SeniorIntership OFFICIAL FINAL DRAFT

An Evaluation of the Maritime Chaparral Section of the California Native Plant Conservation Garden and Native Plant Program

The Arboretum at

University of California, Santa Cruz

By Steven Glascock

Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Karen Holl - ENVS

Agency Sponsor: Brett Hall – UCSC Arboretum

Senior Internship

For Completion of B.A. Degree

Environmental Studies

UCSC

August 28, 2015

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….………..3

History of Native Plant Conservation at the UCSC Arboretum……………………….…..4

Native Plant Conservation in Central California………………………………….……….5

Site Description…………………………………………………………………………….7

Central Coast Maritime Region……………………………………………………………10

Channel Islands Region……………………………………………………………………11

Meadow Communities Region…………………………………………………………….12

Central Coast Rare Chaparral and Shrubland Communities Region……………….……..14

Evaluation of Living Collection and Recommendations for the

Central Coast Rare Chaparral and Shrubland Communities ..........................................…17

Rare and Endangered Plant Lists for the Central Western Coastal Region………….…....19

Northern California Rare and Endangered Shrubland Region…………………......……...20

Evaluation of Living Collections and Recommendations for the ……...…….………..…..23

Northern California Rare and Endangered Shrubland

Rare and Endangered Plant List for Northern California Coastal Region…………......….24

Critical Review and Recommendations for Living Collections………………..….…........25

General Recommendations for Promoting the Success of the……………………….…....29

Native Plant Program and the CNPCG

Closing Statement………………………………………………………………………..33

Regions of the California Native Plant Conservation Garden Map……………….…….36

California Native Plant Conservation Garden Displays by County Map………….….…37

Species Inventories……………………………………………………………..….…….38

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….….….…52

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Acknowledgements: I would like to recognize those who helped me complete this Senior

Internship. First and foremost, I want to thank my mentor, Brett Hall. Brett’s expertise,

professionalism, and delivery of his vision across a broad spectrum of students and fellow

conservationists is inspirational. His commitment to educating students and directing the

Arboretum created an environment which fostered my growth as an undergraduate and launched

me into a future focused on conservation efforts. It is difficult to put into words how much I

appreciate the years I worked for Brett at the UCSC Arboretum. After many memorable

expeditions throughout California, countless lessons, and shared life experiences, I consider him

not only a mentor, but also a life-long friend. I would also like to thank my Restoration Ecology

professor and multi-term faculty advisor, Dr. Karen Holl. Her patience and guidance throughout

the internship process supported me throughout my educational journey at UCSC. She has

motivated and encouraged me to strive for professionalism in all aspects of the project and in all

that I do. The pride I take in this report is largely due to her ability motivate and inspire her

students to produce high quality works, and I am extremely grateful that she generously offered

to sponsor me for this internship.

I would also like to thank my family, friends, and fellow Arboretum community for their

continual support throughout the process of this senior exit requirement. To my mom, Julie

Glascock, teacher Linda Anderson, college advisor Sean Malone, GIS tutor Michael Bello, and

others who played their part in supporting me throughout my undergraduate experience, I extend

sincerest appreciation.

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History of Native Plant Conservation at the UCSC Arboretum: The UCSC

Arboretum, founded in 1964, has always focused on plant conservation. During the Arboretum’s

early years, trees and shrubs were planted in botanically organized groups, which led to broad

geographic separation by the mid-1970s. Further organization and mapping of plant

communities, habitat types, and ecological themes led to the development of different habitat

regions, primarily based on a combination of geography and plant communities (Figure 2). Prior

to this time, the Arboretum launched substantial collection building programs in South Africa,

California, and other biologically diverse regions around the Pacific Rim, including Australia,

New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Chile. It was during these rigorous collection regimes that the

Arboretum also began increasing its focus on native plants from Central and Northern California,

which promoted designation of an area now known as the California Native Plant Conservation

Garden (CNPCG). Located within one of the wildest and most topographically diverse areas

within the Arboretum, the area was casually known as “The Back Forty,” including over forty

acres of land devoted to native plant conservation. Over the past decades, collections of species

from threatened plant communities and an accumulation of rare endemics from California’s

coastal zone have grown into a beautiful display of the plant diversity found within California’s

central coast region.

