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School of HISTORY, CLASSICS and ARCHAEOLOGY
Pioneers of Cultural Communication:
Europe, India, and Japan, 1850 – 1950
(HIST10335)
2011-2012
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Pioneers of Cultural Communication: Europe, India, and Japan, 1850-1950
40 credit, Full Year course. Course Code: HIST10335
COURSE ORGANISER:
Dr Christopher Harding
Room 2.23, Teviot Place, Doorway 4
0131 650 9960
COURSE SECRETARY:
Ms Marie-Thérèse Rafferty
G.08, Teviot Place, Doorway 4.
0131 650 3780
This document is available in larger print, or on different coloured paper,
or as unbound pages, on request.
Please contact the School Undergraduate Reception in G.08, Doorway
4, Teviot Place or email [email protected] (0131 650 3780).
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CONTENTS
General Information and the School Intranet p. 4 - Course Deadlines
Introduction p. 5 - Essays - Past Exam Papers
Course Requirements p. 6 Course Overview p. 7 General Reading p. 8
Source List p. 9
Semester One: Religion and Philosophy
Seminars p. 11
Further Reading p. 25
Semester Two: Depth Psychology, Psychiatry, and Politics
Seminars p. 27
Further Reading p. 39
Assessment Form: Oral Presentations p. 40
Plagiarism p. 41
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General Information and the School Intranet Within this handbook, you will find an overview of your course, including specific information on
seminar topics, reading lists and coursework. You will also find information relating to the
University‟s policy regarding plagiarism.
It will be assumed that you have read and digested these.
Additional important information relating to Honours level study is detailed in the History
Honours Handbook, available online via the following link:
http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/student/undergraduate/history/.
It is essential that you familiarise yourself with this.
The School has developed an undergraduate student intranet to provide you with essential
information and you are strongly advised to check the Intranet regularly for information or
guidance throughout the year. The Intranet is at:
http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/student/undergraduate/
It covers your current studies, guidance on submitting coursework, assessment regulations,
essential forms, plagiarism, important news and events and more. It also has contact
information for your Course Secretaries, Student Support Officers and Student Reps. Over the
year information will be added on choosing honours courses and degree results.
There are also sections for the School‟s Student Support Office and academic guidance, library
and computing services and the School‟s student/staff liaison. In addition there are links to
your subject areas and student societies.
Coursework deadlines
It is essential for fairness that all students hand in their coursework by the same deadline. Your
coursework should be submitted via the drop-boxes to be found on the ground floor corridor
immediately opposite the UG Reception, Doorway 4, Teviot Place (the boxes will be labelled
with the relevant course name ready for submissions) by 12 noon on the following deadlines:
Semester 1: Monday 28 November 2011
Semester 2: Monday 26 March 2012
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Introduction
This is a course in comparative cultural history, exploring two major areas of cultural
communication between Asia and Europe – religion/philosophy and medicine/mental health –
through the lives and writings of a small handful of Japanese, Indian, and European pioneers.
Students will explore the personal, intellectual, and local socio-political dynamics which
influenced cultural communication, and will be encouraged to draw, from primary source
material, general themes and principles which apply in both contexts. The course is linked
closely to the organiser‟s areas of research, and takes advantage of the availability of a great
many key texts online, together with hard copies and critiques available in Edinburgh University
libraries.
The course is taught from 2pm to 3.50pm on Tuesdays in Room 2.07, Appleton Tower.
The structure of the 22 sessions of the course varies, but will mainly take the form of seminars.
Each week students will work as a class or in small groups on specific themes, including the
preparation of presentations which will be followed by a discussion. The organisation of
presentations will be discussed in class. Students are expected to attend all honours seminars
unless unavoidably prevented from doing so. You must provide your tutor with a valid
reason for any absences.
You are expected to participate in class debates, to be prepared on the weekly readings and to
integrate them with further readings agreed with the tutor.
Essays
Students are free to suggest their own essay topics/titles, discussing and clearing them in
writing with the course tutor before work begins. The essay may focus upon one or more of the
key texts for the course, or alternatively may concentrate on a particular theme, using one or
more key texts as part of the discussion.
Past Exam Papers
Can be located via the following link:
http://www.exampapers.lib.ed.ac.uk.ezproxy.webfeat.lib.ed.ac.uk/History0405.shtml
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Course Requirements
Assessment for the course is as follows:
- Two 3000-word essays, which together are worth 35% of the overall assessment for the
course
- Two 2-hour examinations, which together are worth 50% of the overall assessment
- A class presentation, worth 5% of the overall assessment
- A grade for seminar participation, worth 10% of the overall assessment (5% based on
semester 1 participation; 5% based on semester 2 participation)
Class presentation: students will receive guidance at the beginning of the course as to the
precise criteria upon which class presentations are to be assessed (see also the form at the
back of this handbook). These criteria will be in line with the advertised Intended Learning
Outcomes for the course. Students will have the opportunity at the outset to ask for clarification
regarding the criteria and, if there is a general consensus, to make alterations to particular
criteria. In the case of the class presentation, students will each make one presentation per
semester, receiving tutor feedback and a mark for both. The higher of the two marks will go
through as the final presentation grade. The marks will be decided on the basis of a
combination of peer-review assessment (50%) and tutor assessment (50%).
Class participation mark: students will receive guidance at the beginning of the course as to
the precise criteria upon which class participation is to be assessed. Students will have a one-
to-one meeting with the course tutor half way through each semester, at which point essay
preparations and class performance will be discussed. Students will be asked to assess their
own performance thus far on the basis of the outlined criteria, and the tutor will do likewise (this
will involve a mark and a short commentary being produced by both student and tutor). The
tutor will give advice on how the student‟s performance can be enhanced, with a view to raising
the likely participation mark for that semester. At the end of the semester a participation grade
for each student will be decided by the tutor, taking into account a brief self-assessment form
completed by the student. A detailed report will be offered to each student explaining how their
grade was arrived at and what can be done to improve.
Students can expect written feedback and individual consultation on all aspects of their work.
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Course Overview
SEMESTER ONE: Religion and Philosophy
1. Welcome to the Course
2. Mini-Lecture and Discussion: ‘Reason’ and the History of Ideas
3. Self and the World in Indian Religion and Philosophy
4. Europeans Encounter India
5. Christian Missions in India
6. Missionary to the West: Swami Vivekananda
7. Self and the World in Mahayana Buddhism
8. Buddhism in the West – the New Christianity?
9. Inoue Enryo and Shin Buddhism
10. Asian Christians and the Problem of Roots
11. Science, Religion, and Social Radicalism: the Worldview of Annie Besant
SEMESTER TWO: Depth Psychology, Psychiatry, and Politics
1. Mini-Lecture and Discussion: Depth Psychology, Psychiatry, and Politics
2. Psychiatry and the Politics of Mental Health
3. Freudian Psychoanalysis
4. Psychoanalysis in India and Japan
5. Jungian Analytical Psychology
6. Jung, Asia, and Orientalism
7. The „Psychological Novel‟: Kokoro
8. Gandhi and India
9. Hindutva, 1919 to 1948
10. Japanese Buddhism At War
11. Are You Experienced? Zen, Flower Power, and the „Spiritual‟ Turn
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General Reading
Europe:
N. Davies – Europe: A History
J. Merriman – History of Modern Europe from the Renaissance to the Present
A.N. Wilson – The Victorians
H. Hearder – Europe in the Nineteenth Century: 1830 – 1880
E. Hobsbawm – The Age of Capital
N. Stone – Europe Transformed: 1878 – 1919
G. Mosse – The Culture of Western Europe: the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
India:
C. Bates – Subalterns and Raj: a History of South Asia since 1600
S. Wolpert – A New History of India
A. Jalal & S. Bose – Modern South Asia
J. Brown – Modern India: the Origins of an Asian democracy
S. Sarkar – Modern India, 1885-1947
L.A. Gordon – Bengal: The Nationalist Movement, 1876-1940
Japan:
K. Pyle – The Making of Modern Japan
M. Jansen – The Making of Modern Japan
P. Varley – Japanese Culture
E. Tipton – Modern Japan: a Social and Political History
J. McClain – Japan: A Modern History
C.D. Totman – A History of Japan
Approaches to ‘Cultural Communication’:
R. King – Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India, and the ‘Mystic East’
A. Nandy – The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism
W. Halbfass – India and Europe
J.J. Clarke – Oriental Enlightenment
J.A. Silk – „The Victorian Creation of Buddhism‟, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 22:2
R. Sharf – „The Zen of Japanese Nationalism‟, History of Religions, 33:1 (1993)
D.S. Lopez, „Introduction‟, in D.S. Lopez (ed), Curators of the Buddha: the Study of Buddhism
Under Colonialism
C. Harding – Religious Transformation in South Asia
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Major Journals:
Journal of Religious History [JRH]
Buddhist-Christian Studies [BCS] (available online)
Philosophy East and West [PEW] (available online)
The Eastern Buddhist [TEB] (available online; index at:
http://web.otani.ac.jp/EBS/about_journal.html)
Source List
This is a list of all the primary sources looked at on the course, which might appear in the final
exams. For some seminars they will be listed as ‘Sources’, while other weeks they might
number amongst the ‘key texts’ – texts that each member of the class is required to read that
week, to facilitate discussion.
