Semester 1 Semester 1 ExamExam

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CATEGORIESCATEGORIES• Classification• Insects• Microscopes• Cells• Scientific Method

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

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Binomial Binomial Nomenclature Nomenclature

Two part scientific name. (genus species)

Characteristics of living Characteristics of living thingsthings

M ovementR espirationS ensitivityG rowthR eproductionE xcretionN utrition

What are the seven What are the seven layers of classificationlayers of classification

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

What are the five What are the five different kingdomsdifferent kingdoms

MoneranProtistFungiPlant

Animal

What is Dichotomous What is Dichotomous Key?Key?

A key to help classify organisms

What evidence do we use What evidence do we use to classify organismsto classify organisms

• Behavior and physical appearance

• Method used for reproduction, locomotion, diet and habitat• Cells and DNA analysis

INSECTSINSECTS

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CharacteristicCharacteristics of s of

arthropods arthropods and insectsand insects

• Exoskeleton• Invertebrate

Special insect Special insect ordersorders

• Coleoptera – beetles• Diptera – Flies• Hymenoptera – Ants and Bees• Hemiptera – Aphids• Orthoptera – Grasshoppers and Crickets• Lepidoptera – Butterflies and Moths

How do How do insects make insects make

sounds?sounds?TymbalsBeating their wingsSpiraclesSnapping mandibles

What are insects What are insects mouthparts called? mouthparts called? What are the three What are the three different types of different types of

mouthparts?mouthparts?They are called mandiblesThe three different mouthparts are – piercing, sponging, siphoning.

Metamorphosis: Metamorphosis: What are the What are the three types?three types?

Molting- shedding skinIncomplete – egg, nymph, adultComplete – egg, larva, pupa, adult

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPESS

Who are the Who are the three three

founding founding fathers of fathers of

microscopy?microscopy?Hooke

LeeuwenhoekJanssen

What did What did Hooke Hooke

accomplish?accomplish?Observed cork “cells”; coined the term “cell”

What did What did Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek accomplish?accomplish?Observed bacteria and protists

What did What did Janssen Janssen

accomplish?accomplish?First compound microscope

Total Total MagnificationMagnification

Eyepiece x objective lens

EyepieceEyepiece4x Magnification; look through at the top

BarrelBarrelChanges resolution

ArmArmUsed to hold the microscope

Revolving Revolving NosepieceNosepiece

Allows you to change between magnification lenses

Stage ClipsStage ClipsHolds the slide in place

ObjectivesObjectivesScanning, low power, high power lenses

Stage StopStage StopStops stage from moving

Stage Stage OpeningOpening

Allows light to come through

StageStageWhere the specimen rests

Coarse Focus Coarse Focus KnobKnob

Moves stage for scanning and low power lenses only

DiaphragmDiaphragmControls light (yay)

Illuminator Illuminator With BulbWith Bulb

Light source

Fine Focusing Fine Focusing KnobKnob

For high power ONLY

On/Off SwitchOn/Off SwitchSelf explanatory

BaseBaseBottom of Microscope

CELLSCELLS

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What are What are Levels of Levels of

organization organization from cells to from cells to organism?organism?

1. Cells2. Tissues3. Organs4. Organisms5. Population6. Community

What are the What are the 2 types of 2 types of

Cells?Cells?Somatic (body cells)Gametes (sex cells)

Eukaryote cells vs Eukaryote cells vs Prokaryote cellsProkaryote cells

Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells• Have nucleus• Membrane-bound

organelles• Cell membrane• DNA• Liquid cytoplasm• Ribosomes• Some have cell walls• Complex• Both unicellular and

multicellular

• Cell membrane• DNA• Liquid cytoplasm• Ribosomes• cell walls• Simple• Unicellular

Animal vs. Plant cellAnimal vs. Plant cellAnimal cells Plant cells• Nucleus• Cytoplasm• Ribosomes• Golgi body• Mitochondrion• Cell membrane• Vacuole (smaller in

animal cell)• Endoplasmic reticulum• Lysosomes (not in plant)• Centrioles (not in plant)

• Nucleus• Cytoplasm• Ribosomes• Golgi body• Mitochondrion• Cell membrane• Vacuole (larger in plant cell

than animal)• Chloroplast (not in animal)• Cell wall (not in animal)• Endoplasmic reticulum

NucleusNucleusBrain of cell

CytoplasmCytoplasmLiquid substance in cell that holds organelles

RibosomesRibosomesProtein producers. They can be attached to the ER

Golgi BodyGolgi BodyExternal delivery system

MitochondrioMitochondrionn

Convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions

Cell Cell membranemembrane

Regulates what goes in and out of the cell

VacuoleVacuoleStorage areas of a cell. Huge in plant cell.

ChloroplastsChloroplastsCapture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food. (plant only)

Cell wallCell wallStiff wall surrounding membrane. (plant only)

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

Internal delivery system

lysosomeslysosomesContain chemicals to break down food particles and worn out cell parts. (animals only)

CentriolesCentriolesHelp with cell division. (animals only)

What is What is diffusiondiffusion

Movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

What is What is osmosisosmosis

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

What is active What is active transporttransport

Movement of molecules across a membrane using cellular energy. Often against concentration gradient

photosynthesiphotosynthesiss

The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight in order to make food

RespirationRespirationProcess by which cells obtain energy from glucose

SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC METHODMETHOD

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What are the What are the steps of the steps of the

scientific scientific method?method?

1. Research2. Problem Question3. Hypothesis4. Develop your Procedure5. Collect and Record Data6. Analyze Results7. Draw Conclusions

Independent Independent VariableVariable

The variable that you control

Dependent Dependent VariableVariable

Changes because of the Independent Variable

Experimental Experimental GroupGroup

Tested Group

Control GroupControl GroupThe group used for comparison

Control(s)Control(s)What is kept constant throughout the experiment

ResearchResearchLook up information to develop your hypothesis

Purpose/Purpose/Problem Problem QuestionQuestion

The purpose of the experiment

HypothesisHypothesisA statement that tells what you think is going to happen

ProcedureProcedureDecide how you are going to do your experiment

Collect and Collect and record datarecord data

When you do the experiment and you collect and record data

Analyze Analyze ResultsResults

Translate your data into words

Draw Draw ConclusionsConclusions-Was your hypothesis correct?(y/n)-Why?(…)-What would you do differently next time?-What possible errors?-etc.

DONEDONEDID YOU DO WELL? I CERTANLY HOPE SO!! YAY!

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