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12/17/15
1
IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE CHANGE ON FISH AND AQUATIC
MACROINVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES IN THE NOLICHUCKY RIVER WATERSHED
Hayley Gotwald M.S. Student
Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries 28 October 2015 – 12:20 PM – PBB 160
IntroducVon
JusVficaVon
Research ObjecVves
Proposed Methods and Analysis
Outline
The Clean Water Act
Copeland 2008
But only offers monetary incenVves to prevent nonpoint source polluVon
Regulates point source polluVon
through permi]ng
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Results from land runoff transporVng pollutants
Nonpoint Source PolluVon
EPA 2012; 2015
16%
15%
11% 10% 7%
Agriculture: #1 reason for impairment
Unknown
Atmospheric DeposiVon
HydromodificaVon
Habitat AlteraVon
Water Quality in TN
52% 48%
EPA 2012; TDEC 2014
1st Grazing In Riparian Or Shoreline Zones Agriculture
2nd ChannelizaKon HydromodificaKon
3rd Non-‐Irrigated Crop ProducKon Agriculture
4th Discharges From
Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems
Urban-‐Related Runoff/Stormwater
5th Site Clearance (Land Development Or Redevelopment)
ConstrucKon
Impaired
Not Impaired
TDEC 2008; Jackson 2009
Agricultural land use 47% on TN side of the watershed
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Agriculture in the Nolichucky Watershed
ObjecVves
1. QuanVfy changes in overall land use and, more specifically, row crop cover in the Nolichucky River watershed from 2000 to present, and predict how land use and row crop coverage will change in the future.
2. Correlate bioVc condiVon to land use acributes to determine those that may be considered indirect stressors that ulVmately lead to degraded stream fish and invertebrate assemblages.
ObjecVves
3. IdenVfy fish and macroinvertebrate species that may serve as indicator species of land use stressors in the Nolichucky River watershed.
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Methods
0 10 20 30 405Kilometers
Remotely Sensed Data
USGS 2015 and 2014; NAIP 2014
ResoluVon
Sensor Temporal SpaVal Spectral
Satellite Images Landsat 7 and 8 16 days 30 m x 30 m 8 to 11 bands
Aerial Photos NAIP; Google Earth Yearly 1 m x 1 m 3 bands
Land Use Types
1
2
3
4
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Land Use Classifica.on Workflow
Satellite Images
Aerial Photos
Radiometric CorrecVon
Atmospheric CorrecVon
Create 172 Random Points
Classify Points into Land Use Types
Use 80% of Points to Create Land Use Maps
Use Remaining 20% of Points to Assess Accuracy
Congalton and Green 2009
IBI Methods
Jowea 1993
RIFFLE
RUN
POOL SHORELINE
FFish IBI
TVA 2004
Riffle and Run Shoreline
Pool
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Benthic Macroinvertebrate IBI
TDEC 2011
• One sample in “fast” riffle and one in a “slow” riffle
• 500 micron mesh kick net
Benthic Macroinvertebrate IBI
TDEC 2011
StaVsVcal Analysis
ObjecVve 1: QuanVfy land use types and predict change
• QuanVfy land cover with supervised classificaVon with training samples created by the 172 points into land cover types on aerial photos
• To predict Change: Markov Chain Model
Weng 2002; Modal et al. 2013; Corner et al. 2014
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StaVsVcal Analysis
ObjecVve 2: Correlate bioVc condiVon to land use • Use Soil and Water Assessment Tool to quanVfy amount of
pollutants washed off crop fields
• General addiVve model (GAM) – to find at what percentage row crops negaVvely affect IBI metrics
• Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) – to find the degree to which IBI metrics vary with changing amounts of land use
McCune and Grace 2002
StaVsVcal Analysis
ObjecVve 3: IdenVfy species that may serve as indicator species of polluVon from row crops • Indicator species analysis
McCune and Grace 2002
Conclusion
Unmanaged nonpoint source polluVon can negaVvely impact stream inhabitants and water quality.
My research will help becer understand how nonpoint source polluVon from agriculture can affect biodiversity
in the Nolichucky River watershed.