Hinduism and Hindutva
1. Swami Vivekananda – Collected Works
2. M. Monier-Williams – Brahmanism and Hinduism
3. M. Muller – Theosophy, or Psychological Religion
4. V.D. Savarkar – Essentials of Hindutva
Christian Missions
5. Report of the Punjab Missionary Conference (First session, on 'Preaching to the Heathen'
and 'Hindoo and Mohamedan Controversy')
6. Indian Missionary Manual: Hints to Young Missionaries in India
7. Uchimura Kanzo – The Diary of a Japanese Convert / Letter to Dr W.S. Clark
Gandhi
8. M.K. Gandhi – Hind Swaraj
9. M.K. Gandhi – An Autobiography: the Story of My Experiments with Truth
Japanese Novel
10. Natsume Sōseki – Kokoro
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Buddhism
11. Archibald Scott – Buddhism and Christianity: a Parallel and a Contrast
12. W.H. Davenport Adams – Curiosities of Superstitions
13. M. Monier Williams – Buddhism, in its connexion with Brahmanism and Hinduism, and its
Contrast with Christianity
14. Paul Carus – Buddhism and its Christian Critics
15. D.T. Suzuki – „Introduction‟, Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism
16. Sir Edwin Arnold – The Light of Asia
17. Samuel Kellogg – The Light of Asia and the Light of the World
18. C.W. Wilkinson – Edwin Arnold as Poetizer and Paganizer
19. The Heart Sutra
Psychoanalysis / Analytical Psychology
20. Carl Jung – The Difference Between Eastern and Western Thinking
21. Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Girindrasekhar Bose
22. Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Heisaku Kosawa
23. G. Bose – „Psychological Outlook of Hindu Philosophy‟, Indian Journal of Psychology, 5
(1930)
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SEMESTER ONE: RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY
1. Welcome to the Course
An introduction to the themes and structure of the course; a discussion of essays,
exams, and methods of assessment on the course; planning the weeks ahead.
2. Mini-Lecture & Discussion: ‘Reason’ and the History of Ideas
A discussion of theoretical and methodological approaches in Europe-Asia cultural
history; how religion, philosophy, psychology, and art can be approached as ‘history’,
and how they interconnect with social and political themes.
READING
- See General/Theoretical folder in WebCT
- Prioritize reading from the „General‟ section, below, drawing on the „Contextual‟ section
if you would like to get a taster of specific course content itself, from India and/or Japan.
- Here, as for every other week, you are encouraged to search for journal articles by key
authors if you are unable to get hold of monographs via the library
General:
J.J. Clarke – Oriental Enlightenment, especially chapter 1 and 2
J.J. Clarke – Jung and Eastern Thought, chapter on Orientalism
R. Schwab – Oriental Renaissance
D.S. Lopez, „Introduction‟, in D.S. Lopez (ed), Curators of the Buddha: the Study of Buddhism
Under Colonialism
W. Halbfass – India and Europe, chapter 23 on „India and the Comparative Method‟
and chapter 24 on „Europe, India, and the “Europeanization of the Earth”‟
R. King – Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India, and the ‘Mystic East’
R. King – „Orientalism and the Modern Myth of Hinduism‟, Numen, XLVI, 2 (1999)
D. Chakrabarty – „Provincializing Europe: Postcoloniality and the Critique of History‟, Cultural
Studies 6.3 (1992): 337-57
D. Washbrook –„Orients and Occidents: colonial discourse theory and the historiography of the
British Empire‟, in The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol V: Historiography, edited by
Robin W. Winks
12
V. I. Braginsky – „Rediscovering the „Oriental‟ in the Orient and Europe: New Books on the
East-West Cultural Interface: A Review Article‟, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African
Studies, 60/3 (1997)
A.Gerstle & A. Milner – „Recovering the Exotic: Debating Said‟, in A.Gerstle & A. Milner (eds),
Recovering the Orient: Artists, Scholars, Appropriations
P. Chatterjee – The Nation and its Fragments (esp. chapters 1 – 7)
K. Ballhatchet – Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: imperial attitudes and policies and their
critics, 1793-1905
M. Sinha – Colonial Masculinity: the "manly Englishman" and the "effeminate Bengali" in the
late nineteenth century
Contextual:
J.A. Silk – „The Victorian Creation of Buddhism‟, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 22:2
R. Sharf – „The Zen of Japanese Nationalism‟, History of Religions, 33:1 (1993)
A. Nandy – The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism
D. Ludden – „Orientalist Empiricism: Transformations of Colonial Knowledge‟, in C.
Breckenridge and P. van der Veer, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament
J. Snodgrass – „Exhibiting Meiji Modernity: Japanese Art at the Columbian Exposition‟, East
Asian History, 31: 75-100
L. Fader – „Zen in the West: Historical and Philosophical Implications of the 1893 Chicago
World Parliament of Religions‟, The Eastern Buddhist, NS, 15:1, Spring 1982, 122 – 145. [via
library website]
J. McRae – „Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: the 1893 World‟s Parliament of
Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe‟, Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11 (1991)
J. Ketelaar – „Strategic Occidentalism: Meiji Buddhists at the World‟s Parliament of
Religions‟, Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11 (1991)
3. Self and the World in Indian Philosophy and Religion
An introduction to Indian philosophy, in particular Advaita Vedanta, the strand within
Indian philosophy associated with Shankara and with Swami Vivekananda, and the one
that dominated the communication of Indian philosophy outside India in our period. This
is our first attempt at engaging with primary sources on the course, looking at texts
which, largely thanks to the period 1850 – 1950, have gone on to become synonymous
with ‘Hinduism’ and Indian thought.
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QUESTIONS
- In what ways did/does Indian philosophy differ from what the term is taken to mean in
the modern West?
- Are „philosophy‟ and „religion‟ distinguishable from one another in the Indian context?
- What is the „self‟ in Indian thought, and how does it relate to the world around it?
- What general themes emerge when we study the role of social change and political
imperatives in shaping Indian thought, and vice versa?
- According to „modern‟ authors and commentators, what difficulties do western readers
face in approaching Indian texts? Reading textual excerpts yourself, do you agree? Do
you feel yourself to be the „target audience‟ for these texts? If not, why not?
READING
- See Self and the World in Indian Philosophy and Religion folder in WebCT
KEY TEXTS
1. Chandogya Upanishad, Book Six
[see Patrick Olivelle‟s Upanishads, and/or online version via WebCT]
2. Bhagavad Gita, chapters 1 – 8, and 18
[various versions in the library or Edwin Arnold‟s famous translation, available on WebCT]
Sue Hamilton – Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction, esp. chapters 1 – 4, 8 (on
Shankara and Vedānta).
Richard King – Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought, esp.
chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 9.
Simon Weightman – „Hinduism‟, in Handbook of Living Religions
Mysore Hiriyanna – Essentials of Indian Philosophy
Gavin Flood – An Introduction to Hinduism (sections on philosophical development)
R. C. Zaehner – Hinduism
Franklin Edgerton – Beginnings of Indian Philosophy (introduction and Chandogya Upanishad)
Heinrich Zimmer – Philosophies of India, part 3, chapter 3 on „Brahmanism‟
Richard King – Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India, and the ‘Mystic East’,
chapters on Hinduism and Vedanta.
