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DOE workshop July 30, 2012
SENDAI microgrid before, during and after the March 11 disaster
Keiichi HIROSE, Ph.D.
R&D Headquarters,
NTT Facilities, Inc. Tokyo, Japan
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 1
Servers
Lightings
Fans
SENDAI Microgrid System
1 mega-watt microgrid system in university campus
PV panels
AC grid power
Gas Gen
Fuel cells
Natural gas
(City gas) Batteries
High quality power supply
for mission critical loads
Renewable energy
(Solar)
PV panels
Fuel cells
Power converters
& batteries
Gas Gen-sets
Supported by NEDO
FY 2005-08
Power
converters
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
•Deregulation and liberalizing the market for electric power
•Contribution to environmental protection •Practical use for distributed power supply •Increase in customer demand for high PQ and so on…
Studies on an ideal power supply network system for Japan have been conducted
Trends on electricity and customer need in Japan
Multi Power Quality Microgrid (MPQM)
Background of Our Project
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 3
• Optimized operation between the grid power and
distributed generators
• Development of a new power plant for multiple
power quality level feedings
• Field operation for real customers in some areas
• Verification of the power plant’s reliability, stability,
and security
Purpose of Multiple PQ Microgrid Demo
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 4
Evolution of the SENDAI Microgrid
1st step 2nd step 3rd step Today
March 11,
2011
NEDO
Demonstration Ongoing
operation
Change of
operation
Change of
Fuel cells
Design/development
Construction
Demo
•Installation of PAFC
July 2011
•PAFC Operation
2005 Start
March 2008
Finish
・Hospital open
・Heat recovery and
quality level-C add
Evolution from
Electric power to
Energy
supply system
•Stop quality level B2
•Abolition of city zone
•DVD remove
•MCFC remove
•Change GE
operation pattern
Managed by NTT Facilities (NTT-F)
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 5
Contents
1. NEDO Sendai Project (2005-2008)
2. Performance of SENDAI microgrid
3. After NEDO Sendai Project (2008- )
4. March 11 Disaster in2011
5. Conclusion
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 6
DVR* #2
Normal Quality
Load
B3 Quality
Load
130 kW 700 kW
350 kW 350 kW 50 kW
18 kW
6.6 kVac Bus
Point of Common
Coupling PV GasG GasG
250 kW
MCFC
420 kW
B1 Quality
Load
DVR* #1
B2 Quality
Load
20 kW 180 kW
A Quality
Load
DC Quality
Load
*: Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Integrated Power Supply
IPS
Measuring point ( Total 22 pts)
System Configuration during NEDO Demo
20
0 k
VA
60
0 k
VA
DGs
PQ Improvement
Different PQ Levels’ Loads
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 7
PCC DER
A Quality Load
Energy Management System
: Measuring (rms)
: PLC
: Measuring (Waveform)
: GPS
: Server
: HUB
System components
: Optical cable
: TP cable
B1 Quality Load
B2 Quality Load
B3 Quality Load
Control System
Measurement system
WEB System
Remote monitoring
: Metal cable
: PC
: Modem
: E/O Transducer
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 8
Power Quality Control Room
PQCR
Switch gear panels
Gas engine sets
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
Molten Carbonate
Fuel Cells (MCFC)
Back-to-back test equipment
PV Panel Strings
Layout of Power Plant
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 9
App. 0.5 km (0.3 mile)
High School
Water Plant Facility
Connecting Point with Utility Grid
Cable Routes Buildings
N
University Zone
City-owned Zone
Map of Field Demonstration Area
Energy Center
Tokyo
SENDAI
Osaka
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 10
University Zone
Energy Center For this Demo
Source: Tohoku Fukushi Univ. Web Site
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 11
City-Owned Zone
High School
City-owned Zone
University Zone
Public Road
Water Treatment Facility
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 12
Typical Daily Load Profile
Induction motors
Start-up/stop
University zone City owned zone
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 13
System Configuration (DC circuit)
PDU
using semiconductor switch
(4 branches)
430 VDC
400 VAC
IPS
Integrated
Power
Supply
AC/DC
6,600 VAC
Grid
DC/DC
300
VDC
Batteries
48 VDC Servers
Lightings
Fans
Supplier
Side
Consumer
Side DC/DC
PV panels
(50 kWp)
20 kW
430 Vdc : AC/DC output voltage with Lead-acid Batteries
: DC bus voltage for power plant
300 Vdc : Distribution voltage
48 Vdc : Input voltage range of load equipment
N+1
300 VDC HVDC
Servers
DC/DC
DC/DC
5 kW
5 kW
N+1
48 VDC
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 14
DC Loads and Cables
Impedance Units (Up to 500 m) 1 unit :100 m@100 sq.
