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Development Strategy of Integrated Transport Planning in Korea
National Seminar on Integrated Intermodal Transport Connectivity, 8‐9 September 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Ho Choon LeeSenior Researcher
Korea Maritime Institute
Ⅱ National Intermodal Transportation Plan 2001-2020 (2nd revised Plan)
2
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅳ Coastal Shipping Policies in Korea
Ⅴ Suggestions
Ⅲ Advancement Plan of National Maritime Transport Networks
‐ 3 ‐
ESCAP Members : 53 countries Associate Members : 9 countries Headquarter : Bangkok, Thailand
Population : 60%GDP : 33%
Ⅰ. IntroductionESCAP Region
Population : 255 million Fleet by Nationality of Owner : 1,257 (10.0 million GT)
(Source : IHS Fairplay, World Fleet Statistics, 2014)
Islands : 17,508
‐ 4 ‐
Ⅰ. IntroductionRepublic of Korea & Republik Indonesia
Population : 51 million Fleet by Nationality of Owner : 1,371 (45.5 million GT)
(Source : IHS Fairplay, World Fleet Statistics, 2014)
Islands : 3,237(470(inhabited), 2,767(uninhabited))
East Sea
‐ 5 ‐
• Cargo– Coastal Shipping
• Jeju route : (Inbound) Sand, Oil, Cement / (Outbound) Tangerine, Water, Fish, Carrots• Other route : Cement, Oil/gas, Metal, Non-metal
– International Shipping• Korea-China route : Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, Lianyungang, etc.• Korea-Japan route : Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama, Tomakomai, etc.• Korea-Russia route : Vladivostok, Vostochnny
• Passenger– Coastal Shipping
• Regular route : 73 routes• Remote Island route : 27 routes
– International Shipping• Korea-China route : 8 routes (among 16 routes) are more than 100,000 passengers/year• Korea-Japan route : Shimonoseki, Osaka, Hakata, Fukuoka, Izuhara, etc.• Korea-Russia route : Vladivostok(Vladivostok[Russia]-Donghae[Korea]-Sakaiminato[Japan])
Status of Maritime Transportation in KoreaⅠ. Introduction
Strategy1 Enhancement of national competitiveness through effective sectoral stock coordination
Strategy1 Enhancement of national competitiveness through effective sectoral stock coordination Improvement of coordination and efficiency of a
transport system Railway express and road efficiency
Improvement of coordination and efficiency of a transport system
Railway express and road efficiency
ObjectiveObjective
Strategy2 Implementation of intermodalism for enhanced traffic linkages
Strategy2 Implementation of intermodalism for enhanced traffic linkages Improvement of transit system among
transport modes Construction of transport system
connected with logistics hubs
Improvement of transit system among transport modes
Construction of transport system connected with logistics hubs
Strategy3 21st century global transportation logistics powerhouse realization for the enhancement of national competitiveness
Strategy3 21st century global transportation logistics powerhouse realization for the enhancement of national competitiveness Land/Sea/Air integrated international
network Dealing with integrated international
transport/logistics
Land/Sea/Air integrated international network
Dealing with integrated international transport/logistics
Strategy4 Buildup of low-carbon and green growth transport systemStrategy4 Buildup of low-carbon and green growth transport system
Switch to green growth transport system Future transportation technology
development and implementation
Switch to green growth transport system Future transportation technology
development and implementation
Strategy5 Provision of advanced traffic service for securing transport accessibility in terms of basic human rights
Strategy5 Provision of advanced traffic service for securing transport accessibility in terms of basic human rights Enhancement of safety and security Enhancement of social equity in traffic
service
Enhancement of safety and security Enhancement of social equity in traffic
service StrategyStrategy
Ⅱ. Transportation Plan 2001-2020 (2nd revised Plan)
Objective & Strategy
‐ 6 ‐
road train port airportlogistics etc.
total
Investment(trillion won)
70 72 18 1 24 185
Ratio(%) 37.9 38.9 9.7 0.5 13.0 100.0
• Total Investment(2011‐2020)
• Infra Expansion(2011→2020)(Road) 17,596㎞→ 19,854㎞
⇒ Total extension 2,258㎞ ↑(Railway) 3,378㎞→ 4,955㎞
⇒ Total extension 1,577㎞↑
(Port) 21.86 million TEU/year→ 34.12 million TEU/year
⇒ Handling capacity 12.26 million TEU ↑
(Airport) 498 thousand/year→ 825 thousand/year
⇒ Flight capacity 327 thousand/year ↑
‐ 7 ‐
Source : National Intermodal Transportation Plan (2nd revised 2001 – 2020), MLIT, 2001. 1.