Richard King – „Orientalism and the Modern Myth of Hinduism‟, Numen, XLVI, 2 (1999)
Vedanta:
Ananda Coomaraswamy – „The Vedanta and Western Tradition‟ [WebCT]
Rene Guenon – „The Vital Centre of the Human Being, Seat of Brahma‟ [WebCT]
A.J. Alston – Shankara Sourcebook Volume 1, chapter 1
14
R.E. Hume – „An Outline of the Philosophy of the Upanishads‟, in The Thirteen Principal
Upanishads
Michael Comans – The Method of Early Advaita Vedanta, chapter 4
Eliot Deutsch – Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction
Ariel Glucklich – The Footsteps of Vishnu, chapter 10, on Shankara
Patrick Olivelle, Upanishads (Introduction and notes on the Chandogya Upanishad)
Commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita:
The Gita According to Gandhi [WebCT]
Swami Vivekananda, Gita I, II, III [CW:1]; Thoughts on the [Bhagavad] Gita [CW:4]
R.C. Zaehner – The Bhagavad Gita, with a Commentary Based on the Original Sources
P. Weiss – „The Gita, East and West‟, Philosophy East and West, 4:3.
Useful summary of chapters available via Wikipedia
4. Europeans Encounter India
A critical analysis of European interaction with Indian religious/philosophical culture,
especially what came to be called ‘Hinduism’, in the latter half of the nineteenth century;
the role of missionaries in this interaction is considered next week.
QUESTIONS
- Why were European scholars interested in Indian religion and philosophy?
- To what extent was early Indology characterised by sound methodology?
- What was the impact in India of this sort of scholarship?
READING
See the Europeans Encounter India folder in WebCT
Sources:
1. M. Monier-Williams:
Brahmanism and Hinduism (Preface, Introduction and chapters 1, 2, 3)
2. Max Muller:
Theosophy, or Psychological Religion (lectures 1 [on the method of Muller and his
contemporaries] and 4 [on Vedanta])
Bibliography:
W. Halbfass – India and Europe, chapters 4 – 8
R. King – Orientalism and Religion (chapters 2 – 5)
15
R. King – „Orientalism and the Modern Myth of Hinduism‟, Numen, XLVI, 2 (1999)
A. Sharma – „On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism, and Hindutva‟, Numen, 49/1 (2002)
P.J. Marshall (ed) – The British Discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century (Introduction,
and skim through the primary sources)
C. Breckenridge and P. van der Veer, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament
(Introduction)
N.B. Dirks – „Colonial Histories and Native Informants: Biography of an Archive‟, in C.
Breckenridge and P. van der Veer, op cit.
D. Ludden – „Orientalist Empiricism: Transformations of Colonial Knowledge‟, in C.
Breckenridge and P. van der Veer, op cit.
S. Pollock – „Deep Orientalism? Notes on Sanskrit and Power Beyond the Raj‟, in C.
Breckenridge and P. van der Veer, op cit.
M. Dodson – Orientalism, Empire, and National Culture: India 1770 – 1880
D.K. Chakrabarti – Colonial Indology: Sociopolitics of the Ancient Indian Past
D.K. Chakrabarti – „The Development of Archaeology in the Indian Subcontinent‟, World
Archaeology 13/3 (1982)
D. Outram – The Enlightenment
Parsons, Moore, & Wolffe (eds) – Religion in Victorian Britain, Vol. 5 (chapters 5 & 6 in part I;
chapters 5 & 6 in part II)
R. Irwin – For Lust of Knowing: the Orientalists and Their Enemies
N.C. Chaudhuri – Scholar Extraordinary: the Life of Professor the Rt Hon Max Muller
L.P. van den Bosch – Friedrich Max Muller: a Life Devoted to the Humanities
N. Dirks – Colonialism and Culture (esp. Introduction & chapters on India)
B. Cohn – Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge
P. Narain – Press and Politics in India, 1885-1905
S. Sarkar – „Renaissance and Kaliyugu: Time, Myth and History in Colonial Bengal‟ in S.
Sarkar, Writing Social History, pp. 186-215
K.N. Panikkar – Culture, Ideology, Hegemony: Intellectuals and Social Consciousness in
Colonial India
5. Christian Missions in India
A look at the European missionary effort in India – the motivations of young people in
joining the cause, the preparatory training they received, their understanding of the
challenges they faced in the field, and the beginnings of Indian cultural self-assertion.
QUESTIONS
- Why did young Europeans seek to become missionaries?
16
- To what sort of countries and cultures did they think they were going, and how were they
trained for this?
- How did spirituality, patriotism, and personal ambition combine or conflict, both in their original
motivations and in their day-to-day work?
READING
See Christian Missions in India folder in WebCT
Sources:
1. Report of the Punjab Missionary Conference (First session, on 'Preaching to the Heathen'
and 'Hindoo and Mohamedan Controversy')
2. Indian Missionary Manual: Hints to Young Missionaries in India
Other primary sources:
Robert Clark – The Missions of the Church Missionary Society and the Church of England
Zenana Mission Society in the Punjab and Sindh
Eugene Stock – History of the Church Missionary Society (skim for useful material, including
CMS work in Punjab)
J.F.W. Youngson – Forty Years of the Panjab Mission of the Church of Scotland, 1855 – 1895
Bibliography:
D.A. Dowland – Nineteenth Century Anglican Theological Training
Parsons, Moore, & Wolffe (eds), Religion in Victorian Britain, vol. 2 („Controversies‟), chapters 1
& 2
S. Piggin – Making Evangelical Missionaries, 1789 – 1858
N. Etherington – Missions and Empire, Chapter 6 on „Christian Missions and the Raj‟
N. Etherington – „Missions and Empire‟, Robin Winks (ed) Oxford History of the British Empire:
Historiography
J. Cox – Imperial Fault Lines: Christianity and Colonial Power in India, 1818 – 1940
C. Harding – Religious Transformation in South Asia, Introduction
W. Halbfass – India and Europe, chapter 3 on „The Missionary Approach to Indian Thought‟
J.M. Brown & R.E. Frykenberg (eds) – Christians, Cultural Interactions, and India’s Religious
Traditions, Introduction
R.E. Frykenberg – Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-Cultural Communication Since
1500:
- Introduction
- P.B. Andersen & S.Foss – „Christian Missionaries and Orientalist Discourse‟
17
- G.A. Oddie – „Constructing “Hinduism”: The Impact of the Protestant Missionary Movement on
Hindu Self-Understanding‟
G. A. Oddie – Imagined Hinduism: British Protestant Missionary Constructions of Hinduism
O. Cary – A History of Christianity in Japan
M. Williams and J. Breen (eds) – Japan and Christianity: Impacts and Responses
(especially Chapter 5)
H. J. Ballhatchet – „The Modern Missionary Movement in Japan: Roman Catholic, Protestant,
Orthodox,‟ in M. Mullins (ed) Handbook of Christianity in Japan
6. Missionary to the West: Swami Vivekananda
A focus upon the life and teaching of Swami Vivekananda, perhaps the best known and
most influential exponent abroad of Indian philosophy and religion in his generation.
QUESTIONS
- Was Vivekananda a hybrid figure or a talented cultural communicator, or both?
- To what extent did Vivekananda vary his message according to his audience, and does this
matter?
- How typical was Vivekananda of Indian attitudes towards western culture and towards
western commentaries upon Indian culture?
READING
See the Swami Vivekananda folder in WebCT
Sources:
Swami Vivekananda:
1. Autobiographical: My Life and Mission [CW:8]
2. Address to World Parliament of Religions (Chicago, 1893): „Hinduism‟ [CW:1]
3. Newspaper Reports: Reports in American Newspapers [CW:2 / CW:3]; Interviews in English
Newspapers [CW: 5 – An Indian Yogi in London, India’s Mission, India and England, An Indian
Missionary’s Mission to England]; Newspaper Reports (US and Europe) [CW:9]
4. On Religion: The Claims of Religion [CW:4]; The Practice of Religion [CW:4]; Fundamentals
of Religion [CW:4]
5. On Vedanta: The Vedanta Philosophy [CW:1]; On the Vedanta Philosophy [CW:5]; Is
Vedanta the Future Religion? [CW:8]; The Cosmos and the Self [CW:5]; Nature and Man
[CW:6]; Buddhism and Vedanta [CW:5]
6. Vivekananda and Japan: The Abroad and the Problems at Home [CW: 5]; see also History of
the Vedanta Society of Japan
18
7. Social Issues: Vedanta and Privilege [CW:1]; The Social Conference Address [CW:4]; Our
Duty to the Masses [CW:4]; A Plan of Work for India [CW:4]; Women of India [CW:8]; The
Women of India [CW:9]
8. Discussions in the US: Discussion at the Graduate Philosophical Society of Harvard
University [CW:5]; Discussion at the Brooklyn Ethical Society [CW:5]
Other Primary Sources:
J.H. Barrows – The World’s Parliament of Religions: an Illustrated and Popular Story of the
World’s First Parliament of Religions (London, 1893)
Bibliography:
W. Halbfass – India and Europe, chapter 13 on „Neo-Hinduism, Modern Indian Traditionalism,
and the Presence of Europe‟, and chapter 16 on „The Adoption of the Concept of Philosophy in
Modern Hinduism‟
W. Radice (ed.) – Swami Vivekananda and the Modernization of Hinduism
P. Dixit – 'The political dimensions of Vivekananda's ideology', IESHR, 1975
A. Nandy – The Intimate Enemy (part 1)
T. Mannumel – Advaita of Vivekananda: a Philosophical Appraisal
S. Basu – Religious Revivalism as Nationalist Discourse: Swami Vivekananda and New
Hinduism in Nineteenth Century Bengal
R. H. Seager – The World’s Parliament of Religions: the East/West Encounter, Chicago 1893
K. Koppedrayer – „Hybrid Constructions: Swami Vivekananda‟s Presentation of Hinduism at the
World‟s Parliament of Religions, 1893
C. Isherwood – Vedanta for the Western World [Main Library Special Collections]
R. King – Orientalism and Religion (chapter 6)
G. Beckerlegge – „Svami Vivekananda‟s Iconic Presence and the Conventions of Nineteenth-
Century Photographic Portraiture‟, International Journal of Hindu Studies, 12/1 (2008)
M. Hasan – Nationalism and Communal Politics in India, 1885-1930
C.H. Heimsath – Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform
K.W. Jones – Socio-Religious Reform Movements
N.G. Barrier – 'The Arya Samaj', JAS, 1967
D. Kopf – The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind
G. Pandey – 'Rallying around the Cow', in R.Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies ll
A. Yang – 'Sacred Symbol and Sacred space in Rural India: the 'anti-cow killing' riot of 1893',
CSSH, 22: 576-596 (1980)
A. Sen – Hindu Revivalism in Bengal
S. Freitag – Collective action and community: public arenas and the emergence of
communalism in north India
19
7. Self and the World in Mahayana Buddhism
An introduction to the basics of Mahayana Buddhism, particularly in the Indian and
Japanese contexts.
