SEMESTER I EXAMReview A 2010

SHELDON BIOLOGY

#1 Which are observations and which are inferences?

• Mass of 5.5 g• Heavy rock• Smell of sulfur in the air• Beaker water = 57oC• Gerbil is scared of Larry

• Observation• Inference• Observation• Observation• Inference

• Observations: use senses, tools

• Inferences: based on opinions, experiences

Which is an INFERENCE and which is an OBSERVATION?

• The penguin is black and white• The penguin acts like a duck• The penguin is cute• The penguin is eating fish.

• Observation

• Inference

• Inference

• Observation

#2 Qualitative or Quantitative?

• Shiny shell• 28 crabs on the sand• Water Temp. = 30oC• Sand too hot

• Qualitative• Quantitative• Quantitative• Qualitative

• Quantitative: numbers• Qualitative:

description

#3 Match Parts of Scientific Method

• Problem Statement

• Hypothesis

• Experiment

• Conclusion

• If and then…

• Agree or disagree with hypothesis

• Data tables, graphs

• What is the effect of…?

Match Parts of Scientific Method

• Problem Statement

• Hypothesis

• Experiment

• Conclusion

• If and then…

• Agree or disagree with hypothesis

• Data tables, graphs

• What is the effect of…?

#4 Which are constants, which are controls?

• Same beaker in each trial• Set-up of room temperature as compared

to hot and cold• Same crickets for each trial

• Constant

• Control

• constant

#5 HOW MANY VARIABLES DO YOU TEST AT A TIME IN AN

EXPERIMENT?• One• Two• Three• As many as you want

• ANSWER: ONE

Identify the variables?

Which is the independent variable?

Which is the dependent variable?

Identify the variables?

Which is the independent variable? (x-AXIS) temperature

Which is the dependent variable?

(y-AXIS)

Log. Generations per hour

Which part of the experiment…

• Does not contain the tested variable?• A. control• B. constant• C. independent variable• D. dependent variable?• ANSWER: control ( reference area)• CONSTANTS-all things that stay the same

#6 Convert the following:

• 45 km =____dm• 45 km = 450,000 dm

• 7000 cm = _____hm• 7000 cm = 0.7000 hm

• Km hm dkm (m) dm cm mm

#7 Which is a HYPOTHESIS and which is a THEORY.

• If you put cold water in a fish tank, then fish will slow down.

• All cells come from pre-existing cells.• Used to direct one experiment.• Formed from many tests-trusted.

• Hypothesis

• Theory

• Hypothesis

• Theory

#8 Asexual or sexual reproduction?

• Two parents• One parent• Offspring alike

parents• Offspring different

• Sexual• Asexual• Asexual

• Sexual

#9 Which characteristic of life?

• Cells formed.• Cells divide.• Lemur sunbathing.• Lemur eats food.• Blue Tang fish blends

in with the water.• Frog eggs, tadpoles,

adult frog.• You blink when a bug

hits your eye.

• Order• Reproduction• Regulation.• Energy processing.• Evolutionary

adaptation• Growth and

development.• Respond to the

environment.

#10 Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

• Bacteria• Nucleoid• Ribosomes• Nucleus• Mitochondrion• Capsule

• Prokaryotic• Prokaryotic• Both• Eukaryotic• Eukaryotic• Prokaryotic

#11 Which is HOMEOSTASIS and which is METABOLISM?

• Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism

• An organism maintains a stable internal environment even when the external environment is not

• METABOLISM

• HOMEOSTASIS

Identify as U=unicellular or M=multicellular

• Amoeba• Human• Bacteria• Paramecium• Worm• tree

• U• M• U• U• M• M

#12 Put in the correct order:• Community• Population• Organelle• Organ System• Organism• Organ• tissue• Ecosystem• Molecule• Cell• Biosphere

• Biosphere• Ecosystem• Community• Population• organism• Organ system• Organ• Tissue• Cell• Organelle• Molecule

Put in order in an energy pyramid:

• Producers• Secondary

Consumers• Primary Consumers

Put in order in an energy pyramid:

• Secondary Consumers

• Primary Consumers

• Secondary Consumers

• Primary

Consumers

#14 Where would you dipose of waste chemicals in the lab?