Ⅱ. Transportation Plan 2001-2020 (2nd revised Plan)
Investment & Results
• Direct Effects ‐ Benefits : 20 trillion won (per year)
Benefits(billion won/year)CO2 emission
(thousand tCO2)Vehicle Operating Cost
Travel Time Cost
Traffic Accidents Cost
Environmental Cost
Total
1,912 16,907 135 955 19,909 104,831
• Indirect Effects ‐ Production inducement : 393 trillion won (total)
‐ Employment inducement : 3.5 million persons (total)
Production inducement Employment inducement
Indirect Effects 392.8 trillion won 3.5 million persons
Ⅱ. Transportation Plan 2001-2020 (2nd revised Plan)
Expected effects
‐ 8 ‐
GoalsGoals(2020)(2020)
VisionVision
StrateStrategiesgies
Expansion of peopleExpansion of people’’s marine territory through the construction of s marine territory through the construction of fast and convenient maritime transport networksfast and convenient maritime transport networks
Modernization of maritime
transport service
Speedup of maritime
transport network
Accessibility Improvement of
maritime transport network
Expansion of transport welfare for
island residents
Establishment of foundation of
growth for maritime transport network
Marine tourists 20 millionMarine tourists 20 million (16 million in 2013)(16 million in 2013) Satisfaction levels 90 pointsSatisfaction levels 90 points (( 79 points in 2013)79 points in 2013)
① Improvement of maritime
transport infrastructure
② Ship modernization and
amenities expansion
③ Listening to user
opinions and promotion
of maritime transport
① Improvement of maritime
transport infrastructure
② Ship modernization and
amenities expansion
③ Listening to user
opinions and promotion
of maritime transport
Ⅲ. Advancement Plan of National Maritime Transport NetworksVision, Objectives and Strategies
① Introduction of
Trunk·branch maritime
transport network
② Development of eco-
friendly high-speed ferry
③ Minimization of Ship
Operation failure/delay
① Introduction of
Trunk·branch maritime
transport network
② Development of eco-
friendly high-speed ferry
③ Minimization of Ship
Operation failure/delay
① Advancement of
information-booking
systems
② Buildup of land-sea
connected system
① Advancement of
information-booking
systems
② Buildup of land-sea
connected system
① Establishment of a
maritime transport
management systems
② Rationalization of fare
system
③ Foundation of new
growth engines
④ Promotion of excellent
crewman
① Establishment of a
maritime transport
management systems
② Rationalization of fare
system
③ Foundation of new
growth engines
④ Promotion of excellent
crewman
① Improvement of transport
services for remote
island residents
② Ferry fare assistance
program for island
residents
③ Support for LPG
transport
① Improvement of transport
services for remote
island residents
② Ferry fare assistance
program for island
residents
③ Support for LPG
transport
‐ 9 ‐
Things to doThings to do Advancement of information‐booking system(H/W, S/W)Enhancement of customer service (Ticketing system, etc.)Reinforcement of system management
Incomplete performance of a ferry booking(ticketing) systemLow level of awareness and utilization of ferry booking systemLack of information and users inconvenience
ProblemsProblems
InstitutionalInstitutionalimprovementimprovement
Expected effectsExpected effects
Need to build 53 unmanned ticketing systems in 33 ferry terminals nationallyNeed to lay the foundations for building electronic ticketing systems
Promotion of island travel with the help of minimized travel uncertaintyEnhancement of customized information service
❶❶ Advancement of informationAdvancement of information--booking systemsbooking systems
Accessibility Improvement of maritime transport networkⅢ. Advancement Plan of National Maritime Transport Networks
‐ 10 ‐
Things to doThings to do Bus stop relocation, adjustment of bus schedules, expansion of bus routes Shuttle bus between bus terminal(railway station, airport) and ferry terminalDevelopment of multiple ticket (KTX‐Ferry) and smart phone ticketingDevelopment of transit facilities in ferry terminals
ProblemsProblems
Expected effectsExpected effects
Need to enact a new law on development and support of maritime public transportation in islands regionNeed to construct a new public transport system