In the early years, the founding Arboretum Director, Ray Collett and father of the UC

Natural Reserve System, Ken Norris, as well as Dean McHenry, Kenneth Thimann, Brett Hall,

and a few campus and environmental planners, served on a small committee which identified the

jointly managed 55 acre area for California native plants. Collett and Hall, in collaboration with

the others mentioned above, worked in the mid-1970s to develop this part of the Arboretum into

CNPCG. Forty acres of the fifty-five acres of this area was designated as jointly managed with

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the Campus Natural Reserve. The garden functions as a center for research and education at

UCSC and also serves as a staging area for education and field work in the regions represented

within the gardens (Hall, 2004).

The coastal chaparral section has grown to accommodate a diverse collection of species

from the coastal lowland and coastal upland chaparral plant communities in the Central Western

California Province, as well as rare species from other plant communities, including a

community from the Channel Islands, meadow communities, threatened chaparral, and shrubland

communities. For the duration of my senior internship, the unifying theme of native plant

conservation has been present in collection trips, propagation, plant care, and garden

maintenance, all of which are necessary components in the creation and preservation of a

conservation garden. The goal of this report is to evaluate the UCSC Arboretum’s representation

of the native plant diversity found along California’s central coast. Where possible, we continue

to make progress in conservation research both in the garden and in the wild. I start by describing

the history of the native plant conservation garden; provide an inventory of the living collections

located within the coastal chaparral representations; map pathways, irrigation, and the borders

between each representative county from the central coast region; and conclude with

recommendations regarding the future enhancement and management of the garden.

Native Plant Conservation in Central California: Central California’s coastline hosts a

variety of botanically unique habitats which vary due to differences in latitude, elevation, soil

composition, solar exposure, water availability, and temperature. These coastal habitats are

known to support remarkable levels of local endemism. For example, 30% of all of California’s

manzanitas (28 of 94) (Arctostaphylos spp.) are restricted to this coastal region (Hall, B. pers.

comm.). Unfortunately, however, a growing human population is exploiting natural resources,

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suppressing disturbance regimes, and altering the environment in unforeseen ways, ultimately

causing biodiversity loss across the globe. Due to the ecological complexity of these coastal

communities, the loss of one species can have cascading effects and lead to the damage of much

more than just one species (Hayes, 1991). Regardless of conservation efforts to save local

biodiversity by means of land acquisition, ecological disturbance regimes, or environmental legal

protection, it is predicted that as climate change escalates, habitats will become unsuitable and

plant species will be unable to adapt quickly enough to survive (Hannah, 2015). Even more

concerning is the fact that habitat fragmentation prevents these plant species from migrating to

more suitable habitats, which suggests the need for alternative methods of species conservation

much different from the classic idea of in situ conservation.

One possible alternative to in situ conservation is the creation of conservation gardens.

Inspired by the idea of ex situ plant conservation and supported by the Arboretum’s Native Plant

Program, the CNPCG at the UCSC Arboretum, and other conservation gardens alike, cultivate

various species from similar geographic regions on a landscape scale (Guerrant et al., 2006; Hall,

2011). For the central coast of California, locally endemic species are more frequently found in

the maritime and transitional zones, where a consistently present water availability gradient

associated with higher end-of-dry season water potentials has proven to support higher species

turnover rates from coast-to-interior sites (Vasey et al., 2012). As a critical tool for species

conservation, “ex situ conservation, at its crudest, may temporarily hold token examples of wild

plant diversity. At its best, it can play a critical role as one component of an integrated

conservation response supporting a primary objective: the retention and restoration of wild plant

diversity” (Guerrant et al., 2004). Located in the heart of the Central West Region [38°N latitude,

Sonoma County to 34°N latitude, Santa Barbara County (Davis et. al. 1998)] and between

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elevations of 435 and 495 feet above sea level, the CNPCG at the UCSC Arboretum is well

situated to demonstrate the variability of threatened species and habitat communities from the

California coast. This garden heavily emphasizes the diversity of the Arctostaphylos species

found within the coastal zone of central California, but also represents other endemic species

from this area. Maintaining the existing populations in this garden, while emphasizing habitat

communities from selected places along the California coast, can provide a variety of genetic

material of rare endemics, which can be used in future habitat restoration efforts (Hall, 2011).