QUESTIONS
- Why is the Heart Sutra such a difficult text? How should it be approached – as a
philosophical treatise, a prayer, a provocation, mythology, or a meditation?
- What is left of „Buddhism‟ once we factor into our analysis the cultural and socio-political
contexts in which it existed and changed?
READING
See the Self and the World in Mahayana Buddhism folder in WebCT
KEY TEXT:
1. The Heart Sutra [via WebCT]
Introductory Reading and Early Buddhism:
C.S. Prebish & D. Keown, Buddhism: the EBook, chapters 2, 3 & 6 [via WebCT]
Rupert Gethin, The Foundations of Buddhism, chapters 1, 3, 6 & 9 [via WebCT]
Peter Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism, chapters 1 – 7
Sue Hamilton, Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction, chapters 3 & 6
Damien Keown, Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction, chapters 1 – 5
Andrew Skilton, A Concise History of Buddhism
Richard King, Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought, esp. chapters
4, 5, 6.
Paul Williams and Anthony Tribe, Buddhist Thought, chapters 1, 2, 3, 5
Commentaries on the Heart Sutra:
Paul Williams and Anthony Tribe – Buddhist Thought, chapter 5
John Crook on The Heart Sutra [via WebCT]
Reference:
Damien Keown, A Dictionary of Buddhism (available online via Library site)
20
8. Buddhism in the West – the New Christianity?
A comparative analysis of early European perspectives on Buddhism, all of which deal
with the topic alongside Indian religion and/or Christianity.
QUESTIONS
- Were European critics and defenders of Buddhism talking about the same thing?
- Does a clear sense emerge from either the primary or secondary sources studied here of
„Christianity‟ and „Buddhism‟ as distinct entities?
- In what ways did Victorian doubt colour the reception of Buddhism in Britain?
READING
See Buddhism – The New Christianity? folder in WebCT
Sources:
1. Archibald Scott –Buddhism and Christianity: a Parallel and a Contrast (1890) („Preface‟ and
„Lecture I: Necessity for a Proper Comparison of the Two Religions‟)
2. W.H. Davenport Adams – Curiosities of Superstitions (chapter on Buddhism)
3. Sir Edwin Arnold – The Light of Asia, or The Great Renunciation: Being the
Life and Teaching of Gautama (Book Three, on Gautama‟s discovery of suffering in the
world, and/or Book Six, on his enlightenment)
4. M. Monier-Williams – Buddhism, in its connexion with Brahmanism and Hinduism, and its
Contrast with Christianity („Preface‟ and „Lecture XVIII: Buddhism Contrasted with Christianity‟)
5. Paul Carus – Buddhism and its Christian Critics („Preface‟, „Buddhism and Christianity‟, and
„Christian Critics of Buddhism‟)
6. Samuel Kellogg –The Light of Asia and the Light of the World („Preface‟ and Chapters 1, 5, &
7)
7. C.W. Wilkinson – Edwin Arnold as Poetizer and as Paganizer (Part One attacks Arnold, Part
Two attacks Buddhism)
Key Texts:
J.J. Franklin – „The Life of the Buddha in Victorian England‟, ELH 72/4 (2005)
J.A. Silk – „The Victorian Creation of Buddhism‟, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 22:2
21
Bibliography:
C.T. Jackson – „The Meeting of East and West: the Case of Paul Carus‟, Journal of the History
of Ideas, 29:1.
D.S. Lopez – „Introduction‟, in D.S. Lopez (ed), Curators of the Buddha: the Study of Buddhism
Under Colonialism
J.J. Franklin – „The Counter-Invasion of Britain by Buddhism in Marie Corelli‟s A Romance of
Two Worlds and H.Rider Haggard‟s Ayesha: The Return of She‟, Victorian Literature and
Culture, 31/1 (2003)
P. C. Almond – The British Discovery of Buddhism [Introduction, and chapters 2, 4, 5]
P. C. Almond – „The Encounter Between Buddhism and Christianity in Victorian England‟, Asia
Journal of Theology, 1 (1987)
D. Brear – „Early Assumptions in Western Buddhist Studies‟, Religion, 5 (1975)
C. Clausen – „Victorian Buddhism and the Origins of Comparative Religion‟, Religion, 5 (1975)
9. Inoue Enryo and Shin Buddhism
Exploring the connections between a revived Meiji Buddhism and an emerging sense of
Japanese nationalism, including the flashpoint of the 1893 World’s Parliament of
Religions. In particular, we focus on Japan’s answer to Swami Vivekananda: the
Buddhist priest-turned-philosopher, Inoue Enryō.
QUESTIONS
- How successful was Japanese Buddhism in presenting itself as a source of cultural identity for
an emerging modern nation, in the way that Hinduism and other religions managed in India?
- Was nationalism intrinsic to Japanese Buddhism, or was Buddhist nationalism a new creation
in this period?
- In what ways might the lives and work of Inoue and Vivekananda be profitably compared?
READING
See the Inoue Enryo and Shin Buddhism folder in WebCT
Key Text:
K. Staggs – „„Defend the Nation and Love the Truth‟: Inoue Enryō and the Revival of Meiji
Buddhism‟, Monumenta Nipponica, 38 (1983)
Bibliography:
I. Reader – Japanese Religions: Past and Present
J. Kitagawa – Religion in Japanese History
22
R. Sharf – „The Zen of Japanese Nationalism‟, History of Religions, 33:1 (1993)
A.G. Grapard – „Japan‟s Ignored Cultural Revolution: the Separation of Shinto and Buddhist
Divinities in Meiji‟, History of Religions, 23, 3 (1984)
M. Collcutt, „Buddhism: the Threat of Eradication‟, in Jansen & Rozman (eds) Japan in
Transition
J. Snodgrass – Presenting Japanese Buddhism to the West: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and
the Columbian Exposition (Introduction, chapters 5, 6, 8, 9)
J. Snodgrass – „Exhibiting Meiji Modernity: Japanese Art at the Columbian Exposition‟, East
Asian History, 31: 75-100
N.R. Thelle – Buddhism and Christianity in Japan: from Conflict to Dialogue, 1854 – 1899
(chapter on the World‟s Parliament of Religions)
J.E. Ketelaar – Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Buddhism and its Persecution (on the
World‟s Parliament of Religions)
J. Ketelaar – „Strategic Occidentalism: Meiji Buddhists at the World‟s Parliament of Religions‟,
Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11 (1991)
L. Fader – „Zen in the West: Historical and Philosophical Implications of the 1893 Chicago
World Parliament of Religions‟, The Eastern Buddhist, NS, 15:1, Spring 1982, 122 – 145
J. Kitagawa – „The 1893 World‟s Parliament of Religions and its Legacy‟, in J. Kitagawa, The
History of Religions: Understanding Human Experience
J. McRae – „Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: the 1893 World‟s Parliament of
Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe‟, Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11 (1991)
10. Asian Christians and the Problem of Roots
A focus, from the Indian and Japanese Christian perspective, on the sometimes
combative dialogue between a diverse western Christian missionary presence in India
and Japan and an increasingly rejuvenated Asian socio-religious and political milieu.
