Nutshellhttp://semanticweb.org/wiki/FOAFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540677844http://www.policyawareweb.org/http://eagle-i.net/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434835http://dbpedia.org/Abouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3642043143http://www.w3.org/2007/Talks/0424-Stavanger-IH/Slides.pdfhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Swartz_s_A_Programmable_Web_An_Unfinished_Work.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.amazon.com/Developers-Guide-Semantic-Web/dp/3642159699/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321027111&sr=8-1http://www.mkbergman.com/?page_id=325https://code.google.com/p/eagle-i/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805810897https://open.med.harvard.edu/display/eaglei/Welcome+to+eagle-ihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fdatabase%2Fbar067


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http://en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web 14

(http://www.amazon.com/Developers-Guide-Semantic-Web/dp/3642159699/ref=sr_1_1?

ie=UTF8&qid=1321027111&sr=8-1). Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-15969-5.

Grigoris Antoniou, Frank van Harmelen (March 31, 2008). A Semantic Web Primer, 2nd Edition

(http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Primer-Cooperative-Information-Systems/dp/0262012421/). The

MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-01242-1.

Dean Allemang, James Hendler (May 9, 2008). Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective

Modeling in RDFS and OWL (http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Working-Ontologist-

Effective/dp/0123735564/). Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0-12-373556-0.

John Davies (July 11, 2006). Semantic Web Technologies: Trends and Research in Ontology-based

Systems (http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Technologies-Research-Ontology-

based/dp/0470025964/). Wiley. ISBN 0-470-02596-4.

Pascal Hitzler, Markus Krtzsch, Sebastian Rudolph (August 25, 2009). Foundations of Semantic

Web Technologies (http://www.semantic-web-book.org). CRCPress. ISBN 1-4200-9050-X.

Thomas B. Passin (March 1, 2004). Explorer's Guide to the Semantic Web(http://www.amazon.com/Explorers-Guide-Semantic-Thomas-Passin/dp/1932394206/). Manning

Publications. ISBN 1-932394-20-6.

Liyang Yu (June 14, 2007). Introduction to Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services

(http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Semantic-Web-Services/dp/1584889330/). CRC Press.

ISBN 1-58488-933-0.

Jeffrey T. Pollock (March 23, 2009). Semantic Web For Dummies

(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470396792). For Dummies. ISBN 0-470-39679-2.

Martin Hilbert (April 2009). "The Maturing Concept of E-Democracy: From E-Voting and OnlineConsultations to Democratic Value Out of Jumbled Online Chatter"

(http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a911066517). Journal of Information

Technology & Politics (Taylor & Francis Group) 6 (2): 87110. doi:10.1080/19331680802715242

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F19331680802715242).

"Tim Berners-Lee Gives the Web a New Definition" (http://computemagazine.com/man-who-

invented-world-wide-web-gives-new-definition/)

Folmer, Erwin; Oude Luttighuis, Paul; Hillegersberg, Jos van (April 2011). "Do semantic standards

lack quality? A survey among 34 semantic standards"

(http://www.springerlink.com/content/h03q2454x7330574/). Electronic Markets 21 (2): 99111.

doi:10.1007/s12525-011-0058-y (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12525-011-0058-y). Retrieved

2012-05-19.

External links

Official website (http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/)
http://www.amazon.com/Developers-Guide-Semantic-Web/dp/3642159699/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321027111&sr=8-1http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a911066517http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-39679-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4200-9050-Xhttp://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillegersberg,_Jos_vanhttp://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Primer-Cooperative-Information-Systems/dp/0262012421/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/h03q2454x7330574/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F19331680802715242http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Presshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12525-011-0058-yhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-02596-4http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Technologies-Research-Ontology-based/dp/0470025964/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15969-5http://computemagazine.com/man-who-invented-world-wide-web-gives-new-definition/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Working-Ontologist-Effective/dp/0123735564/http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Semantic-Web-Services/dp/1584889330/http://www.amazon.com/Explorers-Guide-Semantic-Thomas-Passin/dp/1932394206/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932394-20-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hendlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373556-0http://www.amazon.com/Developers-Guide-Semantic-Web/dp/3642159699/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321027111&sr=8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Marketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.semantic-web-book.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Allemanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470396792http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58488-933-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_van_Harmelenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-01242-1


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links collection (http://www.semanticoverflow.com/questions/1/where-can-i-learn-about-the-

semantic-web) on Semantic Overflow

How Stuff Works : The Semantic Web (http://www.howstuffworks.com/semantic-web.htm)

XML London (http://xmllondon.com/) An annual conference which is focused on XML and the

Semantic Web.

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Categories: Buzzwords Emerging technologies Semantic Web Web services

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