• Sink• Chemical waste jar• Trash can

• ANSWER: chemical waste jar

What would each tool be used for?

• Hold test tube

• Protect eyes

• Hold beaker

#14What is the correct way to…

• Detect an odor in the lab?

• Dispose of broken glass?

• Dispose of test tube liquids after the lab?

• Wafting

• In the crock

• In the waste container on the lab table.

#15 Which domain?

• Has peptidoglycan in cell wall, prokaryotic

• Has no peptidoglycan in cell wall, prokaryotic

• Nucleus with a membrane

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

• Eukarya

#16 Which Kingdom of life?

• Cell wall of chitin, eukaryotic

• Cell wall of cellulose, nucleus

• No cell wall, eukaryotic

• E. coli, streptococcus

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

• Eubacteria

#17 What are emergent properties?

• Whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Such as the tree in the rainforest is an important home, food source, and shade for other organisms rather than just for itself.

#18 Which is technology and which his science?

• A male sex cell is a sperm cell• Science

• Using embryonic stem cells can create test tube babies.

• technology

CHAPT 35Identify the Animal Behavior

• 1. no strong bond-pairing

• 2. Siamese fighting fish

• 3.squirrels wagging tail at others

• 4. birds learn not to respond to scarecrow

• Promiscuous

• Agnostic

• Communication

• habituation

Chapt. 35

• 5. under strong genetic control

• New baby geese follow human

• Wasp uses landmarks• Chimp opens jar

when knew a rock broke things

• Innate

• Imprinting

• Territorial

• Problem-solving

Chapt. 35

• 9. dog not go by porcupine to get quills

• 10. goose retrieves egg same way always

• 11. Sow bug start and stop random movement

• 12. one male and one female parental care

• Trial-and-error

• FAP

• Kinesis

• monogamous

Chapt. 35

• 13. salmon move upstream scent of water

• 14. kin selection, pass genes to relatives

• 15. individual mates with several others

• 16. pecking order of hens

• Taxis

• Inclusive fitness

• Polygamous

• Dominance hierarchy

Chapt. 35

• 17. rat mole gives its life so queen can live

• 18. male sea lion defends area, cheetah urine on trees

• 19. food-getting• 20. learn by observing

others, like chimp how to climb tree

• Altruism

• Territorality

• Foraging

• Social

CHAPTER TWO

•CHEMISTRY

#1 What is the charge of each?

• Electron

• Proton

• neutron

• Negative

• Positive

• neutral

Which subatomic particle…

• Lacks a charge• Is in the nucleus?

• A. proton• B. electron• C. neutron

• ANSWER: neutron• Protons (+) Electrons (-)

#2 Which is correct?

• A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means is:A. molecule

• B. buffer• C. element• D. cell• E. compound• ANSWER: element

#2 What is the element, which a compound?

• Na

• CO2

• O

• H2O

• Element (one)

• Compound (2 or more elements)• element

• compound

#2 What is the atom, which a molecule?

• Na

• CO2

• O

• H2O

• O2

• atom

• molecule

• atom

• Molecule

• molecule

#2 What is the symbol, which a formula?

• Na

• CO2

• O

• H2O

• symbol

• formula

• symbol

• formula

(just for fun) Which are ATOMS and which are CELLS?

• Amoeba

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• blood

• CELL

• ATOM

• ATOM

• CELL

#4 What part of atoms form bonds?

• Electrons• Protons• Neutrons

• ANSWER: electrons

• What is electronegativity?• Affinity an atom has to attract electrons

Yeah, this is good to know:If you had an atomic number of…

• 12, how many electrons would be in the outer shell?

• 2• 8• 4• 6

ANSWER: 2 (fills 2, 8, 2)

#5 Fill in the blanks:

• In an ionic bond the electrons are _______________ and in a covalent bond the electrons are_______.

• ANSWER: transferred (lost/gained)• shared

#5 What do e- do in each of these bonds?