QUESTIONS
- What did „conversion for the sake of the nation‟ mean and entail in practice?
- To what extent was conversion in Japan the fruit of cultural interaction and borrowing similar
to that seen in the Indian context at around the same time?
- What difficulties do historians face in seeking to access the minds of converts?
READING
See the Asian Christians and the Problem of Roots folder in WebCT
23
Sources:
1. Uchimura Kanzo – The Diary of a Japanese Convert [from „Note‟ and „Preface‟ to Chapter V]
2. Uchimura Kanzo – Letter to Dr W.S. Clark [reproduced in: J.E. Goff – „Tribute to a Teacher:
Uchimura Kanzo‟s Letter to William Smith Clark‟, Monumenta Nipponica, 43/1 (1988)]
3. Swami Vivekananda:
Christ the Messenger [CW:4] / The Great Teachers of the World [CW:4] / Is India a Benighted
Country? [CW:4] / The Vedanta Philosophy and Christianity [CW:6] / A Preface to the Imitation
of Christ [CW:8]
Other Primary Sources:
J. Waskom Pickett – Christian Mass Movements in India
J.F.W. Youngson – Forty Years of the Panjab Mission of the Church of Scotland, 1855 – 1895
Bibliography:
Wilhelm Halbfass – India and Europe, chapter 3 on „The Missionary Approach to Indian
Thought‟
J. Cox – Imperial Fault Lines: Christianity and Colonial Power in India, 1818 – 1940
C. Harding – Religious Transformation in South Asia, Introduction
J.M. Brown & R.E. Frykenberg (eds) – Christians, Cultural Interactions, and India’s Religious
Traditions:
R.F. Young – „Some Hindu Perspectives on Christian Missionaries‟
J. Webster – „Dalits and Christianity and Colonial Punjab: Cultural Interactions‟
D. Forrester – „The Depressed Castes and Conversion to Christianity, 1860 – 1960‟, in G.
Oddie (ed), Religion in South Asia
J. Webster – Dalit Christians: A History
R.F. Young – „Receding from Antiquity: Hindu Responses to Science and Christianity on the
Margins of Empire, 1800 – 1850‟, in Frykenberg, Christians and Missionaries in India
M. Williams and J. Breen (eds) – Japan and Christianity: Impacts and Responses (including
Ballhatchet & Thelle chapters
A. Lande – Meiji Protestantism in History and Historiography: a Comparative Study of Japanese
and Western Interpretations of Early Protestantism in Japan
H. J. Ballhatchet – „The Modern Missionary Movement in Japan: Roman Catholic, Protestant,
Orthodox,‟ in M. Mullins (ed) Handbook of Christianity in Japan.
E. Best – „Christian Faith and Cultural Crisis: the Japanese Case‟, Journal of Religion, 41/1
(1961)
24
H. Willcock – „Traditional Learning, Western Thought, and the Sapporo Agricultural College: A
Case Study of Acculturation in Early Meiji Japan‟, Modern Asian Studies, 34/4 (2000)
J.E. Goff – „Tribute to a Teacher: Uchimura Kanzo‟s Letter to William Smith Clark‟, Monumenta
Nipponica, 43/1 (1988)
J.F. Howes – „Japanese Words and Western Preoccupations: The English Language Works of
Uchimura Kanzo‟, Pacific Affairs, 38/3-4 (1965)
I.D. Miller – Loving Jesus and Loving Japan: Uchimura Kanzo’s Search for a Japanese
Christian Identity
11. Science, Religion, and Social Radicalism: the Worldview of Annie Besant
An examination of the worldview of Annie Besant, who strove to reconcile her
theosophical outlook and social and political causes, while also trying to address the
contemporary obsession with the language and methodology of the natural sciences.
QUESTIONS
- What, if anything, does the case of Annie Besant suggest about the potential for social
radicalism inherent in East-West religious and philosophical dialogue in this period?
- To what extent is the coherency of Annie Besant‟s worldview compromised by her desire to
engage diverse audiences and emerging scholarly disciplines – working classes, nationalists,
women, Indians, the sciences, comparative religion, etc?
READING
See the Science, Religion, and Social Radicalism folder in WebCT
KEY TEXT:
P. Van der Veer – Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain (2001),
Chapter Three
Sources:
1. Annie Besant – Theosophy [especially Introduction through to Chapter Five]
Bibliography:
T. Agathacleous & J.R. Rudy – „Victorian Cosmopolitanisms: Introduction‟, Victorian Literature
and Culture, 38 (2010)
N.F. Andersen – „Bridging Cross-Cultural Feminisms: Annie Besant and Women‟s Rights in
England and India, 1874 – 1933‟, Women’s History Review, 3:4 (1997)
N.F. Andersen – Lives of Victorian Political Figures III: Annie Besant (2008)
25
M. Bevir – „Annie Besant‟s Quest for Truth: Christianity, Secularism, and New Age Thought‟,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 50:1 (1999)
M. Bevir – „In Opposition to the Raj: Annie Besant and the Dialectic of Empire‟, History of
Political Thought, 19:1 (1998)
J. Chandra – Annie Besant: From Theosophy to Nationalism (2001)
R. Kumar – Annie Besant’s Rise to Power in Indian Politics (1981)
A.H. Nethercot – The Last Four Lives of Annie Besant (1963)
N.L. Paxton – „Feminism Under the Raj: Complicity and Resistance in the Writings of Flora
Annie Steel and Annie Besant‟, Women’s Studies International Forum, 13:4 (1990)
A. Taylor – Annie Besant: A Biography (1992)
S.L. Cranston – HPB: the Extraordinary Life and Influence of Helena Blavatsky
J. Godwin – The Theosophical Enlightenment
R. Dinnage – Annie Besant
J. Carrette & R. King – Selling Spirituality: the Silent Takeover of Religion (2005) [esp.
Introduction and references to Besant and her era]
SEMESTER ONE: FURTHER READING
General/Theoretical
Talal Asad – Genealogies of Religion, especially Chapters 1 and 5
Dipesh Chakrabarty – Provincialising Europe: Post-Colonial Thought and Historical Difference,
Introduction and chapter 1
Christian Missions in India / Asian Christians and the Problem of Roots
G. Hewitt – The Problems of Success: a History of the Church Missionary Society
K. Ward & B. Stanley (eds) – The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799 – 1999,
Introduction, chapters 3, 6, 9, and Afterword
G.A. Oddie – „Protestant Missions, Caste, and Social Change in India, 1858 – 1914‟, Indian and
Social History Review, 6 (Sept. 1969)
V. Prashad – Untouchable Freedom: A Social History of a Dalit Community
A.A. Powell – „Modernist Muslim Responses to Christian Critiques of Islamic Culture,
Civilization and History in Northern India‟, in J.M. Brown & R.E. Frykenberg (eds), op cit
H. Coward (ed) – Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Introduction and chapter 2
D. Forrester – Caste and Christianity
J. Webster – Christian Community and Change in Nineteenth Century North India
C. Harding – „The Christian Village Experiment‟, South Asia (December 2008)
C. Caldarola – Christianity, the Japanese Way
26
R.F. Young & M. Mullins (eds) – Perspectives on Christianity in Korea and Japan: the Gospel
and Culture in East Asia [relevant sections]
H. Ballhatchet – „Christianity and Gender Relationships in Japan: Case Studies of Marriage and
Divorce in Early Meiji Protestant Circles‟, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 34/1 (2007)
C. Caldarola – „Pacifism Among Japanese Non-Church Christians‟, Journal of the American
Academy of Religion, 41/4 (1973)
R. Schwantes – „Christianity vs Science: A Conflict of Ideas in Meiji Japan‟, The Far Eastern
Quarterly, 12/2 (1953)
A. Porter – „Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire‟, Andrew Porter (ed) Oxford History
of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century
J. Brockington – Hinduism and Christianity
G.A. Oddie – Social Protest in India: British Protestant Missionaries and Social Reform
H. Coward (ed) – Hindu-Christian Dialogue, chapter 6
R.E. Frykenberg – Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-Cultural Communication Since
1500:
A. Powell – „“Pillar of a New Faith”: Christianity in Late-Nineteenth Century Punjab from the
Perspective of a Convert from Islam‟
N.R. Thelle – Buddhism and Christianity in Japan: from Conflict to Dialogue, 1854 – 1899
Inoue Enryo and Shin Buddhism
C. Ives, „The Mobilization of Doctrine: Buddhist Contributions to Imperial Ideology in Modern
Japan‟, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 26, 1-2 (1999)
27
SEMESTER TWO:
DEPTH PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY, AND POLITICS
1. Introductory Talk: Depth Psychology, Psychiatry, and Politics
2. Psychiatry and the Politics of Mental Health
An exploration of how notions of mental health and illness in Europe and Asia were
linked, in this period, with politics.
