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•Overview
• Semantics • Lexical semantics
•The meanings of the words•Word relations
• Compositional semantics •The meanings of sentences
• An act in which a speaker uses linguistic forms to enable an addressee to identify something in the world.
•Reference
coffee
•Types of word relations
Type Definition Examples
Homonyms Different words, pronounced the same
Different meaning
Two, too
Polysemy Multiple meanings bank
Homograph Spelled identically
Different meaning
Lead the verb; lead the metal
synonyms The same or similar meaning
Sofa, couch
•Types of word relations• Antonyms
type example
Complementary pairs Present/absent
Gradable pairs Hot/cold;
Not happy =// sad
Relationship opposites Buy/sell
•Truth condition•Definition
• The circumstances that determine whether a sentence is true
• Examples• The first U.S. president is George Bush• The first U.S. president is George Washington.
•Paraphrase • Two sentences with the same truth condition• Example:
• Two people were killed in a car accident.• Two people died in a car accident.
•Entailment•Definition
• The truth of one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another sentence.
• Example
JFK was assassinated in Dallas in 1968.
JFK is dead.
•Contradiction•Definition
• The truth of one sentence necessarily implies the false of another sentence.
• Example• John is single.• John is married.