Fan (DC -48V) Lighting (DC -48V)
Servers (DC-48V) (HP BL20p)
Intel’s HVDC Servers (DC 300V)
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Contents
1. NEDO Sendai Project (2005-2008)
2. Performance of SENDAI microgrid
3. After NEDO Sendai Project (2008- )
4. March 11 Disaster in2011
5. Conclusion
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 16
State Transition of the SENDAI System
DVR* #2
Normal Quality
Load
B3 Quality
Load
350 kW 350 kW 50 kW
6.6 kVac Bus
Utility Grid
PV GasG GasG
250 kW
MCFC
B1 Quality
Load
DVR* #1
B2 Quality
Load
A Quality
Load
DC Quality
Load
Integrated Power Supply
IPS
20
0 k
VA
60
0 k
VA
I GridInterconnection
II IslandOperation
III BackupMode
I GridInterconnection
II IslandOperation
III BackupMode
I GridInterconnection
II IslandOperation
III BackupMode
I GridInterconnection
II IslandOperation
III BackupMode
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 17
Meeting before Islanding Test
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 18
Engineers of NTT Facilities
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 19
Daily Power Profile in Grid Interconnection
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 20
BT
B o
utp
ut
Voltage (
p.u
.)
Qualit
y A
Voltage (
p.u
.)
Qualit
y B
1
Voltage (
p.u
.)
Qualit
y B
2
Voltage (
p.u
.)
Qualit
y B
3
Voltage (
p.u
.)
Time (s)
-0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
2
1
0
-1
-2
2
1
0
-1
-2
2
1
0
-1
-2
2
1
0
-1
-2
2
1
0
-1
-2
Voltage Compensation in Dips
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 21
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Time (s)
Fre
qu
en
cy (
p.u
.)MCFC parallel off
CB #2 on the AC-bus open
Pole Air Switch
(PAS) open
GE control changed from
constant power factor to
constant voltage and
frequency
Frequency
Voltage
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
Vo
lta
ge
(kV
)C
urr
ent
(A)
80
60
40
20
0Grid Current
MCFC Current
CB #2 Current (Upstream)
GE Gen-sets Current
Characteristic in Transient
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 22
Block Diagram of Integrated Power Supply (IPS)
PV
Battery
DC AC
ACSW
A Load
B1 Load
DC Load
AC DC
DC DC
DC DC
IPS
PV
Battery
DC Bus DC
AC
ACSW
A Load
B1 Load
DC Load
AC DC
DC DC
DC DC
Bidirectional
Converter
B2 Load Load
AC Bus
Normal Load Load
G
Turn On
Induction Motor
75
kW
Resistance
100
kW
Inject
+P, +/-Q
By Bi-directional
Converter
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 23
Result of PQ Compensation (Level B2)
47
48
49
50
51
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Voltage (
p.u
.)
Fre
quency (
Hz)
Time (s)
Time (s)
0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20
-2.6 Hz
-0.06 p.u
-0.17 p.u
-0.8 Hz
With compensation
Without compensation
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 24
Test Result of Islanding Operation
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
13
:38
13
:43
13
:48
13
:53
13
:58
14
:03
14
:08
14
:13
14
:18
14
:23
14
:28
14
:33
14
:38
Time (February 23, 2008)
Vo
ltag
e, F
req
ue
ncy (
p.u
.)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
13
:38
13
:43
13
:48
13
:53
13
:58
14
:03
14
:08
14
:13
14
:18
14
:23
14
:28
14
:33
14
:38
Time (Feburary 23, 2008)
Active
Po
we
r (kW)
GE Output
B2 Load
IPS Input
PV Output
Frequency
Voltage
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 25
Contents
1. NEDO Sendai Project (2005-2008)
2. Performance of SENDAI microgrid
3. After NEDO Sendai Project (2008- )
4. March 11 Disaster in2011
5. Conclusion
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 26
University zone
After the NEDO Demo…
University hospital opened
The nursing care health care facility for the elderly
App. 500 m
Demo zone
Power route
Buildings
Road
Heat route
2. Power quality C (For emergency back up power)
3. Changing demonstration zone (Disconnected city-owned zone)
1. Heat recovery of DG’s
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 27
Defined Power Quality Levels
Requirements
Category
DC Power
AC Power
Level A Level B1 Level B2 Level B3
Interruption NI NI Less than
15 ms Less than
15 ms Less than
15 ms
Voltage Dip Y Y Y Y Y
Outage Y Y Y Y* -