One goal of the maritime chaparral conservation project is to invite other land owners to

participate and take on establishing one type of maritime chaparral association that is represented

in the wild. With time to fully establish under local conditions, the variable representation of

plants in conservation gardens may even produce viable seeds for future propagation (so long as

these cultivated populations are planted well away from naturally occurring populations to

reduce the risk of hybridization ) (Hall, pers. comm., 2015). Conservation gardens also serve as

both a unique habitat for local wildlife and a beautiful and educational representation of native

California flora. In order to improve the success of native plant conservation at the UCSC

Arboretum, the Native Plant Program and associated staff are focused on improving nursery

practice, maintaining and taking inventory of existing collections of native plants, and making

future recommendations to improve the conservation garden at the UCSC Arboretum.

Site Description: The CNPCG is located within 55 contiguous acres (22.25 ha) in the

northwestern section of the Arboretum and the southwestern portion of the Campus Natural

Reserve, with gentle to moderately steep hillsides facing east, south, and west. Elevation in this

area ranges from 435ft (132.6 m) at the southern fire road bordering the CNPCG to 600 ft (182.9

m) at the most northern plant in the Channel Islands representation. Average annual rainfall is

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about 35 inches. Summer temperature highs normally range between 70°F and 90° F,

occasionally reaching the mid-90s and rarely exceeding 100° F. Low temperatures approach, but

rarely fall below 35° F due to the garden’s proximity to the coast and its southerly exposure. The

elevation and geographical orientation of this garden provide a strong, consistent marine layer

which offers relief from the summer heat. Recent studies have demonstrated that low marine

cloud stratus (coastal fog), in collaboration with close proximity to the coast, are important

factors in coastal lowland (maritime) and coastal upland (transitional) chaparral species diversity

(Vasey et al., 2012). In fact, the maritime and transitional chaparral communities host over 90%

of all special status chaparral species in California’s central coast, despite only occupying only

about 18% of chaparral’s spatial distribution in the coast ranges of the Central West Region

(Vasey et al., 2014). This suggests that the micro-climate associated with lowland habitats of the

central coast supports higher levels of species diversity when compared to interior chaparral. Due

to its southerly exposure, geographic orientation along the California coastline, and close

proximity to the coast, the maritime chaparral section of the CNPCG is ideally located to foster a

wide variety of the endemic chaparral species associated with the Central West Region.

Soil diversity within the CNPCG consisting of mostly Felton and Pinto loams has been

mapped in the past by Rob Curry, Margaret Fusari, and their students, including the depth at

which the claypan is found (Hayes, 1991). During the summer dry season, when volumetric

water content varies the most from coast-to-interior sites, the claypan depth could prove

beneficial in explaining the stability of soil moisture content in maritime sites. In the dry season,

insignificant change in the water availability content in these maritime sites is understood to be

associated with the summer marine layer, which lessens the effects of evapotranspiration and

keeps water availability relatively stable despite the absence of rainfall during these months

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(Vasey et. al., 2012). Manzanitas (Arctostaphylos spp.) dominate the chaparral composition of

these maritime sites and slowly transition to chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) as distance

from the coast increases. Transitional sites are generally mixed, with ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.)

a relatively minor component in both habitat types (Vasey et al, 2012). Situated within range of

the summer marine layer influence, the compositional difference between chaparral species

dominance is critical to explaining the cultivated species present in the maritime chaparral

section of the CNPCG.

Positioned on former pasture land from Cowell Ranch in the late 1800s, the CNPCG

contains degraded coastal prairie and grasslands with patches of native bulbs and wildflowers,

including Lupinus nanus, Eschscholtzia californica, and healthy stands of Triteliea ixiodies,

Calochortus luteus, Brodiaea, and others (Hall, 2004). The garden is located between two small

drainage canyons which run off into the historic, abandoned reservoir in the Arboretum and are

home to breeding populations of the threatened California red-legged frog, Rana draytonii

