5

S U I C I D E THEAND

M E D I AB Y S O P H I E H A M I LT O N

T O W H AT E X T E N T S H O U L D A M E R I C A N J O U R N A L I S T S B E

H E L D A C C O U N TA B L E F O R T H E N AT I O N A L I N C R E A S E I N

C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E ?

1

2

O U T S I D E EXPERTS

E M I LY M O S E R •D I R E C T O R O F Y O U T H L I N E P R O G R A M AT L I N E S F O R L I F E

B O N N Y N A G E L , P H . D . •C H I E F N E U R O P S Y C H O L O G I S T O H S U

K E L L E N V O S S , P H . D . •P O S T D O C T O R A L R E S E A R C H E R AT O H S U P E T E R B A U C H A •E D I T O R AT T H E O R E G O N I A N A N D N E W S D I R E C T O R AT K G W

THE I S S U E

D E F I N I N G T H E I S S U E!

• Also deemed “suicide contagion,” “imitation suicide,” or “suicide clustering”

• An emulation of another suicide that the person attempting suicide knows about from depictions or descriptions of the original suicide

• Instances of copycat suicide can fall under two classifications, point clusters and mass clusters

3

H I S T O RY Y O U N G W E R T H E R

1 7 7 0 • Goethe published a book titled The Sorrows of Young Werther, in which

protagonist who shoots himself after an ill-fated love affair

• the rate of suicides that used a gun as the death-weapon skyrocketed, becoming one of the five leading causes of death in Italy, Leipzig, and Copenhangen

5

4

T H E W E RT H E R E F F E C T

1 9 7 4 • David Phillips reflected on major suicides clusters

• The more an audience had in common with the deceased, the more susceptible that audience to commit suicide

!

6

R I S E I N S U I C I D E C L U S T E R S• Research based on trends before the 1930s was 93% less likely than current day research to find a

copycat effect

• Suicide records indicate that both point clusters and mass clusters of copycat suicide account for 11% of all suicides worldwide

7

W H O I S AT R I S K ?• Copycat suicide is two to four times higher among 15- to 19-year-olds than [in] other age groups.

• Research indicates adolescent’s cognitive inclination to mimic behavior and act impulsively.

• Late adolescence is often the age at which serious psychological disorders, like bipolarity and schizophrenia, first manifest

9 8

T H E

R I S K FA C T O R S

•You are a journalist working for a major news provider

•Work with your table group and use the materials provided at your table to assemble a news report disseminating the facts of your assigned suicide case

•CIRCLE photographs and details you wish to include

•CROSS OUT photographs and details you wish to exclude

•CHOOSE a title for the news article

A C T I V I T Y

R E P O RT I N G T H E M E T H O D O F D E AT H

S R I L A N K A C L U S T E R

• NORTHERN SRI LANKA 1980

• TWO YOUNG GIRLS’ DIE BY YELLOW OLEANDER POISONING

• TRIGGERS THOUSANDS OF DEATHS IN THE NATION

10

R E P O RT I N G T H E M E T H O D O F D E AT H

Q U E B E C C L U S T E R

• NEWS SOURCES REVEAL THAT JOURNALIST DIES BY HANGING

• 14% OF QUEBEC SUICIDES IN THE FOLLOWING MONTH WERE LINKED TO HIS DEATH

• 90% OF THESE PEOPLE USED HANGING TO COMMIT SUICIDE

11

P O RT R AY I N G S U I C I D E A S A N E S C A P E

C L E M E N T I C L U S T E R

• NEWS SOURCES PUBLICIZED THE DETAILS OF STUDENT TYLER CLEMENTI’S SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND DEATH

• GAY CRISIS HOTLINES REPORTED AN INCREASE OF UP TO 75% IN SUICIDAL CALLERS

12

R O M A N T I C I Z I N G S U I C I D ER O M E O A N D J U L I E T C L U S T E R

• AFTER A COUPLE COMMIT SUICIDE TOGETHER, MANCHESTER NEWS PUBLICIZED THE DEATH UNDER THE HEADLINE “‘ROMEO AND JULIET’ SUICIDE TRAGEDY”