Voltage Fluctuations
Y Y - - -
Voltage Harmonics Y Y - - -
Voltage Unbalance N/A Y - - -
Frequency Variation
N/A Y - - -
Note: NI: No Interruption, Y: With compensation -: Without compensation, *: When Gas engine sets generated
Option
AC power
Level C
-
Y
-
-
-
-
Emergency Backup power
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 28
Kinds of Load
Levels Capacity of Converters
Consumers (Load) Zone
Level A 200 kVA Clinic (MRIs) Laboratory (servers)
University
Level B1 20 kVA Nursing Care Facilities (lighting, PCs) University
Level B2 600 kVA High School (lighting, PCs, elevators) Water plant (induction motors)
City-owned
Level B3 200 kVA Nursing Care Facilities (lighting, clinic equipment)
University
DC 20 kW Energy Center (300 Vdc and 48 Vdc) (servers, lighting, fans)
University
Normal Quality
N/A Nursing Care Facilities Training Center Dormitories
University
Level C ~ 10 kW Hospital (Emergency power) University
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 29
Power Quality Level-C and PAFC
DVR* #2
Normal Quality
Load
B3 Quality
Load
130 kW 700 kW
350 kW 350 kW 50 kW
18 kW
6.6 kVac Bus
Point of Common
Coupling PV GasG GasG
200 kW
PAFC
Hospital
B1 Quality
Load
C Quality
Load
20 kW 180 kW
A Quality
Load
DC Quality
Load
Integrated Power Supply
IPS
20
0 k
VA
SW gear
200 Vac 400 Vdc
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 30
Heat Recovery System in SENDAI Microgrid
Electricity
Gas engine Nursing Care Facilities 2
Nursing Care Facilities 1
Hospital
Hot water
Cooling
Heating
Hot water
Heating
Hot water MCFC
Gas engine
Grid power City gas
Heat
SENDAI Microgrid
Heat
exch
an
ger
•Improve total energy efficiency by CHP (co-generation system) •Cut an extra CAPEX of emergency generator and fuel storage tank in hospital
Switch over when emergnecy situations
Generator
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 31
SENDAI Microgrid after the NEDO Demo
MCFC DVR 600kVA
For quality level-B2
Removed
Heat recovery plant
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 32
Contents
1. NEDO Sendai Project (2005-2008)
2. Performance of SENDAI microgrid
3. After NEDO Sendai Project (2008- )
4. March 11 Disaster in2011
5. Conclusion
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 33
Damages of the Great East Japan Earthquake
Victims:
dead persons: 15,854
Missing persons:6,434
Damages:
Farmland: 213.6ha
Fishing ports: more than 300
Fishing vessels: more than 22,000
Economic losses: 13 billion yen to 20 trillion JPY
Blackouts:
March 11, 2011
TOHOKU electric power: 4.4 million
TOKYO electric power: 4.04 million
April 7, 2011
TOHOKU electric power: 4.01 million
The TOHOKU region pacific
coast earthquake,
March 11, 2011 SENDAI microgrid system
Long duration outage area
caused by the disaster.
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 34
14:47:00
14:47:10
14:47:20
14:47:30
14:47:40
14:47:50
14:48:00
14:48:10
14:48:20
14:48:30
14:48:40
14:48:50
14:49:00
14:49:10
14:49:20
14:49:30
14:49:40
14:49:50
14:50:00
ロケーション別イベント発生状況 (本震 2011/3/11 14:46頃 三陸沖 M9.0)
周波数低下 周波数上昇 電圧低下 電圧上昇 停電検出
青森SC
盛岡SC
秋田SC
仙台SC
山形SC
福島SC
新潟SC
茨城SC
栃木SC
群馬SC
埼玉支店
千葉SC
大手町SC
立川SC
神奈川東SC
山梨SC
青森SC
盛岡SC
秋田SC
仙台SC
山形SC
福島SC
新潟SC
茨城SC
栃木SC
群馬SC
埼玉支店
千葉SC
大手町SC
立川SC
神奈川東SC
山梨SC
停電期間
Aomori
Akita
Fukushim
a
Morioka
Sendai
Yamagata
Niigata
Ibaraki
Tochigi
Gunma
Saitama
Chiba
Otemachi
Tachikawa
Yamanashi
Kanagawa
Aomori
Akita
Fukushima
Morioka
Sendai
Yamagata
Niigata
Ibaraki Tochigi
Gunma
Saitama
Chiba
Otemachi
Tachikawa
Kanagawa
× Over-
frequency
×Under-
frequency
◆Voltage
dip ◆Swell *Outage Duration
Power Quality in East Japan Area
Abnormal frequency detected
14:47:00 14:50:00 14:48:00 14:49:00
Yamanashi
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 35
Under frequency in Sendai (14:47:41)
<-48.4 Hz
<-50.0 Hz
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 36
Condition of Supplying Power during March 11
Date in 2011
March 11 March 12 March 13 March 14
Utility Grid
GasG
DC
AC A
AC B1
AC B3
PV
MPQM continued to supply DC, A, B1without any interruptions for VRLA batteries and PV generation system. GasG had supplied power for 43 hours during outage.