(Casey, 2015; Hall, 2004). Aside from the red-legged frog, the CNPCG also serves as a habitat

for numerous other animal species, including the coyote, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon,

rabbit, squirrel, and several species of snakes, lizards, newts, and salamanders which rely on this

habitat. Avifauna associated with this area consists of different kinds of hummingbirds, quail,

raptors, thrashers, swallows, and others. A complete list of documented species and their

preferred habitat types at the UCSC campus can be found online in the UCSC Natural Reserve

database. Naturally occurring trees in the riparian zones and throughout the area are similar to

those found throughout University, including redwood, Douglas fir, Ponderosa pine, and mixed

evergreens, including madrone, bay, willows, coast live oaks, California buckeyes, and

hazelnuts, which also contribute to the overall theme of native plant conservation. The site is

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home to upwards of 30 naturally occurring Ponderosa pines, a number which has grown

significantly since the documentation of only two such occurrences in 1975 (Hall, 2004). The

Santa Cruz stands of Ponderosa pine are detached from the main montane distribution, and these

trees, in conjunction with others found just north in Marshall Fields and lower in Pogonip,

possibly comprise the most maritime ponderosa anywhere.

The CNPCG is organized into two broad regional divisions, the Central Western Region

and Northern California Region. The maritime chaparral section within the Central Western

Region is further divided by county. The primary plant communities in cultivation within the

core of this area, listed and numbered in correspondence to the regional map (Figure 1), are

central coast maritime (3), Channel Island (5), meadow communities (15), rare chaparral and

shrubland (27), and rare and endangered species (28). In addition, the CNPCG themes serve an

additional educational purpose by including plant community representations from the North

Coast Range, Klamath Range, Southern Cascades, and Sierra Nevada In order to properly

represent different plant communities from varying geographical locations along California’s

central coast, the Arboretum has carefully selected species of critical importance, either due to

local endemism, rarity, or unique display or form. Species representations in this garden are

further divided by local geographic regions within each county. For example, for the Santa Cruz

County section, representations range from Lockheed Chalks to Bonny Doon Sand Hills to

riparian areas within the Scotts Creek watershed. In the Monterey County section, Point Sur and

various areas along the Northern Big Sur coastline, near Point Lobos, Fort Ord, and Prunedale

are also well represented (Hall, 2004). The same applies San Luis Obispo County, but does,

however, lack significant representation in counties north of Santa Cruz. Through considerable

efforts in field documentation and inventorying of living collections, species lists from

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represented plant communities will help in discovering which species lack representation within

the CNPCG.

Central Coast Maritime Region: The Central Coast Maritime section represents a

significant portion of the work in the CNPCG during recent years. Sitting atop a terrace with

landscape views of the Pacific Ocean and Monterey Bay, primary features in this section of the

garden include maritime chaparral, coastal bluff, and coastal scrub communities. Relevant taxa

include species from genera Arctostaphylos, Artemisia, Ceanothus, Eriogonum, Lupinus,

Malacothamnus, Ribes, and Salvia, with heavier concentrations of the genus Arctostaphylos due

to its relatively higher levels of local endemism and threatened or endangered statuses. The

terrace spreads in direction from east to west, so the structure of the maritime chaparral section is

organized through southern county representation in the east, and northern county representation

in the west. Simply, walking east to west through the garden, one would begin in Ventura, Santa

Barbara, and San Luis Obispo sections and progress through Monterey and Santa Cruz sections,

ending in San Mateo, San Francisco, and Marin County representations. All the listed species

inventoried are from wild collections in their native provenance. Several of these taxa evolved in

similar maritime conditions from coastal habitats throughout the Central West Region. Flora of

the coastal lowlands in Central California remain to be some of the more threatened and

impacted plant communities in the state, often restricted to small populations by land

development and habitat fragmentation. Populations under the long term pressures of habitat

fragmentation inevitably face genetic diversity loss (Barr, 2015; Aguilar, 2008), which supports

the theory that central coast maritime communities should be of serious and immediate

conservation concern.

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The maritime chaparral section of the garden exhibits the floristic diversity of the

Swanton region near Davenport, endangered species from southern Santa Cruz and northern

Monterey County, as well as floristic sites from near Point Lobos, Fort Ord, Big Sur, Carmel,

Hearst Ranch, and Point Sal, among others. The largest county representation in the CNPCG is

Monterey County, where maritime chaparral collections dominate the species composition

within this section of the garden.