• THE IRRESPONSIBLE REPORT WAS FOLLOWED BY A CLUSTER OF COUPLES COMMITTING SUICIDE

13

M A G N I T U D E O F C O V E R A G E

C O R N E L L C L U S T E R

• 2011: CORNELL UNIVERSITY STUDENT COMMITS SUICIDE

• NATIONAL OUTLETS SUCH AS RUSH TO THE SCENE OF THE DEATH

• THE NEW YORK TIMES

• CNN

• THE HUFFINGTON POST

• MORE SUICIDES START OCCURRING, WITH STUDENTS BLAMING THESE NEWS OUTLETS

14

T H E

S O L U T I O N

• H A D O N E O F T H E H I G H E S T S U I C I D E R AT E S P E R C A P I TA !• PA I R E D W I T H W H O I N 1 9 9 7 , W E I G H E D R I S K FA C T O R S ,

D E V E L O P E D A S E T O F G U I D E L I N E S , A N D D I S T R I B U T E D T H E M T O E V E RY N E W S S TAT I O N I N T H E C O U N T RY

15

A U S T R A L I A

A U S T R I A

1716

• E A R LY 1 9 8 3 : S U I C I D E O C C U R S I N S U B WAY I N V I E N N A

• L AT E 1 9 8 3 - 1 9 8 7 : T H E N AT I O N E X P E R I E N C E S A D R A M AT I C R I S E I N T H E A M O U N T O F S U I C I D E S I N V I E N N A , “ L I N K E D T O A D R A M AT I C I N C R E A S E I N T H E I R C O V E R A G E I N T H E M E D I A ”

• A U S T R I A N A S S O C I AT I O N F O R S U I C I D E P R E V E N T I O N ( A A S P ) L A U N C H E S A P R E V E N TAT I V E C A M PA I G N

• S U B WAY S U I C I D E D R O P P E D B Y 8 0 P E R C E N T

S W I T Z E R L A N D

18

U N I T E D S T A T E S

!!

… !!

• T H E A N N E N B E R G P U B L I C P O L I C Y C E N T E R ( A P P C ) I D E N T I F I E D 5 9 J O U R N A L I S T S W H O H A D R E P O R T E D O N S U I C I D E I N M A J O R U . S . N E W S O U R C E . !

• J O U R N A L I S T S AT T H E O R E G O N I A N A N D K G W N E W S H AV E N O T R E C E I V E D I N - D E P T H T R A I N I N G O N H O W T O R E P O R T S U I C I D E .

U N I T E D S T A T E S T O D AY

19

U N I T E D S T A T E S T O D AY

• A P P C A N A LY Z E D T H E R E P O R T I N G B E H AV I O R S O F T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S 1 0 M A J O R N E W S PA P E R S

20

U N I T E D S T A T E S T O M O R R O W

A N E W P R O F E S S I O N A L S TA N D A R D C O M P R I S E D O F R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S F R O M M E M B E R S O F

• T H E M E D I C A L C O M M U N I T Y • T H E M E N TA L H E A LT H C O M M U N I T Y • T H E J O U R N A L I S T I C C O M M U N I T Y

23 2221

U N I T E D S T A T E S T O M O R R O W

!

1 . U T I L I Z E A S C H O O L O R W O R K P H O T O I F I N C L U D I N G A P I C T U R E O F T H E

D E C E A S E D

24

U N I T E D S T A T E S T O M O R R O W

!

2 . AV O I D P R O M I N E N T P L A C E M E N T I N T H E N E W S PA P E R O R N E W S

B R O A D C A S T !

25

U N I T E D S T A T E S T O M O R R O W

!

3 . R E F R A I N F R O M D E TA I L I N G T H E M E T H O D I N W H I C H T H E D E C E A S E D

C O M M I T T E D S U I C I D E .

U N I T E D S T A T E S T O M O R R O W

!

4 . P R O V I D E A B A L A N C E D D E S C R I P T I O N O F T H E M E N TA L H E A LT H FA C T O R S

T H AT C O N T R I B U T E D T O T H E S U I C I D E

26

U N I T E D S T A T E S T O M O R R O W

!

5 . J O U R N A L I S T S S H O U L D P R O V I D E R E S O U R C E S F O R V I E W E R S O R R E A D E R S

T H AT M AY B E E X P E R I E N C I N G S U I C I D A L T H O U G H T S !

