Senior Ancient History

for Queensland

Alan Barrie, Michael Cocks, Sarah Coleman,Simon Corvan, Glenn Davies, Ben Hegerty, Jenna Haywood,

Rowan Hofmeister, Diana Platt, Rashna Taraporewalla

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© Alan Barrie, Michael Cocks, Sarah Coleman, Simon Corvan, Glenn Davies, Ben Hegerty, Jenny Haywood, Rowan Hofmeister, Diana Platt, Rashna Taraporewalla 2018

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CONTENTS iii

Contents

About the authors viii

How to use this resource x

Permissions acknowledgments xii

Foreword xiii

Unit 1 Investigating the Ancient World

Chapter 1 Digging up the past (COMPULSORY) 4

1.1 Archaeology 12

1.2 Researching people and sites 19

1.3 Researching people and sites 21

1.4 Schliemann’s discoveries 24

1.5 Iceman 26

1.6 Ethics 28

1.7 Pompeii 31

1.8 Lake Mungo 32

Chapter 2 Ancient societies: Slavery — Roman society 753–133 BCE 40

2.1 Problems with ancient Roman sources on slavery 42

2.2 The nature of Roman slavery 43

2.3 Rights and responsibilities of slaves 46

2.4 Source investigation on ancient Roman slavery until 133 BCE 49

2.5 Slavery as a Roman institution 50

2.6 Gladiators 53

2.7 Roman brutality 55

2.8 Slave revolts 59

2.9 Mass slavery and the Roman Republic during the second century BCE 60

Chapter 3 Ancient societies: Weapons and warfare of the Vikings (700–1100 CE) 72

3.1 The origins of Vikings 72

3.2 How was Viking society organised? 72

3.3 Raiding and being ‘Vikings’ 74

3.4 The Viking expansion 76

3.5 Viking weapons 77

3.6 Viking warriors 82

3.7 Viking raids 84

3.8 Representations of Vikings over time 86

3.9 Female Viking warriors 90

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Chapter 4 Ancient societies: The family in Spartan society 94

4.1 Sparta and its influence on society 98

4.2 Reconstructing Spartan society 99

4.3 The ‘Spartan mirage’ and ‘Lycurgan’ Sparta 100

4.4 The Social structure of Sparta 102

4.5 Political institutions of Sparta 103

4.6 The Spartan family 104

4.7 Spartan fathers 108

4.8 Raising children 109

4.9 Spartan mothers 110

4.10 Education and child-rearing 114

Chapter 5 Ancient societies: Beliefs, rituals and funerary practices in Egypt during the Ramesside Period (19th and 20th Dynasties) 120

5.1 The consequences of geography 124

5.2 Society 125

5.3 Economic activities 126

5.4 Religion 128

5.5 The afterlife 130

5.6 Funeral ceremonies and grave goods 134

5.7 Mummification 140

Unit 2 Personalities in their times

Chapter 6 Ancient personalities: Hatshepsut 152

6.1 Hatshepsut’s rise to power and position 156

6.2 The nature of Pharaonic power in ancient Egypt 158

6.3 Legitimising Hatshepsut’s rule 160

6.4 Representation as male 162

6.5 Relationship with Amun-Re 164

6.6 The administration of Egypt and building projects 165

6.7 Economy and trade 165

6.8 Warfare 168

6.9 The destruction of Hatshepsut’s images 171

6.9 Representations of Hatshepsut 174

6.10 Creating responses about Hatsheptsut’s actions and motives 178

Chapter 7 Ancient personalities: Akhenaten 182

7.1 Akhenaten’s personality and achievements 187

7.2 Akhenaten’s religious changes 190

7.3 Akhenaten’s political changes 193

7.4 Changes to art 195

7.5 Akhenaten’s reign 198

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CONTENTS v

Chapter 8 Ancient personalities: Agrippina the Younger 204

8.1 Agrippina the Younger, her personality and achievements 208

8.2 Background, early career and influence 210

8.3 Social position and status 213

8.4 The struggle for supremacy within the Julian and Claudian imperial households 215

8.5 Marriage to Emperor Claudius 218

8.6 The reign of Nero 221

8.7 Agrippina the Younger loss of influence 223

8.8 Ancient and modern perceptions of Agrippina’s achievements 227

Chapter 9 Boudica (DIGITAL CHAPTER)