Channel Island Region: The Channel Island region is a section of the CNPCG located

immediately above southern California coastal county representations within the central coast

maritime region. Species represented in this section include Torrey pines (Pinus torreyana),

Santa Cruz Island oak (Quercus tomentella), island manzanita (Arctostaphylos insularis),

endangered island mahonia (Mahonia pinnata ssp. insularis), and lemonade berry (Rhus

integrifolia), among a few others not mentioned. Over the course of several decades, the UCSC

Arboretum staff has had a long history exploring and collecting from the Channel Islands, for

example, Stephen McCabe, who had recently discovered the Munchkin Liveforever (Dudleya

gnoma), from Santa Rosa Island, and Brett Hall, who collected and introduced the federally

endangered island barberry (Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis ‘Schnilemoon’) into horticultural

trade (this species is only known from five individuals on Santa Cruz Island and two individuals

in cultivation that no longer exist in the wild). An effort is being made to represent all islands

where possible, but a bulk of species comes from Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina

islands, with future collections for this region focused on San Nicholas and San Clemente

islands.

Worth noting is the Ken Norris memorial bench located immediately across the eastern

fire road bordering this region. This secluded bench is located above one of two drainage

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canyons in the CNPCG, overlooking the coastal riparian Eco-region. This portion of the garden’s

theme is the conservation of unique island biology and ecology. In order to fully capture the

diversity of the plant communities from the Channel Islands archipelago, recommendations for

future collections will be made in the discussion section of this report.

Meadow Communities Region: Grasslands, meadowlands, and coastal prairie represent

some of the rarest community types in California. These communities have undergone such

dramatic changes in land use that it is nearly impossible to quantify the historic percent cover of

native species. In relation to anthropogenic disturbances, predominantly burning regimes by

Native Americans followed by grazing practices of ranchers during the colonization of California

(Stromberg, 2007), the evolutionary history of prairie communities is of considerable interest and

a focus throughout the management of the CNPCG. Several native species inhabit the site, such

as Stipa puchra, Danthonia californica, Lupinus nanus, Brodiaea elegans, Brodiaea coronaria,

Triteleia ixiodes, Calorchortus luteus, Horkelia californica, and others. The site is not rich in

coastal prairie species, and is dominated by European invasive species from the colonization

period and more recent arrivels (e.g. Holcus lanatus). Given the presence of few natives among

several invasives, the opportunities for research and experimentation within this section are

abundant. For example, this past winter during a heavy rain event, students used propane torches

to carefully burn a 40’ by 40’ section of the meadow, which was then planted with Stipa pulchra

beside an equally sized plot which was cleared and planted with the same species. Results from

this experiment have yet to be fully quantified, but more experiments and similar research could

increase the understanding of coastal prairie ecology and possibly increase the public awareness

regarding this threatened community.

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Fire is a critical disturbance for maintaining the coastal prairie community, as coastal

scrub often colonizes coastal prairie in the absence of fire. Whereas coastal scrub is threatened

by the development of California’s coastline, the modern practice of fire suppression in the

wildland-urban interface has resulted in coastal scrub out-competing coastal prairie in the

absence of periodic burn regimes (Ford and Hayes, 2007), ultimately reducing coastal prairie

habitat. Until the 18th century, Native Americans practiced frequent burning as a means of

providing more sustainable harvests for species of interest. However, cultural suppression

following the Spanish colonization of California marked the beginning of the brush invasion into

coastal grasslands (Ford and Hayes, 2007). Since the colonial period, California’s coastal prairies

and grasslands have suffered severe biological invasions, and a lack of ecological understanding

and public recognition of these rare and threatened communities will only stimulate such

invasions.

Central Coast Rare Chaparral and Shrubland Communities Region: This region

features rare and endangered species and the plant associations they occur with from the central

coast. The area also cultivates collections from extraordinary populations, range extensions,

unusual occurrences, or any other characteristic which would distinguish them from their

conventional form.