Improvement in accessibility and connectivity of ferry terminalsMinimum inconvenience of passengersRevitalization of islands tourism
❷❷ Buildup of landBuildup of land--sea connected systemsea connected system
Accessibility Improvement of maritime transport network
InstitutionalInstitutionalimprovementimprovement
Ⅲ. Advancement Plan of National Maritime Transport Networks
‐ 11 ‐
Gross SalesGross Sales
&&
Capital StockCapital Stock
Estimated gross sales: 2.8 trillion won (2.6 billion USD) in 2013
[Cargo shipping: 2.4 trillion won, Passenger shipping: 0.4 trillion won]
Average sales per company: approximately 3‐4 billion won
Nearly 74% of cargo shipping firms and 45% of passenger shipping firms have less than 0.5 billion won of capital stock in 2013
18% in 2020
25% in 2020
10
15
20
25
30
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
7%
Estimated Mode Share of Coastal Shipping
Estimated share of coastal shipping is 18% in 2020 Estimated share of coastal shipping is 18% in 2020
Gross Sales and Capital StockGross Sales and Capital Stock
Modal share of costal shipping has been gradually decreased and will be droppedModal share of costal shipping has been gradually decreased and will be dropped
Current Status of Korea Coastal ShippingⅣ. Coastal Shipping Policies in Korea
- 12 -
1
Oil Price increases 4.7 times compared to 2001 and consists of 35% ~ 40% of ship operating cost
Dubai Oil: 22.84$ (2001) 49.59$ (2005) 105.98$ (2011) 96.56$ (2014) 47.76$ (2015.8)
Oil Price increases 4.7 times compared to 2001 and consists of 35% ~ 40% of ship operating cost
Dubai Oil: 22.84$ (2001) 49.59$ (2005) 105.98$ (2011) 96.56$ (2014) 47.76$ (2015.8)
Main reasons are that steel prices and labor costs are increased
‐ Iron Ore Prices : 35.1 USD/ton (2005) 175.5 USD/ton (2011) 97.5 USD/ton (2014)
Due to higher new ship building prices, the aged ships and their safety issues are increased
‐ Over 15 year‐old ships consist of 56%(94 ships) of 168 ships in the passenger shipping(2014
Main reasons are that steel prices and labor costs are increased
‐ Iron Ore Prices : 35.1 USD/ton (2005) 175.5 USD/ton (2011) 97.5 USD/ton (2014)
Due to higher new ship building prices, the aged ships and their safety issues are increased
‐ Over 15 year‐old ships consist of 56%(94 ships) of 168 ships in the passenger shipping(2014
Due to increases in new land‐island bridges, ship passenger demand is decreased
Surge in oil prices and iron ore Increase in operating cost
Due to increases in new land‐island bridges, ship passenger demand is decreased
Surge in oil prices and iron ore Increase in operating cost
Surge in oil prices in the past several years has led increases in operating costSurge in oil prices in the past several years has led increases in operating cost
Aged ships are increased due to the increases in ship new building prices Aged ships are increased due to the increases in ship new building prices
Coastal passenger shipping business conditions are worseningCoastal passenger shipping business conditions are worsening
Current Status of Korea Coastal ShippingⅣ. Coastal Shipping Policies in Korea
- 13 -
1
Fuel tax is objective tax to support transport infrastructure: roads, rail, port, and air port‐ Fuel tax charges for ship fuel, but only few percent from the tax is allocated for domestic shipping
Allocation rates of fuel tax expenditure for transport infrastructure (2012)‐ Road 52.7%, Rail 29.7%, Shipping/Ports 8.9%(mainly ocean‐going), Airport 0.8%, Public transportation(Urban railway)7.9%
Lacking of tax benefits for domestic shipping
Fuel tax is objective tax to support transport infrastructure: roads, rail, port, and air port‐ Fuel tax charges for ship fuel, but only few percent from the tax is allocated for domestic shipping
Allocation rates of fuel tax expenditure for transport infrastructure (2012)‐ Road 52.7%, Rail 29.7%, Shipping/Ports 8.9%(mainly ocean‐going), Airport 0.8%, Public transportation(Urban railway)7.9%
Lacking of tax benefits for domestic shipping
Shipping TypeShip
Fuel TaxShipping Company Foreign Seafarer
National Tax Local Tax Cooperate Tax VAT Officer Seaman