27

T H E

O P P O S I T I O N

C O U N T E R A R G U M E N T # 1

“ C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E I S T H E P R O D U C T O F D E E P - R O O T E D P S Y C H O L O G I C A L I S S U E S , A N D T H E J O U R N A L I S T I C C O M M U N I T Y

H A S N O R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y T O S A C R I F I C E T H E I R F R E E D O M O F P R E S S T O P R O T E C T AT- R I S K P E O P L E . ” - A N D R E W P I C A R D

28

C O U N T E R A R G U M E N T # 2

“ B U R Y I N G S U I C I D E S T O R I E S W I L L E X A C E R B AT E T H E S T I G M A S U R R O U N D I N G S U I C I D E A N D P R E V E N T R E P O R T E R S F R O M

H O N O R I N G L O S T L I V E S . ” - D R . D AV I D G O L D B L O O M

29

W O R K S C I T E D : I M A G E S1. H T T P : / / D S H E N A I . F I L E S . W O R D P R E S S . C O M / 2 0 1 3 / 0 3 / M A R I LY N _ M O N R O E _ 1 . J P G M O N R O E !2 . H T T P : / / G AW K E R . C O M / 5 9 6 5 8 6 8 / S U I C I D E - I S - N O T- T H E - M E D I A S - FA U LT !3 . H T T P : / / W W W. G E T H O L I S T I C H E A LT H . C O M / 3 4 6 5 6 / C H R O N I C - PA I N - M AY- I N C R E A S E - A - P E R S O N S - R I S K - O F - S U I C I D E / !4 . H T T P : / / W W W. W E N O V E L . C O M / D ATA / U P L O A D / P I C / 1 5 6 . J P G !5 . H T T P : / / I N T E N T I O U S . C O M / W P - C O N T E N T / U P L O A D S / 2 0 1 2 / 1 2 / W E RT H E R S _ T O D . J P G !6 . H T T P : / / W W W. D U I T S . D E / L I T E R AT U U R / S T U R M U N D D R A N G / W E RT H E R . P H P !7 . H T T P : / / W W W. H R M O N L I N E . C O . N Z / N E W S / R I S I N G - N U M B E R - O F - J O B S - N AT I O N W I D E - 1 2 9 9 2 2 . A S P X !!8 . H T T P : / / N E W S I M G . B B C . C O . U K / M E D I A / I M A G E S / 4 5 5 2 5 0 0 0 / J P G / _ 4 5 5 2 5 9 9 0 _ T 5 1 0 1 0 2 - C H I L D R E N _ WAT C H I N G _ T E L E V I S I O N - S P L - 1 . J P G !9 . H T T P : / / M E D I A . P H I L LY. C O M / I M A G E S / T E E N D E P R E S S I O N 2 0 1 3 . J P G !!1 0 . H T T P : / / A J AY TA O 2 0 1 0 . W O R D P R E S S . C O M / 2 0 1 3 / 0 8 / 2 4 / Y E L L O W- O L E A N D E R - A J AY TA O / !1 1 . H T T P : / / W W W. H I H O S T E L S . C A / Q U E B E C / I M A G E S / A U B E R G E S / Q U E B E C 1 . J P G !1 2 . H T T P : / / M E D I A . N J . C O M / L E D G E R U P D AT E S _ I M PA C T / P H O T O / 2 0 1 0 / 0 9 / T Y L E R - C L E M E N T I - M O L LY- W E I - D H A R U N - R AV I - FA C E B O O K -R U T G E R S J P G - 4 D 4 C B 0 9 B 0 A B 7 E 1 1 2 . J P G !1 3 . H T T P : / / I 2 . M I R R O R . C O . U K / I N C O M I N G / A RT I C L E 1 7 3 3 5 3 9 . E C E / A LT E R N AT E S / S 6 1 5 B / V I C T O R I A % 2 0 K I S H % 2 0 D O N O VA N . P N G !1 4 . H T T P : / / FA R M 8 . S TAT I C F L I C K R . C O M / 7 4 6 0 / 1 0 7 8 9 7 0 4 2 6 3 _ C C C E D 0 4 D E E . J P G !1 5 . H T T P : / / W W W. S L I D E S H A R E . N E T / S U I C I D E P R E V E N T I O N N Z / S U I C I D E - A N D - T H E - M E D I A - W H AT- W E - K N O W- A N D - W H AT- W E - D O N T- K N O W !1 6 . H T T P : / / W W W. B E S T O U R I S M . C O M / I M G / I T E M S / B I G / 8 1 7 8 / K A R L S P L AT Z - S TAT I O N - V I E N N A - A U S T R I A _ C L A S S I C - E X A M P L E _ 1 5 9 6 7 . J P G !