Unit 3 Reconstructing the Ancient World

Chapter 10 Thebes East and West: Unearthing the City of the Living and the Dead (DIGITAL CHAPTER)

Chapter 11 Fifth century Athens (BCE) 238

11.1 Geographical and historical context 242

11.2 Historical context 243

11.3 Government and political developments 244

11.4 Cultural life and practices: architecture and visual art 249

11.5 Religious belief and practices 257

11.6 Analysing sources about Pericles’ Funerary Oration 261

11.7 Analysing sources about women in Athens 262

11.8 Analysing architectural sources 265

11.9 Synthesising from sources about Athenian democracy 266

11.10 Synthesising from sources about ostracism in Athens 272

11.11 Synthesising from sources about sculpture and arête 273

11.12 Evaluating sources about Greek theatre and religion 273

Chapter 12 Philip II and Alexander III of Macedon 276

12.1 Geography of ancient Macedon 285

12.2 Nature of governance and political development 287

12.3 Social structure 288

12.4 Cultural life and practice 290

12.5 Governance 292

12.6 Society and culture 298

12.7 Religion 299

12.8 Philip II and Demosthenes 303

12.9 Devising historical questions about the reigns of Philip II and Alexander III 306

12.10 Creating responses about about the reigns of Philip II and Alexander III 307

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Chapter 13 Early Imperial Rome 310

13.1 Early Roman Empire 316

13.2 The purpose of festivals and feasts 318

13.3 Why did the Romans consider the emperor divine? 320

13.4 Early Roman emperors 322

13.5 Julio-Claudian emperors, mad or bad? 330

13.6 The role of the gladiatorial games in the Early Roman Empire 335

Chapter 14 Pompeii and Herculaneum 344

14.1 Geographical and historical context 354

14.2 The nature of the evidence 357

14.3 The limitations, reliability and contestability of the evidence 358

14.4 Everyday life 365

14.7 Leisure and entertainment 369

14.6 Social structure 375

14.7 Representations of women in Pompeii and Herculaneum 377

14.8 Researching an archaeological project in Pompeii or Herculaneum 379

14.9 Creating a response about an archaeological project in Pompeii or Herculaneum 381

Chapter 15 The fall of the Western Roman Empire (DIGITAL CHAPTER)

Unit 4 People, power and authority

Powers

Chapter 16 Ancient Rome: civil war and the breakdown of the Republic 388

16.1 Nature of power and authority 394

16.2 Historical and geographical context of the Roman Republic 395

16.3 Political structures in the Republic 397

16.4 Tiberius Gracchus 402

16.5 Marius and Sulla 405

16.6 Gaius Gracchus 410

16.7 Pompey and Caesar 411

16.8 The civil war 413

16.9 Mark Antony and Octavian 416

16.10 Reforms 419

16.11 The contribution of individuals towards the breakdown of the Republic 420

16.12 Literary sources about the breakdown of the Republic 421

16.13 Creating responses to key inquiry questions 423

Individuals

Chapter 17 Thutmose III (DIGITAL CHAPTER)

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Chapter 18 Rameses II 430

18.1 The nature of divine rule in Rameses II’s reign 434

18.2 What kind of kingdom did Rameses II inherit? 435

18.3 What sources are available for the reign of Rameses II? 436

18.4 Was Rameses II really a great warrior? 438

18.5 Was Rameses II really a great diplomat? 445

18.6 Was Rameses II as great a builder as we believe? 449

18.7 Power and authority in New Kingdom Egypt 451

18.8 Evaluating usefulness and reliability of evidence from the reign of Rameses II 454

18.9 Creating responses about Rameses II 456

Chapter 19 Themistokles 460

19.1 The career of Themistokles 466

19.2 Major ancient sources 471

19.3 The Battle of Salamis 476

19.4 Themistokles after Salamis 482

19.5 Shaping the legacies of Themistokles 486

19.6 Creating responses about Themistokles’ character and significance 490

Chapter 20 Alkibiades (DIGITAL CHAPTER)

Chapter 21 Scipio Africanus (DIGITAL CHAPTER)

Chapter 22 Julius Caesar (DIGITAL CHAPTER)

Chapter 23 Augustus 496

23.1 Restoration and renewal 503

23.2 Contemporary historians 509

23.3 Res Gestae Divi Augusti 511

23.4 The imagery of Augustus 514

23.5 Augustus and the senate 523

23.6 Creating responses about Augustus 530

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