The following species, organized in alphabetical order by scientific name, are listed either

by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service or by the State of California, Department of Fish and

Wildlife, Natural Diversity Database. A comprehensive list for the State of California is updated

quarterly by the California Natural Diversity Database. The distribution of these species has been

documented for California’s central coast region from Monterey and San Benito counties south

to Ventura County. Scientific names are those used in Baldwin et al., 2012, The Jepson Manual:

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vascular plants of California, UC Press, Berkeley. Where nomenclature has changed from the

name used initially in the listing process, they are referenced to their most current name (e.g.,

Arabis hoffmannii = Boechera hoffmannii).

The following list is credited to the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden:

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Evaluation of Living Collection and Recommendations for the Central Coast Rare

Chaparral and Shrubland Communities: The endangered, rare, and threatened species of

California’s central coast listed in Santa Barbara Botanic Garden’s survey contains 77 species,

all of which have native ranges within the county representations present in the CNPCG.

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Excluding the species from the northern coastal scrub community, the CNPCG has 35 different

species listed by the California Native Plant Society as rare, endangered, or threatened. Similar

to the chaparral composition of the garden, these 35 species are heavily dominated by the genus

Arctostaphylos. In an attempt to increase the number of endemic species in the Central Coast

Maritime Region, I would recommend that future collection efforts focus on the completion of

the Manzanita representation within this garden, as well as an addition of other complimentary

chaparral genera, such as Ceanothus, Eriogonum, Fremontodendron, and Malacothamnus. This

requires the expansion of populations of species with few individuals, as well as field collections

of new species. Recommended focal species for future collections include Arctostaphylos

hookeri ssp. hearstiorum, Ceanothus hearstiorum, Eriogonum crocatum, Eriogonum

butterworthianum, Eriogonum giganteum ssp. compactum, Eriogonum ssp. timorum,

Fremontodendron mexicanum, Malacothamnus clementinus, and Malacothamnus fasciculatus

ssp. nesioticus. With the ongoing propagation and maintenance of existing populations, the

CNPCG has the infrastructure and resources needed to develop its weaknesses to become a

genetically diverse display of a range of species from coastal lowland and upland sites

throughout the Central Western Province. Inventoried sections of the CNPCG which occupy the

central coast maritime region are labeled as SBV.1, SLO 1, SLO 2, M1, M2, M3, and M4 (figure

3). These sections of the garden exhibit similar patterns of Arctostaphylos dominated vegetation,

interspersed with species from genera Ceanothus, Erigonum, Eriodictyon, Frangula,

Fremontodendron, Garrya, Heteromeles, Lepichinia, Malacothamnus, Rhamnus, Ribes, Salvia,

and Vaccinium, and are as follows:

Rare and Endangered Species: Santa Barbara and Ventura County (SBV.1):

Arctostaphylos confertiflora - Santa Rosa Island Manzanita

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Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. gabrielensis - San Gabriel Manzanita

Arctostaphylos purissima - La Purissima Manzanita

Arctostaphylos rainbowensis - Rainbow Manzanita

Arctostaphylos refugioensis - Refugio ManzanitaArctostaphylos rudis - Sand Mesa Manzanita

Berberis pinnata spp. insularis 'Schnilemoon' - Schnilemoon Island Barberry

Cercocarpus traskiae - Catalina Island Mountain Mahogany

Erigonum grande - Red buckwheat

Lyonothamnus floribundus ssp. aspleniifolius - Santa Cruz Island Ironwood

Quercus tomentella - Island oak

Rare and Endangered Species: San Luis Obispo County (SLO 1 and SLO 2):

Arctostaphylos cruzensis - Arroyo de la Cruz Manzanita

Arctostaphylos luciana - Santa Lucia Manzanita

Arctostaphylos morroensis - Morro Manzanita

Arctostaphylos obispoensis - Bishop Manzanita

Arctostaphylos pechoensis - Pecho Manzanita

Arctostaphylos pilosula - La Panza Manzanita

Arctostaphylos rudis - Sand Mesa Manzanita

Ceanothus cuneatus fasciculatus - Sand Buck Brush

Ceanothus hearstiorum - Hearst Ranch Buck Brush

Ceanothus maritimus - San Luis Obispo Ceanothus

Malacothamnus jonesii - Jones' Bush Mallow

Rare and Endangered Species: Monterey County (M1-M5):