W O R K S C I T E D : I M A G E S!1 7 . H T T P : / / M E D I A . C M G D I G I TA L . C O M / S H A R E D / LT / LT _ C A C H E / T H U M B N A I L / 9 6 0 / I M G / P H O T O S / 2 0 1 3 / 0 4 / 2 0 / 2 4 / D 8 / Z _ V I E N N A _ S K Y L I N E . J P G !1 8 . H T T P : / / J E C H . B M J . C O M / C O N T E N T / 5 7 / 4 / 2 3 8 . F U L L !1 9 . H T T P : / / P H O T O S . P R N E W S W I R E . C O M / P R N VA R / 2 0 1 0 0 9 1 7 / D C 6 6 8 6 1 L O G O ? M A X = 4 0 0 !2 0 . H T T P : / / W W W. C O L U M B I A . E D U / I T C / H S / M E D I C A L / B I O E T H I C S / N Y S P I / M AT E R I A L / M E D I A C O N TA G I O N A N D S U I C I D E . P D F !2 1 . H T T P : / / B A S H A D I A G N O S T I C S . C O M / H T M L / I M A G E S / D O C T O R S . J P G !2 2 . H T T P : / / T H U M B S . D R E A M S T I M E . C O M / Z / C O O P E R AT I O N - I C O N S - O V E R - G R AY- B A C K G R O U N D - V E C T O R - I L L U S T R AT I O N - 3 1 0 9 0 8 5 9 . J P G !2 3 . H T T P : / / E C O N O M I C T I M E S . I N D I AT I M E S . C O M / T H U M B / M S I D - 2 2 3 0 8 9 9 4 , W I D T H - 6 4 0 , R E S I Z E M O D E - 4 / J O U R N A L E S E - A - S E C R E T- L A N G U A G E - U S E D - B Y-J O U R N A L I S T S . J P G !2 4 . H T T P : / / L I B R A RY. S E M O . E D U / I M A G E S / S T U D E N T _ I D . G I F P H O T O I D , L I B R A RY. S E M O . E D U !2 5 . H T T P : / / W W W. I 2 S - D I G I B O O K . C O M / W P - C O N T E N T / U P L O A D S / 2 0 1 2 / 1 2 / B T T F - O R I G I N A L - P R O P. J P G !2 6 . H T T P : / / W W W. G L A D I AT O R G U A R D S . C O M / B L O G % 2 0 I M A G E S / B L O G % 2 0 2 2 % 2 0 I M A G E . J P G !2 7 . H T T P : / / W W W. L I N E S F O R L I F E . O R G / S I T E S / A L L / T H E M E S / O R E G O N PA RT N E R S H I P / L O G O . P N G !2 8 . H T T P : / / D I A B L O G U E . O R G / 2 0 1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / G U I D E L I N E S - F O R - M E D I A - R E P O RT I N G - O F - S U I C I D E - N E E D - R E C O N S I D E R AT I O N - P I C A R D - G O L D B L O O M / !2 9 . H T T P : / / W W W. N Y D A I LY N E W S . C O M / B L O G S / D A I LY P O L I T I C S / G O V- C U O M O - D I R E C T S - F L A G S - H A L F - S TA F F - H O N O R - W O R L D - WA R - I I - V E T- A C T I V I S T- R I C H A R D - P E D R O -B L O G - E N T RY- 1 . 1 6 9 7 9 8 0