Domestic × △ × × × × 6
International ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Unlimited
Aged Ships‐ Over a half of all passenger ships are older than 16 years (94 ships in 2014)
‐ The aged ship(over 20 year‐old) is increased 10% point compared to 2010 (15% in 2010 → 25% in 2014)
Elderly Seafarers‐ Seafarers aged 50 and older consist of 68.4% (Total 8,207 in 2013)
Aged Ships‐ Over a half of all passenger ships are older than 16 years (94 ships in 2014)
‐ The aged ship(over 20 year‐old) is increased 10% point compared to 2010 (15% in 2010 → 25% in 2014)
Elderly Seafarers‐ Seafarers aged 50 and older consist of 68.4% (Total 8,207 in 2013)
Aged ships and elderly seafarers have been increasingAged ships and elderly seafarers have been increasing
Domestic shipping lacks of the government support and tax benefitDomestic shipping lacks of the government support and tax benefit
Current Status of Korea Coastal ShippingⅣ. Coastal Shipping Policies in Korea
- 14 -
Tasks High speed crafts can reduce transport time‐ Doing research including Design of high speed crafts, Developing pilot craft, etc
Developing more efficient cargo handling equipment
TasksInvesting in ferry terminals and docking facilities
Improving facilities and system of ferry terminals
Providing better service for the rights of users (i.e., disabled users)
Providing Standardized facilities and systems of passenger ships
Utilizing IT technologies for ticketing and scheduling (i.e., internet, smart phone)
Tasks
Developing high speed ships and efficient logistics systemDeveloping high speed ships and efficient logistics system
Investing in coastal shipping infrastructuresInvesting in coastal shipping infrastructures
Improving the quality of transport serviceImproving the quality of transport service
Coastal Shipping Policies in KoreaⅣ. Coastal Shipping Policies in Korea
- 15 -
Tasks Developing faster cargo service system and its business model
Preparing ships supporting express cargo service‐Wig craft, High speed craft
Tasks Developing niche markets in short and coastal shipping
Preparing specific ships meeting shippers’ needs
Utilizing large fleets of ships for short sea and ocean‐going shipping
Developing tourism services associated with the island (i.e., marina and tourism service for foreigners)
Developing tourism services combining the mainland and the island
Tasks
Developing express cargo serviceDeveloping express cargo service
Developing shipper friendly serviceDeveloping shipper friendly service
Developing various marine tourismDeveloping various marine tourism
Coastal Shipping Policies in KoreaⅣ. Coastal Shipping Policies in Korea
- 16 -
• Investment in transport infrastructure is a starting point– In the beginning providing transport infrastructure continuously will be
a key of a successful integrated transport planning
– For a certain period of time we have to invest more than a certain percentage of GDP into transport infrastructure without stopping
• Setting a priority among transport modes is important– In considering their situation each country should set their priority
among transport modes and set the proportion of the investment differently
– The priority must be readjusted in process of time
Ⅴ. SuggestionsH/W : Long‐term Investment in Infrastructure
‐ 17 ‐
• Efficient intermodal transport system– Well connected transportation networks
– Efficient operation of an intermodal transport system
– Systematic education and training for operators
• Hub and spoke system is still valid– Advantages
• Encourage the rapid growth in the intermodal transport system
– Indonesia: Main Sea Corridor [West‐East] proposed by ALFI
– Reference: Theonugroho S. Kumaat (ALFI/ILFA), The New Logistics System in Indonesia, September 2012
Ⅴ. SuggestionsS/W : Construction of efficient intermodal transport system
‐ 18 ‐
• Spread safety awareness and safety culture– 90% of marine accidents is caused by human factors
– Campaigning by Marine Safety Practice HQ
• Increasing marine safety education– Training for shipping lines CEOs
– Open marine safety class
– Establishing National marine safety experience center
Ⅴ. SuggestionsCulture : Maritime Safety Culture
‐ 19 ‐