Arctostaphylos edmundsii - Little Sur Manzanita

Arctostaphylos gabilanensis - Gabilan Mountains Manzanita

Arctostaphylos hooveri - Hoover's Manzanita

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Arctostaphylos montereyensis - Monterey Manzanita

Arctostaphylos pajaroensis - Pajaro Manzanita

Arctostaphylos pumila - Sandmat Manzanita

Ceanothus rigidus - Monterey Ceanothus

Rare and Endangered Species: Santa Cruz County (SC 1):

Arctostaphylos andersonii - Santa Cruz Manzanita

Arctostaphlyos andersonii andersonii - Santa Cruz Manzanita

Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. gabrielensis - San Gabriel Manzanita

Arctostaphylos glutinosa - Schreiber's Manzanita

Arctostaphylos ohloneana - Ohlone Manzanita

Arctostaphylos silvicola - Bonny Doon Manzanita

Northern California Rare and Endangered Shrubland Region: This region includes

species considered from the northern California coastal region, and primarily includes coastal

scrub, but is often interspersed with chaparral and other grassland communities. There is a wide

array of scrub communities, but what sets coastal scrub apart from arid, interior scrub is the

maritime influence. Coastal scrub is further divided into “Northern Coastal Scrub” and “Central

Coastal Scrub,” with Northern Coastal Scrub occurring from southern Oregon to Monterey

County (Holland, 1986). Although northern coastal scrub is not particularly threatened, it is

important to represent this habitat in the CNPCG due to the once widespread occupation south of

the city of Santa Cruz, which has become increasingly scarce due to the development of

agriculture near the coast (Hayes, 1991).

The following plant list can be credited to Wilma Follette and the Marin chapter of

CNPS. Follette led walks and compiled plant lists in Marin County for over 30 years, and much

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of this documentation may not have been possible without her long term dedication. In addition

to native plants found in the region, invasive species are also listed and starred.

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Evaluation of Living Collections and Recommendations for the Northern California

Rare and Endangered Shrubland: The Northern California area of focus for future

development will represent San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, and Sonoma Counties. In

comparison to the communities from the counties along the central coast, the general lack of

representation of rare endemics from the Northern California Province is evident, with the

exception of small stands of Morella californica and the Northern Coastal Scrub community. For

this area, which could potentially extend from the western border of the Santa Cruz County

representation all the way to the Moore Creek riparian zone, several species from maritime and

transition sites fit the theme of the garden on which to focus collections. This includes species

from the genera similar to those recommended for the central coast sections, which are

Arctostaphylos, Ceanothus, Eriogonum, and Malacothamnus. From these genera, I recommend

collecting species which fit the unifying theme of the CNPCG, primarily aimed at Arctostaphylos

and Ceanothus, including Arctostaphylos colombiana, Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. rosei,

Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. cordata, Arctostaphylos franciscana, Arctostaphylos glandulosa

ssp. cushingiana, Arctostaphylos imbricata, Arctostaphylos manzanita, Arctostaphylos

montaraensis, Arctostaphylos nummularia, Arctostaphylos regismontana, Arctostaphylos uva-

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ursi, Ceanothus crassifolius, Ceanothus cuneatus ssp. ramulosus, Ceanothus incanus, Ceanothus

leucodermis, Eriogonum nudum, Malacothamnus aboriginum, Malacothamnus arcuatus,

Malacothamnus clemantinus, Malacothamnus davidsonii, and Malacothamnus hallii. Given the

large number of species listed for potential collection, I believe that the prioritization should be

on collecting from rare or limited populations first, because of their higher chance of becoming

extinct in the near future, but care needs to be taken to not damage the existing in situ

populations. Few such populations occur in San Francisco, with only few known individuals

existing in the wild. Once collected and planted out in the CNPCG, there needs to be special

attention given to many of these species during the first few years of establishment because they

would be transported from their traditional range and brought down the coast into a warmer and

less suitable environment. Following the establishment of these new species, the Arboretum staff

will continue to perform relevant research, collect new species, and maintain existing collections

to ensure the long term success of the garden. Listed below are a few native species from this

region which are currently part of the living collection in the CNPCG.

