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8/4/2019 Semantics Slides 5
1/17
,
8/4/2019 Semantics Slides 5
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HOMONYMY
senserelationinwhichoneform hasdifferentm.;differentwords withthedictionaries)
norelatednessinmeaning
e.g. an 1s eo ar ver
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Absolutevs artialhomon m
3criteriaforabsolutehomonyms:
1. t eir ormsmust eunre ate inm.
2. alltheirformsmustbeidentical
3. identicalformsmustbesyntacticallyequi.
,
Theyfoundhospitalsandcharitableinstitutions.
T e e wasrungatmi nig t.Arungo t eladderisbroken.
8/4/2019 Semantics Slides 5
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Resultofpartialhomonymy ambiguityambiguouswordhavingmorethanone
ambiguouss. having2ormoreparap rasesw c arenott emse ves
paraphrasesofeachothere.g.Wesawherduck.(Wesawherlower
her)
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Accordingtosomesem.asentencecannotbeambiguous(Thechickenisread toeat re resents2differents.
Ambiguouswordsorphrases iftheyhave
themselves
synonyms
of
each
other:
trunk,coach
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HOMONYMYPOLYSEMYDISTINCTION
Homonymypolysemydistinction:closenessorre ate nesso senseso am iguousw.
H m n m iff r n n f n
ambiguousw.arefarapartfromeachother
matter
of
accident
or
coincidencee.g.bank,mug;kit,bar
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POLYSEMY
Onewordhavingseveralcloselyrelatedsenses
thedifferentsensesarerelatedtoeach
Polysemycloserelatednessinm.whichisusuallyconnectedtometaphorical
meaningrelatednesshastobe
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e.g.neck;loza,ogranakmouth (ofariver;ofananimal):
somesolidmasstotheoutside,andofa
narrow
channel
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EAT
literal
sense
of
taking
food
and
derived
meanings
treattheseas3differentmeanings?
but distinctionbetweeneatin meatandeatin sou
eatinganddrinkingsoup
iseatingjellythesameaseatingtoffee(involvingc ew ng oreat ngsweets nvo v ngsuc ng
carelessness eathasdifferentm.witheverytypeof
shouldntlookforallpossibledifferences,butforsamenessofm.asfaraswecan
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Dictionaryhastodecidewhetheraparticulartem sto e an e ntermso po ysemyorhomonymy;apolysemicitemwillbetreatedas
a
s ng e
entry
an
a
omonymous
w
ave
a
seperateentry foreachofthehomonyms
Freetoquestionthedecisionsofadictionary
makerastheymaybearbitrary
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Dictionariesusuallybasetheirdecisionsuponetymo ogy. ent ca orms ave erentorigin,theyaretreatedashomonymsandgiven
seperate
entr esIftheyhaveoneorigin,eveniftheyhavedifferentm.,theyaretreatedaspolysemicand
givenaseperateentry Notsatisfactory:historyofal.doesntaccurately
reflectits resentstate(e. . u il)
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problematiccases differenceinspellingdoesnta ways n ca ea erence nor g n:w a aretodayhomophonesmaybederivedfromthesameor g na orm me a me e; ower our
Ifsemanticistreliesonhishistoricalknowledge,t eyaret esamewor po ysemy ,event oug theyrespeltdifferently.Canweconsiderwords
a arespe eren y o e esamewor
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HYPONYMY s.relationinwhichthem.ofoneitemisincluded
inclusione. .m.ofredisincludedinthem.ofscarlet
red superordinateterm(HYPERONYM)scarletHYPONYMofred kindofredtulip,roseflower;lion,elephantmammal/animal
immediateh. offlower.Roseandtulip COHYPONYMSofflower
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nosuperordinateterminallsituationsLyons:inClassicalGreekasuperordinateterm fordifferentprofessions(carpenter,
doctor,fluteplayer,shoemaker),butnosuchterminEn .;cra tsman (excludin doctorandfluteplayer)
.(colouredexcludesblackandwhite;even
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if
polysemic,
the
same
term
may
appear
in
.itmaybesuperordinatetoitselfinanotherm.)
. .
incontrastwithvegetable toincludemammals,, ,
inthesenseofmammaltocontrastwithbirds,
beasts)
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sheep
is
used
for
all
creatures
of
the
species
it
is
, , but,thesuperordinatetermfordogs (as
s ecies isdo thou hdo isalsotheh on m
differentfrombitch cattleandpoultryareoddalthough
superor nate,t eya use on y orp ura reference
cows,butnosingletermtoputinaframethatisa
.
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synonymy
is
a
special
case
of
hyponymy
hyponymsofeachother . IfXisahyponymofYandifYisahyponym
ofX,thenXandYares n. Hyponymyinvolvesentailment.Aprop.X
entailsaprop.YifthetruthofYfollowsnecessar y romt etrut o tosaythisisatulip entails thisisaflower