Grid Connection
▼14:47:10 Voltage collapse Grid Outage
Outage
▼8:16:43 Grid Recover
Stop Islanding operation
Supply from GasG
Supply from GasG
Supply from GasG Outage
Outage
Outage
▼Disconnect ▼About 12:00 GE started. (Islanding operation)
▼About 14:00 Dispatch Start (for customer needs)
▼02:06 Stopped manually
Supply from Battery Supply from GasG
Battery
Battery
▼02:06 Stopped manually
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
Grid Connection
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 37
Source: Gas bureau, City of SENDAI Web Site
Devastated by the great earthquake and Tsunami.
Energy Center
Port Plant (Main Tank)
The Condition of Gas Supply in SENDAI (Medium and High-pressure Type Gas)
Law-pressure gas for domestic use was stopped in the whole SENDAI area two hours after the earthquake. 25days after the disaster, supply was resumed in almost the whole area.
Area of gas supply
Main route of gas line
Energy Center
Saiwaityou Plant
Port Plant
Saiwaityou Plant
(Reserve Tank )
The outline of gas line
・The Plumbing fixture is extreme
strong against earthquake
・Loop style supply route
・Distributed storaGasG equipments
[Medium-pressure Type Gas]
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 38
Situation of Damage in SENDAI Site
Nothing abnormal on power system in the Energy Center. A few of slight cracks and gaps have been detected on the building
and its foundation.
Crack at the outer wall of PQCR(Power Quality Control Room)
A gap on the noise suppression panel
Peeling off the masonry joint of the foundation
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 39
Contents
1. NEDO Sendai Project (2005-2008)
2. Performance of SENDAI microgrid
3. After NEDO Sendai Project (2008- )
4. March 11 Disaster in2011
5. Conclusion
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 40
• Combination of different types of energy sources is essential for higher reliability. Medium pressure gas pipe lines in Japan were very strong.
• Technologies of seamless transfer and uninterruptible power supply are key factors for microgrids.
• DC power with battery is quite reliable and effective.
• Without well-trained engineers, just high-performance hardware and software are useless. Trainings for operators and service engineers are extremely important for BCP.
• Scalability and flexibility of the microgrids will accelerate the return on investment.
Lessons obtained by NEDO demo and March 11 Disaster
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 41
Next Step
•NEDO
Demonstration
(FY 2005-2008)
•March 11, 2011
•Trainings and
experiences
•Data base
(Big data)
Design, operation,
and management
Multiple-energy
supply
Power quality and
reliability analysis
Small and medium
sized microgirds
for smart
community
Reliable and
efficient energy
system for data
centers
DC power
Cost analysis
Targets
Basic system (Standards, cookie cutter)
+ Options (Customize, localize)
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 42
• NTT Facilities has designed, developed and evolved a multi power quality supply system that includes distributed generators as the SENDAI microgrid.
• This system enables high quality power supply against grid failures.
• This system has excellent disaster-resistance which delivers uninterrupted power supply. It survived the March 11th earthquake in 2011.
• NTT-F’s next challenges will be some 100-kw class microgrids with seamless transfer and their operation at the same time.
Conclusions and NTT-F’s Future Plan
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 43
Thank you for your attention!
Keiichi Hirose
Contact Information
July 30, 2012 © 2012 NTT FACILITIES, Inc. All rights reserved. 44
Advanced power supply system
against “March 11 disaster”
Source: http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/a-microgrid-that-wouldnt-quit/0
The TOHOKU region pacific
coast earthquake,
March 11, 2011
SENDAI microgrid system
by NTT Facilities
Long duration outage area
caused by the disaster.