• Ionic

• Covalent

• Polar covalent

• Non-polar covalent

• Transfer (gain or lose)

• Share

• Share unequally

• Share equally

#6 List this in order from strongest to weakest bonds:

• Van der Waals

• Ionic

• Covalent

• Hydrogen

• Strongest:• Covalent• Ionic• Hydrogen• Van der Waals (weak)

#7 Which are ions?

• Cl• Cl-

• H2

• OH-

• H+

• ANSWER: Ions are Cl- ,OH-, H+

#7 Which are ions and which are isotopes?

• Ca+2

• 13• C• 6

• Ion (lost e-)

• Isotope (different number of neutrons than neutral form)

#7Which are cations? Anions?

• O-2

• H+

• Cl-1

• O2

• Anion

• Cation

• Anion

• neither

#7

• What use are radioisotopes in medicine?

• Use tracers to follow molecules as they undergo chemical changes

• Tag chemicals that isolate in a certain part of the body (like cancer, disease)

#7 Atoms with different number of electrons from its neutral atom are:• An ion• An isotope• A bond• A molecule

• ANSWER: an ion• Charged atom Na+ Cl-

#7 Atoms with different number of neutrons from its neutral atom are:• An ion• An isotope• A bond• A molecule

• ANSWER: an isotope

#8 How many p, n, and e-?

• 19 mass number (p + n)• F• 9 atomic number (p) (also e-)

• ANSWER: 9 p, 9 e-, 10 n• #p+ and #e- = at. no.• #n = mass no. – at. no.

#9 What makes up an atom’s nucleus?

•Protons and neutrons•What charge?•+

#10 Why do atoms join other atoms to form compounds?

• A. to make even number of electrons• B. to fill their outer electron shells• C. to become neutral

• ANSWER: B• Fill 2,8,8

#10 An atom is stable when…

• A. number of electrons = number of protons

• B. outer electron shells are full• C. number of neutrons = number of

protons

• ANSWER: B• #9 Atoms will form compounds to fill

outer electron shells

#11 Identify the covalent bonds?

• C=C• Double

• C-C• Single

• C=C• triple

#12

• Identify where on the periodic table would be:

• -1 ions• Column 7• +1 ions • Column 1• Filled outer shells• Column 8

Which element would behave most like carbon?

N

O

B

Si

Which element would behave most like carbon?

N

O

B

Si

#13 Ice floats because…

• A. it is colder than liquid water• B. its water molecules are farther apart

due to H-bonding• C. it is denser than liquid water• D. its molecules are moving faster

• ANSWER: B

#13 Describe water’s property

• Surface tension

• Heat of fusion

• Capillarity

• High (float a bug)

• High (slow to freeze)

• Rises in narrow tubes

#13 Which water property is it?

• A. climb narrow tubes

• B. form a film on water surface

• C. slow to heat

• D. slow to freeze

• 1. heat of fusion

• 2. heat of vaporization

• 3. capillarity

• 4. surface tension

water property answers

• A. climb narrow tubes

• B. form a film on water surface

• C. slow to heat

• D. slow to freeze

• 3. capillarity

• 4. surface tension

• 1. high heat of vaporization

• 2. high heat of fusion

#13 Why does ice expand when freezing?

• 1. It gets gains mass.• 2. It gains electrons.• 3. It loses electrons.• 4. The H-bonds form an open lattice.

• ANSWER: 4

#14 Which is cohesion and which is adhesion?

• A. sticking to like substances

• B. sticking to unlike substances

• ANSWER: “A” is cohesion• “B” is adhesion

Which is cohesion, which is adhesion?

• Water sticking to glass?• Adhesion

• Water to water in a drop?• cohesion

#15 In a salt water solution…

• Which is the solute, which is the solvent?

#15 In a salt water solution, identify the solute and the solvent:

• Solute = salt (is being dissolved)

• Solvent = water• (does the dissolving)

#16 Which is a mixture and which is a compound?

• Salt water• Glucose• Water• Air• Blood

• Mixture• Compound C6H12O6

• H2O compound

• Mixture• mixture

#16 Identify as a mixture or a compound:

• Dirt • Mixture

• Carbon dioxide• Compound

• Air• mixture

#17 What two ions does water dissociate into?