W O R K S C O N S U LT E D : R E S E A R C HA R E N S M A N , E L L A . " I N T E R N AT I O N A L A S S O C I AT I O N F O R S U I C I D E P R E V E N T I O N ( I A S P ) . " I A S P . I N T E R N AT I O N A L A S S O C I AT I O N O F S U I C I D E P R E V E N T I O N , N . D . W E B . 0 3 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . B A U C H A , P E T E R . " C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E A N D M E D I A . " P E R S O N A L I N T E R V I E W. 2 0 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . C H A P P L E , A . , S . Z I E B L A N D , A N D S . S I M K I N . " H O W P E O P L E B E R E AV E D B Y S U I C I D E P E R C E I V E N E W S PA P E R R E P O R T I N G : Q U A L I TAT I V E S T U D Y. " N AT I O N A L C E N T E R F O R B I O T E C H N O L O G Y I N F O R M AT I O N . U . S . N AT I O N A L L I B R A R Y O F M E D I C I N E , 7 F E B . 2 0 1 3 . W E B . 2 7 M A R . 2 0 1 4 . C O H E N , H E N R Y. " F R E E D O M O F S P E E C H A N D P R E S S : E X C E P T I O N S T O T H E F I R S T A M E N D M E N T. " FA S . O R G . C O N G R E S S I O N A L R E S E A R C H S E R V I C E , 1 6 O C T. 2 0 0 9 . W E B . 1 0 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . C O H E N , H E N R Y. " F R E E D O M O F S P E E C H A N D P R E S S : E X C E P T I O N S T O T H E F I R S T A M E N D M E N T. " FA S . O R G . C O N G R E S S I O N A L R E S E A R C H S E R V I C E , 1 6 O C T. 2 0 0 9 . W E B . 1 0 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . D I D T H E C D C G U I D E L I N E S F O R S U I C I D E R E P O R T S A F F E C T T H E N E W Y O R K T I M E S ? S C H O L A R LY W O R K S . S A N J O S E S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y, 2 0 1 2 . W E B . 0 1 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . F I N O C C H A R I O , P E T E R . " A F T E R S U I C I D E S , S O M E S T U D E N T S W O R R Y A B O U T T H E A P P R O P R I AT E R E S P O N S E . " T H E H U F F I N G T O N P O S T . T H E H U F F I N G T O N P O S T. C O M , 1 9 M A R . 2 0 1 0 . W E B . 0 2 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . F R A N K L I N , D E B O R A H . " C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E S : W H AT ' S T H E M E D I A ' S R O L E ? " N P R . N P R , 3 0 S E P T. 2 0 0 9 . W E B . 0 3 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . G L E N D I N N I N G , A M Y. " M E O A N D J U L I E T ' S U I C I D E T R A G E D Y: C O U P L E H A N G E D T H E M S E LV E S F R O M S A M E T R E E W E E K S A PA R T. " M A N C H E S T E R N E W S [ M A N C H E S T E R ] 2 7 F E B . 2 0 1 3 : 0 - 3 . W E B . 0 4 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . G O L E M A N , D A N I E L . " PAT T E R N O F D E AT H : C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E A M O N G Y O U T H S . " T H E N E W Y O R K T I M E S . T H E N E W Y O R K T I M E S , 1 7 M A R . 1 9 8 7 . W E B . 0 3 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . G O U L D , M A D E LY N . A R T I C L E M E D I A C O N TA G I O N A N D S U I C I D E A M O N G T H E Y O U N G . C O L U M B I A . E D U . C O L U M B I A U N I V E R S I T Y, M AY 2 0 0 3 . W E B . 0 6 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . G R E G O R , S T E V E N . " C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E : T H E I N F L U E N C E O F M E D I A . " I N P S Y C H 2 0 0 4 ( 2 0 0 4 ) : 1 - 5 . A U G . 2 0 0 4 . W E B . 3 0 M A R . 2 0 1 4 . " G U I D E L I N E S F O R M E D I A R E P O R T I N G O F S U I C I D E N E E D R E C O N S I D E R AT I O N – P I C A R D , G O L D B L O O M . " D I A B L O G U E . N . P. , 1 D E C . 2 0 1 2 . W E B . 2 1 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . H A M Z E L O U , J E S S I C A . " C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E S F U E L E D B Y M E D I A R E P O R T S . " E D I T O R I A L . N E W S C I E N T I S T . N . P. , 3 0 S E P T. 2 0 0 9 . W E B . 