QUESTIONS
- To what extent were mental health concepts and institutions deployed by colonising powers in
order to justify their presence in foreign countries or to render the local population more
amenable to outside rule?
- What socio-cultural insights are offered by the controversies in Europe and Japan in the first
half of the twentieth century over the psychological impact of warfare upon soldiers?
READING
See the Psychiatry and the Politics of Mental Health folder in WebCT
Key Text:
R. Keller – „Madness and Colonization: Psychiatry in the British and French Empires‟ (Journal
of Social History, 35, 2001)
Bibliography:
W. Ernst – „Colonial/Medical Power: Lunatic Asylums in Bengal, c. 1800-1900', Journal of Asian
History, 40, 1 (2006), 49-79
W. Ernst – „Feminising Madness - Feminising the Orient: Gender, Madness and Colonialism, c.
1860-1940', in S. Kak and B. Pati (eds) Exploring Gender: Colonial and Post-colonial India, pp.
57-92
S. Mahone & M. Vaughan (eds) – Psychiatry and Empire (Introduction).
H. Bhabha – „Remembering Fanon: Self, Psyche and the Colonial Condition‟, in Colonial
Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader
J. Matsumara – „Mental Health as Public Peace: Kaneko Junji and the Promotion of Psychiatry
in Modern Japan‟, Modern Asian Studies, 38, 4 (2004)
28
J. Matsumara – „State Propaganda and Mental Disorders: the Issue of Psychiatric Casualties
among Japanese Soldiers during the Asia-Pacific War‟, Bulletin of the History of Medicine
(2004)
T. Bogacz – „War Neurosis and Cultural Change in England, 1914-22: The Work of the War
Office Committee of Enquiry into Shell-Shock‟, Journal of Contemporary History, 24 (1989)
Edward M. Brown – „Between Cowardice and Insanity: Shell Shock and the Legitimation of the
Neuroses in Great Britain‟, in Everett Mendelsohn (ed.), Science, Technology and the Military,
volume 12 of Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook (1988)
R. Cooter, M. Harrison and S. Sturdy (eds) – War, Medicine and Modernity (1998), chapters by
Cooter and Neushul
Eric T. Dean, „War and Psychiatry: Examining the Diffusion Theory in the Light of the Insanity
Defence in Post-World War I Britain‟, History of Psychiatry, 4 (1993)
E. Leed, „Fateful Memories: Industrialized War and Traumatic Neuroses‟, Journal of
Contemporary History, 35 (2000)
Tracey Loughran, „Shell-Shock and Psychological Medicine in First World War Britain‟, Social
History of Medicine, 22:1 (2009)
Ben Shephard, A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatry in the Twentieth Century (2000)
M. Stone, „Shellshock and the Psychologists‟, in W. F. Bynum, Roy Porter and Michael Shepherd
(eds), The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry, Volume 2 (1985), 242-71
3. Freudian Psychoanalysis
An introductory look at Sigmund Freud’s pioneering methodology and theories.
QUESTIONS
- Is it possible to talk about Freud‟s theory of mind/self in such a way that lets us compare
it with the religious and philosophical systems already explored on the course?
READING
See the Freudian Psychoanalysis folder in WebCT
Key Texts:
„Psychoanalysis‟, in James F. Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology [WebCT]
R.E. Fancher – „Commentary on „The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis‟‟ [WebCT]
Source:
Sigmund Freud – The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis (series of five short
lectures) [WebCT]
29
Freud:
M. Palmer – Freud and Jung on Religion, chapters 2, 3, 4, 5
W.B. Parsons – „The Oceanic Feeling Revisited‟, The Journal of Religion, 78/4 (1998)
Anthony Storr – Freud (1989)
J.N. Isbister – Freud: An Introduction to His Life and Work (1985)
C.R. Badcock – Essential Freud (1988)
4. Psychoanalysis in India and Japan
An exploration of the cultural and political dynamics underlying the emergence of
interest in Freudian psychoanalysis amongst Indian and Japanese pioneers.
QUESTIONS
- What was Freud‟s attitude towards the spread of psychoanalysis to India and Japan?
- Did Indian and Japanese psychoanalysis represent a faithful following of Freud or were they
just another dimension of modern Asian cultural revivalism, this time in psychoanalytic garb?
READING
See the Psychoanalysis in India and Japan folder in WebCT
Sources:
1. Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Girindrasekhar Bose
2. Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Heisaku Kosawa
3. Swami Vivekananda – The Importance of Psychology [CW: 6]
4. G. Bose – „Psychological Outlook of Hindu Philosophy‟, Indian Journal of Psychology, 5
(1930)
Key Text:
C. Harding – „Sigmund‟s Asian Fan Club? The Freud Franchise and Independence of Mind in
India and Japan‟, in R. Clarke (ed), Celebrity Colonialism
Bibliography:
A. Basu – “The Coming of Psychoanalysis in Colonial India: The Bengali Writings of Dr.
Girindrasekhar Bose”, Culture and the Disciplines: Papers from the Cultural Studies Workshops
(1999)
C. Hartnack – „Vishnu on Freud‟s Desk‟, Social Research, 57 (1990).
C. Hartnack – „Freud on Garuda‟s Wings: Psychoanalysis in Colonial India‟
30
A. Basu – „Girindrasekhar Bose‟, Indian Economic & Social History Review, 41 (2004)
S. Kapila – „The „Godless‟ Freud and his Indian Friends: An Indian Agenda for Psychoanalysis‟,
in S. Mahone and M. Vaughan (eds), Psychiatry and Empire
A. Nandy – „The Savage Freud‟, in A. Nandy, Bonfire of Creeds: the Essential Ashis Nandy
A.K. Ramanujan, „The Indian Oedipus‟, Oedipus: A Folklore Casebook
G. Blowers – „Crossing borders: Oedipus in Asia and the resistance to Psychoanalysis‟ (Paper
for an International Symposium for the History of Psychoanalysis, "History and Function of Myth
in Psychoanalysis: Relations between Mythology, Tragedy and Clinical Practice" Athens, 4-8th
October 2006
G.H. Blowers, S.Y. Chi – „Freud's deshi: the coming of psychoanalysis to Japan‟, Journal of the
History of the Behavioral Sciences, 33, 2 (Spring, 1997)
C. Ozawa-de Silva – „Demystifying Japanese Therapy: An Analysis of Naikan and the Ajase
Complex Through Buddhist Thought‟, Ethos, 35, 4 (2007). [available online at
www.anthrosource.net]
P.N. Dale – The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness (section on psychoanalysis)
J.C. Maloney – „Understanding the Paradox of Japanese Psychoanalysis‟, International Journal
of Psychoanalysis, 34 (1953)
5. Jungian Analytical Psychology
An introductory look at Jung’s complex system of human psychology
QUESTIONS
- On what questions did Jung depart from Freud?
- Can Jung be described as a scientist?
- Is Jung‟s system of psychology easier or more difficult to reconcile with the religious and
philosophical systems already explored on this course?
READING
See the Jungian Analytical Psychology folder in WebCT
Key Text:
J. Campbell (ed), The Portable Jung, Editor‟s Introduction
Source:
Carl Jung – Conscious. Unconscious, and Individuation (in C. Jung, Collected Works vol.
9, and in A. Storr (ed), The Essential Jung).
31
Jung and Analytical Psychology:
M. Palmer – Freud and Jung on Religion, chapters 7, 8, 9
A. Storr, The Essential Jung, Introduction
J. Campbell (ed), The Portable Jung, Editor‟s Introduction
A. Stevens – Jung: A Very Short Introduction
J.W. Heisig – „The Quest of the True Self: Jung‟s Rediscovery of a Modern Invention‟, The
Journal of Religion, 77/2 (1997)
6. Jung, Asia, and Orientalism
Jung’s borrowings from, and interpretations of, Asian culture – and Japanese Buddhism
in particular.
QUESTIONS
- What did Jung find in Asian culture?
- „Existence is as we see and understand it‟ (Carl Jung, „The Difference Between Eastern and
Western Thinking‟). To what extent do overlaps in Jungian and Mahayana Buddhist thought
stem from a careful distinction between epistemology and ontology?