• H and O• H and OH• H+ and OH-

• H2 and O2

• ANSWER: H+ and OH-

• (acids) (bases)

#17 Fill in the blanks

• In an acid the ___________ions are donated to the water solution, but in a base the __________ions are donated to the water solution:

• ANSWER: H+ (acid) OH- (base)• hydronium hydroxide

#18 Match:

• pH 7 A. weak base

• pH 13 B. strong base

• pH 2 C. neutral

• pH 6 D. weak acid

E. strong

acid

• C. neutral

• Strong base

• Strong acid

• Weak acid

# 18 Identify as acid or base (strong or weak)

• [10-4]

• [10-14]

• [10-7]

• [10-2]

• Weak Acid

• Strong Base

• Neutral

• Strong Acid

An atom is stable when:

• A. It’s protons equal its neutrons• B. It’s electrons equal its protons• C. It’s outer electron shell is filled.• D. It’s outer electron shell is empty.

• ANSWER: C• (e- fill 2,8,8)

#19 Which is a buffer:

• A. lowers the pH• B. raises the pH• C. keeps the pH from changing

• ANSWER:C

#20 Predict the ionic formula

#20 Predict the ionic formula

#21 What are the reactants and what are the products?

What are the reactant and what are the products?

BIOCHEMISTRY

•CHAPTER 3

What are the 4 most abundant elements in organic molecules?• A. C H O P• B. C H O N• C. C N Cl O

• ANSWER:B

#2 What elements are found in each of these?

• Carbohydrates• CHO• Lipids• CHO• Proteins• CHON• Nucleic Acids• CHONP

You should also know: Which shows the correct bonding ability of

carbon?

Which shows the correct bonding ability of carbon?

REASON: 4 e- in its outer shell (can bond to 4 more e- to fill its outer shell of 8)

A carbon atom can form:

• A. Two covalent bonds• B. Three covalent bonds• C. Four covalent bonds• D. Five covalent bonds

• ANSWER: C

#3 - #4 Identify the monomer:

• Carbohydrate

• Protein

• Lipid

• Nucleic Acid

• Monosaccharide

• Amino Acid

• Fatty acid + glycerol

• nucleotide

#5 What’s it called?

• Removing water to link monomers for form a polymer:

• A. dehydration synthesis• B. hydrolysis• C. chemiosmosis

• ANSWER: A• Hydrolysis adds water to split polymers

#5 Which is hydrolysis?Which is dehydration synthesis?• Adds water• Takes out water

• Joins monomers• Breaks polymers

• Hydrolysis• Dehydration synthesis

• Dehydration synthesis• hydrolysis

#6 Which is a saturated fat?

• A.

• B.

• C. CH3CH2CH2COOH    

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

Which is a saturated fat?

• A.

• B.

• C. CH3CH2CH2COOH    

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

# 7 How can you tell the difference

• Between a carbohydrate and a lipid if given the structural formula?

• Carbos C:H:O• 1:2:1

• Lipids H:O is greater than 2:1 ratio

#8 What are isomers?

Compounds with the same molecular formula (number and kinds of elements), but with different spatial arrangement.

#8 What are isomers?

See next slide for definition

#9 Matching:

• 1. glycogen• 2. cellulose• 3. glucose• 4. starch

• A. a polysaccharide in plant cells cell walls

• B. The storage form of glucose in plants

• C. The storage form of glucose in animals

• D. simple sugar

#9 MATCH THE TYPE OF CARBO:monosaccharide, disaccharide,

polysaccharide• Glucose• Glycogen• Sucrose• Starch• lactose

• Monosaccharide• Polysaccharide• Disaccharide• Polysaccharide• Disaccharide

#10 In a trigylyceride, where are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic

ends?

In a trigylyceride, where are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic

ends?

In a trigylyceride, where are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic

ends?

Which is NOT a lipid?

• A. wax• B. phospholipid• C. cholesterol• D. RNA• E. steroid

• ANSWER: D

Which is NOT a lipid?