0 1 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . M E S O U D I , A L E X . " T H E C U LT U R A L D Y N A M I C S O F C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E . " P L O S O N E : . I N T E R N E T S Y S T E M S C O N S O R T I U M , 3 0 S E P T. 2 0 0 9 . W E B . 2 9 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . M U LV I H I L L , G E O F F. " E X P E R T S F E A R C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E S A F T E R B U L LY I N G C A S E S . " T H E H U F F I N G T O N P O S T . T H E H U F F I N G T O N P O S T. C O M , 1 1 N O V. 2 0 1 0 . W E B . 3 0 M A R . 2 0 1 4 . N A G E L , B O N N Y. " C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E . " P E R S O N A L I N T E R V I E W. 0 2 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . O ' C A R R O L L , PAT R I C K W. , L L O Y D B . P O T T E R , A N D E U G E N E A R O N O W I T Z . C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L A N D P R E V E N T I O N . P R O C . O F M M W R , G E O R G I A , AT L A N TA . C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L A N D P R E V E N T I O N , 2 2 A P R . 1 9 9 4 . W E B . 0 1 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . O ' H A G A N , E L L I E M A E . " W E L FA R E P O L I C I E S A R E C R U E L , B U T I T ' S D A N G E R O U S T O D R AW A L I N K W I T H S U I C I D E S . " T H E G U A R D I A N . C O M . G U A R D I A N N E W S A N D M E D I A , 1 1 A P R . 2 0 1 3 . W E B . 1 5 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . R O B E R T, O L S O N . " S U I C I D E C O N TA G I O N & S U I C I D E C L U S T E R S . " S U I C I D E I N F O . I N F O E X C H A N G E , 2 0 1 3 . W E B . S I S A S K , M E R I K E , A N D A I R I VÄ R N I K . " M E D I A R O L E S I N S U I C I D E P R E V E N T I O N : A S Y S T E M AT I C R E V I E W. " N AT I O N A L C E N T E R F O R B I O T E C H N O L O G Y I N F O R M AT I O N . U . S . N AT I O N A L L I B R A R Y O F M E D I C I N E , 0 4 J A N . 2 0 1 2 . W E B . 0 8 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . S M I T H , B A I L E Y D . " H E L P T H E M E D I A P R E V E N T C O P Y C AT S U I C I D E S . " H T T P : / / W W W. A PA . O R G . A M E R I C A N P S Y C H O L O G I C A L A S S O C I AT I O N , 2 3 O C T. 2 0 0 3 . W E B . 2 8 M A R . 2 0 1 4 . S TA C K S . , D R . " M E D I A C O V E R A G E A S A R I S K FA C T O R I N S U I C I D E . " J O U R N A L O F E P I D E M I O L O G Y A N D C O M M U N I T Y H E A LT H . B M J , 2 0 0 3 . W E B . 2 9 M A R . 2 0 1 4 . " S U I C I D E A N D T H E M E D I A : W H AT W E K N O W A N D W H AT W E D O N ' T K N O W. " S L I D E S H A R E . N . P. , 1 M AY 2 0 1 2 . W E B . 1 5 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . T R U D E A U , M I C H E L L E . " M E D I A S H O U L D T R E A D C A R E F U L LY I N C O V E R I N G S U I C I D E . " N P R . N P R , 3 0 N O V. 2 0 1 4 . W E B . 0 2 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S C O N S T I T U T I O N : W H AT I T S AY S , W H AT I T M E A N S : T H E T E X T O F T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S C O N S T I T U T I O N , I N C L U D I N G A N U N D E R S TA N D A B L E D E S C R I P T I O N O F E A C H A R T I C L E A N D A M E N D M E N T, R I G H T I N T H E PA L M O F Y O U R H A N D . O X F O R D : O X F O R D U P, 2 0 0 5 . P R I N T. VA N E S S A , G R I G O R I A D I S . " A D Y I N G T R E N D . " N Y M A G . C O M . N E W Y O R K N E W S A N D P O L I T I C S , N . D . W E B . 2 5 A P R . 2 0 1 4 . V I T E L L I , R O M E O , P H . D . " W H E N S U I C I D E S C O M E I N C L U S T E R S . " E D I T O R I A L . P S Y C H O L O G Y T O D AY 2 8 A U G . 2 0 1 2 : 1 - 3 . P S Y C H O L O G Y T O D AY . S U S S E X P U B L I S H E R S , 2 8 A U G . 2 0 1 2 . 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