- Was Jung an orientalist?
- Did Jung move forward the science vs religion debate or did he succeed only in muddying the
waters?
READING
See the Jung, Asia, and Orientalism folder in WebCT
Source:
1. C.G. Jung – The Difference Between Eastern and Western Thinking
Other Primary Sources:
C.G. Jung – „Travels‟, in Memories, Dreams, Reflections
C.G. Jung – „What India Can Teach Us‟, in Collected Works of C.G. Jung, vol. 10: Civilization in
Transition
Jung and Asian thought:
A.U. Vasavada – „Analytical Psychology of C.G. Jung and Indian Wisdom‟, Journal of Analytical
Psychology (2006)
32
L.O. Gomez – „Oriental Wisdom and the Cure of Souls: Jung and the Indian East‟, in D.S.
Lopez (ed), Curators of the Buddha: the Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism
F.J. McLynn – Carl Gustav Jung (chapter on „The Lure of the Orient‟)
J.J. Clarke – Jung and Eastern Thought
R. H. Jones – „Jung and Eastern Religious Traditions‟, Religion, 9:2.
H. Coward – Jung and Eastern Thought
F. Dalal, „The Racism of Jung‟, Race and Class, 29/1 (1988).
R. Inden – „Orientalist Constructions of India‟, Modern Asian Studies, 20/3 (1986) [particularly
the section on „Romantic India‟]
R. Inden – Imagining India [sections on caste and Hinduism, for their critique of Jung and
Jungians]
7. The Psychological Novel: Kokoro
We explore the potential of the novel as an historical source, capable of documenting –
sometimes intentionally, sometimes unintentionally – the stresses and strains that
‘cultural communication’ can bring to ordinary people.
QUESTIONS
- What was the nature of cultural communication between Japan and the West during this
period, and how does Kokoro reflect this – in its style and in its content?
- Did Japan, in the wake of the Meiji restoration, have any clear basis for its culture?
READING
See The Psychological Novel folder in WebCT
Key Text:
1. Natsume Soseki – Kokoro
General:
Paul Varley – Japanese Culture (chapters 2, 8, 9)
D. Irokawa – The Culture of the Meiji Period
B. Wakabayashi (ed) – Modern Japanese Thought, chapters 2 and 3
C. Blacker – The Japanese Enlightenment
D. Eleanor Westney – Imitation and Innovation
M. Jansen – „The Meiji Restoration‟, Cambridge History of Japan, vol 5
M. Jansen & G. Rozman (eds) – Japan in Transition (chapters 1 – 3)
33
T. Morris-Suzuki – The Technological Transformation of Japan from the Seventeenth to the
Twenty-First Century (relevant sections)
Commentaries on Natsume Soseki and Kokoro:
D. Keen – Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era (Introduction, chapters 1
& 12)
V.C. Gessel – Three Modern Novelists: Sōseki, Tanizaki, Kawabata
D. Pollack – Reading against Culture: Ideology and Narrative in the Japanese Novel
(particularly section on the individual)
J. Lewell – Modern Japanese Novelists: a Biographical Dictionary
M. Uedo – Modern Japanese Writers and the Nature of Literature
F. Murakami – Ideology and Narrative in Modern Japanese Literature
J. Konishi – A History of Japanese Literature
S. Kato – A History of Japanese Literature: the Modern Years
R. Hutchinson & M. Williams (eds) – Representing the Other in Modern Japanese Literature
[especially Introduction]
T. Doi – The Psychological World of Natsume Sōseki [NLS]
8. Gandhi and India
M.K. Gandhi was both the product of cultural communication between India and Europe
and one of its foremost pioneers in the twentieth century. Here we focus on the early
writings of Gandhi, looking at the formation of his worldview through a process of trial-
and-error with various cultural influences and personal experiences.
QUESTIONS
- How do religion and politics intersect in Gandhi‟s life and thought, and is this a personal
idiosyncrasy or is it connected with Gandhi‟s mixed (East-West) cultural upbringing?
- To what extent did Gandhi‟s worldview and political aspirations suggest an implementable
programme or viable way of life?
READING
See Gandhi and India folder in WebCT
34
Sources:
1. M.K. Gandhi – Hind Swaraj (1908)
2. M.K. Gandhi – An Autobiography: the Story of My Experiments with Truth (1923) [Parts 1 –
4]
Other Primary Sources:
M.K. Gandhi – The Gita According to Gandhi (Introduction)
Introductory/Commentaries:
The Penguin Gandhi Reader, esp. chapter on „Critique of Modern Civilization‟
A. Parel – Hind Swaraj and Other Writings (esp. Parel‟s commentary on Hind Swaraj, and the
Gandhi-Tolstoy letters)
The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings, chapter 9 on Gandhi and Tagore
General (focus on Gandhi’s life only up until his return to India in 1915-1916):
A. Copley – Gandhi: Against the tide
J. Brown – Gandhi's Rise to Power (chapter 1)
J. Brown – Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (chapters 1 – 6)
D. Arnold – Gandhi
B.R. Nanda – Mahatma Gandhi: A Biography
Analysis:
J. Brown – „Gandhi, A Victorian Gentleman: An Essay in Imperial Encounter‟, Journal of
Imperial and Commonwealth History, 27:2 (1999)
B. Parekh – Gandhi’s Political Philosophy
B. Parekh – Colonialism, Tradition, and Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi’s Political Discourse
D. Hardiman – Gandhi in his Time and Ours, chapters 4 and 7
A. Parel – Gandhi’s Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony
G. Richards – The Philosophy of Gandhi
A. Nandy – The Intimate Enemy (part 1)
H. Coward (ed) – Hindu-Christian Dialogue, chapter 5
9. Hindutva, 1919 to 1948
We look at Hindu fundamentalism in the first half of the twentieth century, focusing on
V.D. Savarkar’s concept of ‘Hindutva’ and exploring its links with the Orientalism of the
previous century.
35
QUESTIONS
- What cultural themes from the second half of the nineteenth century appear to be running
through Savarkar‟s writings, and through the emergence of extremist religious ideology in this
period?
- What, if any, responsibility does Swami Vivekananda bear for the emergence of extremist
Hinduism?
READING
See Hindutva, 1919 to 1948 folder in WebCT
Key Texts:
1. V.D. Savarkar – Essentials of Hindutva
2. A. Sharma – „On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism, and Hindutva‟, Numen, 49/1 (2002)
Theoretical/Commentary:
R. King – „Orientalism and the Modern Myth of Hinduism‟, Numen, XLVI, 2 (1999)
S. Clarke – „Hindutva, Religious and Ethnocultural Minorities, and Indian-Christian Theology‟,
Harvard Theological Review, 95/2 (2002)
R. Frykenberg – „Constructions of Hinduism at the Nexus of History and Religion‟, Journal of
Interdisciplinary History, 23/3 (1993)
T. Raychaudhuri – „Shadows of the Swastika: Historical Perspectives on the Politics of Hindu
Communalism‟, Modern Asian Studies, 34/2 (2002)
Extremist Hindu ideology and Indian nationalism:
D. Kopf – The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind
P. Dixit – 'The political dimensions of Vivekananda's ideology', IESHR, 1975
R. Thapar – 'Imagined religious communities? Ancient history and the modern search for a
Hindu identity', MAS, 23, 2 (1989)
W. Radice (ed.) – Swami Vivekananda and the Modernization of Hinduism
R. Anderson and S. Damle – The Brotherhood in Saffron: the RSS and Hindu revivalism
A. Vanaik – The Furies of Indian Communalism: religion, modernity, and secularization
T. Hansen – The Saffron wave: democracy and Hindu nationalism in modern India [Introduction
and parts of Chapter 2]
S. Mathur –Hindu Revivalism and the Indian National Movement: Ideas and Policies of the
Hindu Mahasabha, 1939-45
N. Gondhalekar & S. Bhattacharya – „The All India Hindu Mahasabha and the End of British
Rule in India, 1939-1947‟, Social Scientist, 27/7-8 (1999)
G. Pandey – The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India
36
B.D. Graham – Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: the origins and development of the
Bharatiya Jana Sangh
T. Basu et al – Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags
B. Baxter – The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party
W. Gould – Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India
10. Japanese Buddhism at War
The cliché of ‘peaceful Buddhism’ is, in large part, a fiction of the West’s creation. Here
we see how Japanese Buddhists with an instinct for self-preservation and self-
promotion became embroiled in the rhetoric and project of war and colonialism.
QUESTIONS
- What does our chosen source tell us about how some Japanese felt the West had
misconstrued Buddhist thought?