• A. wax• B. phospholipid• C. cholesterol• D. RNA• E. steroid

• ANSWER: D

#11 How are phospholipids different than triglycerides?

• A. an extra phosphate• B. lost a phosphate• C. a phosphate replaces a fatty acid

• ANSWER:C

#12 What forms each protein level of folding?

What forms each

protein level of folding?

Peptide bonds

H-bonds

Disulfide bonds between cysteineH-bonds, ionic, hydrophobic,

All 4 types of bonds

#13 Identify the functional groups?

#13 Identify the functional groups

•

#13 Identify the functional groups

• Amino carboxyl

Carbonyl carboxyl

#14 What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

• ANSWER:• RNA• DNA

#14

• What four letters represent the nitrogenous bases?A. A C R G

• B. A T C G• C. N R C A

• ANSWER:B

#14 What are the four bases of nucleic acids?

• 1. A-C-O-T• 2. A-T-C-G • 3. C-G-O-H• 4. T-O-G-C

• ANSWER: A-T-C-G

#14

• How many common amino acids are there?A. 20

• B. 25• C. 33

• ANSWER: A

#14 What is the name of the bond between amino acids to

form proteins?• A. hydrogen• B. van der Waals• C. peptide

• ANSWER: C

#15

• What are the basic parts of an amino acid that they all have in common?

• ANSWER:• Amino group – H- carboxyl group

• What part is different among the amino acids?ANSWER: R group

#16

• Why does denaturation of a protein make it not work anymore?

ANSWER:• Breaks bonds that unfold and change its

shape; shape is how it works with other molecules

#17 What does SSSCDETR mean with proteins?

• It stands for the possible functions. See next slide for the specifics.

• S-structural• S-storage• S-signal• C-contractile• D-defensive• E-enzymes• T-transport• R-receptor

#18

• In a chemical reaction, where are the reactants and where are the products?

• ANSWER:• the reactants are on the left of the arrow• The products are on the right of the arrow

#19 Enzymes end in:

• A. -ase• B. -ose• C. -ise• D. –ese

• ANSWER: -ase

Identify the substrate, the active site, and the product.

AB

C

#19 Identify the substrate, the active site, and the product.

Substrate = what the enzyme acts upon

Active site=where the enzyme + substrate meet

#19 What do these mean?

• Induced Fit Lock-and-Key

• ANSWER:• When an enzyme joins its substrate it

“handshakes” to fit.• The enzymes are very specific (usually

one key) to its substrate.

#19

• What suffix do enzymes end in• ANSWER:• -ase

• What type of macromolecule are enzymes made of?

• ANSWER• -proteins

#19 Which are enzymes?

• A. phospholipid membranes• B. Energy sources• C. biological catalysts (speed up

reactions)• D. storage molecules

• ANSWER: biological catalysts

#19 Which are enzymes?

• A. proteins• B. fats• C. nucleic acids• D. carbohydrates

• ANSWER: A. proteins

#20

• What does hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean?

• ANSWER:• Avoid water and attract water• What functional group would be

hydrophobic?• ANSWER: methyl

#21

• monosaccharide

polysaccharide

#22 What fat is this the structure for?

• Steroid (4 fused rings)

#23 Which test is this?

• Food sample turned blue-black in the presence of iodine?A. for protein

• B. for starch• C. for lipids• D. for simple sugars

• ANSWER: B

#23 MACROMOLECULE TESTS

• A. for protein (Biuret’s blue to purple)• B. for starch (iodine turns blue-black)• C. for lipids (paper translucent to light)• D. for simple sugars (Benedict’s blue to

orange)

#24 What are other names for proteins?

• Polypeptide• Amino acid chain• Fatty acid• Polyunsaturate• Polysaccharide

• ANSWER: polypeptide, amino acid chain

Matching:

• 1. glycogen C• 2. cellulose A• 3. glucose D• 4. starch B

• A. a polysaccharide in plant cell walls

• B. The storage form of glucose in plants

• C. The storage form of glucose in animals

• D. simple sugar

What is another name for a “fat?”

• A. triglyceride• B. protein• C. nucleic acid• D. polysaccharide

• ANSWER: A