McCune and Grace 2002
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Photo Sources • haps://www.flickr.com/photos/alan-‐swif348/ • haps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Runoff_of_soil_%26_ferKlizer.jpg • hap://tdeconline.tn.gov/dwrwqa/ • hap://smoothingit.com/2013/03/21/canoeing-‐the-‐shenandoah-‐river/ • ArcMap • hap://www.thegeofactor.com/a-‐new-‐look-‐at-‐the-‐earth-‐landsat-‐8-‐launches/ • hap://www.appliedeco.com/images/AES%20PLANE.jpg • hap://www.satelliteimpressions.com/landsat.html • hap://www.njflyfishing.com/vBulleKn/aaachments/f5-‐north-‐eastern-‐general-‐discussion-‐forum/
9115d1367411414-‐whats-‐difference-‐between-‐riffle-‐pocket-‐water-‐anatomy-‐stream.jpg
• hap://www.cliparthut.com/clip-‐arts/1759/trout-‐clip-‐art-‐black-‐and-‐white-‐1759817.png • hap://www.pugetsoundstreambenthos.org/ • hap://www.toddamacker.com/ • hap://tn.water.usgs.gov/lten/gallery2.html • hap://aquaKcinsectsofcentralvirginia.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-‐best-‐of-‐best-‐looking-‐at-‐
photos.html
• haps://www.flickr.com/photos/janhamrsky/ • hap://lifeinfreshwater.net/
CitaVons • Congalton, R. G., and K. Green. 2009. Assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed data. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Florida.
• Copeland, C. 2008. Clean water act: a summary of the law. U.S. Congressional Research Service. Report number: RL30030. Available from: HeinOnline.
• Corner, R. J., A. M. Dewan, and S. Chakma. 2014. Monitoring and predicKon of Land-‐Use and Land-‐Cover (LULC) Change. GeospaKal PerspecKves on UrbanisaKon, Environment, and Health. pp 75-‐97.
• EPA. 2012. What is nonpoint source polluKon? Environmental ProtecKon Agency.
• EPA. 2015. NaKonal summary of state informaKon. Environmental ProtecKon Agency.
• Hatch, D., K. Goulding, and D. Murphy. 2002. Nitrogen. Pages 7-‐25 in P. M. Haygarth and S. C. Jarvis, editors. Agriculture, hydrology, and water quality. CABI Publishing, New York, New York.
• Gevao, B, and K. C. Jones. 2002. PesKcides and persistent organic pollutants. Pages 83-‐100 in P. M. Haygarth and S. C. Jarvis, editors. Agriculture, hydrology, and water quality. CABI Publishing, New York, New York.
• TDEC. 2008. Nolichucky River Watershed of the Tennessee River Basin: Watershed Water Quality Management Plan. Tennessee Department of Environment and ConservaKon, Division of Water PolluKon Control, Watershed Management SecKon. Nashville, TN. 63pp.
• Jackson, G. 2009, September 14. Update: Washington county Tennessee residents concerned about large fish kill. The Bristol Herald Courier. Retrieved from hap://www.triciKes.com
CitaVons • Jowea, I. G. 1993. A method for objecKvely idenKfying pool, run, and riffle habitats from physical
measurements. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 27(2): 241-‐248.
• McCune, B., and J. B. Grace. 2002. Analysis of ecological communiKes. Gleneden Beach,OR: MjM Sofware Design.
• Modal, M. S., N. Sharma, M. Kappas, and P. K. Garg. 2013. Modeling of spaKo-‐temporal dynamics of land use and land cover in a part of Brahmaputra River basin using GeoinformaKc techniques. Geocarto InternaKonal 28(7): 632-‐656.
• TDEC. 2011. Quality system standard operaKon procedure for macroinvertebrate stream surveys. Tennessee Department of Environment and ConservaKon, Division of Water PolluKon Control. Nashville, TN. 214 pp.
• TVA. 2004. TVA Protocol for ConducKng an Index of BioKc Integrity Biological Assessment. Tennessee Valley Authority. Knoxville, TN. 15pp
• USGS. 2015. Landsat Missions Timeline. United States Geological Survey
• USGS. 2014. Frequently Asked QuesKons About the Landsat Missions. United States Geological Survey.
• Weng, Q. 2002. Land Use Change Analysis in the Zhujiang Delta of China Using Satellite Remote Sensing, GIS and StochasKc Modeling. Journal of Environmental Management 64(3):273-‐284.
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Acknowledgements
Adviser & Commiaee Members Dr. Brian Alford Dr. Robert Washington-‐Allen Dr. Andrea Ludwig
Lab Members Joyce Coombs JusKn Wolbert Keith Garner Dan Walker Todd Amacker
Funding Sources
Sources QuesVons?
Hayley Gotwald [email protected]