- How far back can we trace the strains of Japanese Buddhist thought that supported Japan‟s
imperial adventures in the twentieth century?
- What cultural themes from the second half of the nineteenth century can we detect running
through the social and political narrative of emerging nationalism in Japan in this period?
READING
See Japanese Buddhism at War folder in WebCT
Read the source, the key texts and choose at least one secondary reading.
Source:
D.T. Suzuki – „Introduction‟, Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism
Key Texts:
R. Sharf – „The Zen of Japanese Nationalism‟, History of Religions, 33:1 (1993)
C. Ives – „The Mobilization of Doctrine: Buddhist Contributions to Imperial Ideology in Modern
Japan‟, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 26 (1999) [read for themes and for useful
illustrative detail]
Bibliography:
J. Dower – War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
J. Dower – Japan in War and Peace
T. Najita – „Japanese Revolt Against the West: Political and Cultural Criticism in the Twentieth
Century‟, in Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6 & B. Wakabayashi, Modern Japanese Thought
37
P. Duus – „Nagai Ryutaro and the 'White Peril"‟, Journal of Asian Studies 31:1 (1971)
E. Ohnuki-Tierney – Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms and Nationalisms
N. Shimazu (ed) – Nationalisms in Japan
W. Miles Fletcher – „Intellectuals and Fascism in Early Showa Japan‟, Journal of Asian Studies
39:1 (1979)
A. Barshay – State and intellectual in Imperial Japan: The Public Man in Crisis (Preface and
Introduction)
D. Keene – „Japanese Writers and the Greater East Asia War‟, Journal of Asian Studies 23:2
(1965)
P. High – The Imperial Screen: Japanese Film Culture in the Fifteen Years’ War (2003)
B.D. Victoria – Zen at War
B.D. Victoria – Zen War Stories
J. Kitagawa – Religion in Japanese History (chapter 5)
C. Naylor – „Nichiren, Imperialism, and the Peace Movement‟, Japanese Journal of Religious
Studies, 18/1 (1991)
T. Tweed – „American Occultism and Japanese Buddhism: Albert J. Edmunds, D.T. Suzuki and
Translocative History‟, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 32, 2 (2005)
H. Takao – „Japan and the West in D.T. Suzuki‟s Nostalgic Double Journeys‟, Eastern Buddhist
33, 2 (2001) [via library website]
L. Fader – „Arthur Koestler‟s critique of D.T. Suzuki‟s Interpretation of Zen‟, The Eastern
Buddhist, NS, 13:2, 1980, 46-72. [via library website]
D. Nagapriya – „Poison Pen Letters? D.T. Suzuki‟s Communication of Zen to the West‟
J. Snodgrass – „Buddha no Fukuin: the Deployment of Paul Carus‟s Gospel of Buddha in Meiji
Japan‟, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 25, 3-4 (1998)
11. Are You Experienced? Beat Zen, Flower Power, and the ‘Spiritual’
Turn
The questions and readings for this week will be based on the latest research by the course
organiser, and consequently will only be available nearer the time of the class.
38
SEMESTER TWO: FURTHER READING
Psychiatry and the Politics of Mental Health in Europe
W. Ernst – 'Racial, social and cultural factors in the development of a colonial institution: the
Bombay Lunatic Asylum, 1670-1858', International Quarterly for Asian Studies,1/2 (1992)
W. Ernst – Mad Tales from the Raj. The European Insane in British India, 1800-1858 - Ernst,
W. Ernst – 'The Madras Lunatic Asylum', Bulletin of the Indian Institute of the History of
Medicine, 28 (1998)
Freud /Jung and Asia
Sigmund Freud – The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis (series of five short
lectures)
S. Biswas – „Rabindranath Tagore and Freudian Thought‟, International
Journal of Psychoanalysis 84 (2003)
C.G. Jung – On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry [via WebCT and in J. Campbell
(ed), The Portable Jung]
C.G. Jung – „Foreword‟ in D.T. Suzuki, Introduction to Zen Buddhism
C.G. Jung – „Conscious. Unconscious, and Individuation‟, in Collected Works of C.G. Jung, vol.
9: The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious; also in A. Storr (ed), The Essential Jung
H.R. Markus and S. Kitayama – „Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and
Motivation‟, Psychological Review, 98, 2 (1991)
Oerter et al, „The Concept of Human Nature in East Asia‟, Culture and Psychology, 2 (9) (1996)
A. Watts – Psychotherapy East and West (1961)
T. Doi – „The Cultural Assumptions of Psychoanalysis‟, in Stigler et al (eds) Cultural
Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development (1990)
P. Homans – „Once Again, Psychoanalysis, East and West: A Psychoanalytic Essay on
Religion, Mourning, and Healing‟, History of Religions, Vol. 24, No. 2. (Nov, 1984)
D. Reynolds – Flowing bridges, Quiet Waters: Japanese Psychotherapies, Morita and Naikan
(1989)
H. Iwai & D. Reynolds – „Morita Therapy: the Views from the West‟, American Journal of
Psychiatry, 126 (1970)
D. Reynolds & J. Yamamoto – „East Meets West: Moritist and Freudian Psychotherapies‟,
Science and Psychoanalysis, 21 (1972) [NLS]
D. Reynolds & C.W. Kiefer – „Cultural Adaptability as an Attribute of Therapies: the Case of
Morita Psychotherapy‟, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1 (1977)
C. Ozawa-de Silva – Psychotherapy and Religion in Japan: the Japanese Introspection
Practice of Naikan
39
The Novel in Japan
Paul Varley – Japanese Culture (chapters 2, 8, 9)
D. Irokawa – The Culture of the Meiji Period
B. Wakabayashi (ed) – Modern Japanese Thought, chapters 2 and 3
C. Blacker – The Japanese Enlightenment
T. Fujitani – Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan
C. Gluck – Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period
T. Fujitani – „Inventing, Forgetting, Remembering: Toward a Historical Ethnography of the
Nation State‟, in H. Befu (ed), Cultural Nationalism in East Asia
H. Hardacre – „Creating State Shintō: the Great Promulgation Campaign and the New
Religions‟, Journal of Japanese Studies, 12, 1 (1986)
Kuroda Toshio – „Shintō in the History of Japanese Religion‟, Journal of Japanese Studies, 7, 1
(1981)
40
Pioneers of Cultural Communication
ASSESSMENT FORM: ORAL PRESENTATION
Presented by ………..……………………..
Topic ……….…….……..…..…….…………
Date ……..…......…………………………….
Criteria
1
Very
weak
2
Weak
3
Competent
4
Very
Good
5
Excellent
Was the presentation fluent, and
not read off the page?
Did the presentation have an
overall argument and a coherent
structure?
Were handouts and/or visual
aids used effectively?
Did the presentation enhance
your understanding of the topic?
Did the presentation stimulate
debate, and were questions to
presenters answered
competently?
Any other comments:
Overall mark for the presentation: ………….
41
Plagiarism
The University regards cheating and plagiarism as serious disciplinary offences, and when
discovered they are penalized severely. All work is accepted for assessment on the
understanding that it is the student's own unassisted effort. The following declaration on
plagiarism applies:
Plagiarism is the use of material taken from another writer's work without proper
acknowledgement, presenting it as if it were your own. While it is perfectly proper in academic
study to make use of another person's ideas, to do so under the pretence that they are your
own is deceitful. Plagiarism, whether in coursework or in examinations, is always taken
extremely seriously within the university as it is a form of cheating. Work found to be plagiarised
may be penalised, assessed at zero, or not accepted, and in serious cases may lead to
disciplinary action being initiated.
While deliberate plagiarism involves an intention to deceive and is easy to avoid, it is possible
to fall unawares into practices which could be mistaken for plagiarism if you are not familiar with
the proper means of using and acknowledging material from other writers. Inadequate
referencing and inappropriate use of others' material could inadvertently lay you open to
charges of plagiarism. Since different subjects involve different uses of material, and may have
different conventions about how it should be acknowledged, it is important that in each of their
subjects students consult the guidelines about the presentation of written work in that discipline
(see the History Honours Handbook).
It is not only the verbatim reproduction of passages from the work of others without
acknowledgement that is plagiarism. So also is using the structure of another writer‟s passage
while changing some words, or paraphrasing a sequence of ideas without acknowledgement.
Please understand that the History Subject Area has only limited authority to deal with
plagiarism. The Convenor of the Board of Examiners will normally refer suspected cases of
plagiarism to the appropriate College authorities.
You may find the following instructive:
http://www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/AcademicServices/Discipline/StudentGuidanceUGPGT.pdf