Rare and Endangered Shrubland Species: San Mateo, San Francisco, Sonoma, and Marin Counties (M5):

Artemisia californica - California Sagebrush

Artemisia pycnocephala - Beach Sage

Garrya elliptica - Coast silktassel

Lepichinia calycinia - White Pitcher Sage

Lupinus arboreus X varicolor - Coastal Bush Lupine

Mimulus aurantiacus - Sticky Monkeyflower

Morella californica - California Wax Myrtle

25

Critical Review and Recommendations for Living Collections: One of the purposes of

the CNPCG is to represent and assemble rare, threatened, and unique plant species within their

associated habitat communities in an organized and comprehensive manner. Through the

portrayal of the five listed habitat types and related plant species, it can be determined that this

garden successfully represents species and habits of conservational concern. Upon further

investigation, however, the CNPCG has obvious strengths and weaknesses in its full

representation of specific species and plant communities from various counties throughout

California’s central coast, either due to low survival rates or general lack of representation. In

this section, I will analyze the high levels of species diversity and endemism found within

maritime and transition sites and explain why these classifications of chaparral are of specific

conservational concern. I will also investigate focal species for future collections in order to

increase genetic diversity and the density of species diversity within the CNPCG.

To begin, the bulk of the living collection and natural beauty within the maritime

chaparral section of the garden can be credited to the Arboretum’s cultivation of species in the

genus Arctostaphylos. In the central coast maritime region, the largest region in the CNPCG,

nearly every tagged and caged species can be traced to this genus, with few exceptions. Given its

location, topography, and southern exposure, this is not necessarily a negative aspect of the

garden. The variety of species associated with the Arctostaphylos genus is more diverse and

hosts more rare species in maritime and transition sites when compared to interior sites, with

higher mean species per plot and higher total species per zone (Vasey et al., 2014). For a

conservation garden, this information is critically important. The maritime influence on regional

temperature extremes is well documented, and its ability to reduce the impact from summer heat

26

and winter freezes is the likely contributor to the high levels of endemism associated with this

region.

Shifting from coastal lowland to coastal upland sites, there is a decline in special status

species and species diversity, but this does not signify a lack of overall species diversity

associated with transition sites. Occupying only a slightly larger area than maritime sites,

transition sites display similar patterns of species diversity and endemism to that of maritime

sites, which are not present in interior sites. Located only slightly further off the coast but out of

the protection of coastal fog, transition sites have higher soil moisture availability due to

increased annual rainfall which in turn promotes diversity (Vasey et al., 2014). The species

diversity found in transition sites is represented throughout the CNPCG, noting that transition

species under cultivation in the CNPCG have generally high rates of survival, presumably due to

reduced evaporative demand under protection of the summer marine layer. For the

representations within the two regions assessing rare and endangered chaparral species and

shrubland communities, I compare the living collection to species lists compiled by relevant

conservation agencies from their respective regions. Recommendations following this

comparison focused on collection of desired future species to be represented in undeveloped

areas of the CNPCG. The resulting list identifies species of the genus Arctostaphylos with rare,

threatened, or endangered listings living in the CNPCG, organized by county, which, when

compared to various accession data gathered during the inventory process, can be used to

determine if the genetic variability of the manzanita collection in the CNPCG is sufficient

enough to preserve the genetic diversity of different species.

San Luis Obispo 1: 73.3% Arctostaphylos (44/60 individuals)

Arctostaphylos canescens X andersonii 8 individuals; 1 genotype

27

Arctostaphylos X campbellii 2 individuals; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos crustacea 2 individuals; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos glauca 6 individuals; 3 genotypes

Arctostaphylos luciana 5 individuals; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos obispoensis 10 individuals; 4 genotypes

Arctostaphylos pechoensis 2 individuals; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos pilosula 9 individuals; 1 genotype

San Luis Obispo 2: 39.3% Arctostaphylos (22/56 individuals)

Arctostaphylos cruzensis 5 individuals; 3 genotypes

Arctostaphylos obispoensis 3 individuals; 2 genotypes

Arctostaphylos pechoensis 2 individuals; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos pilosula 6 individuals; 2 genotypes

Arctostaphylos rudis 2 individuals; 1 genotype

Unknown Arctostaphylos 1 individual; 1 genotype

Unknown Arctostaphylos 3 individuals; 1 genotype

Monterey 1: 91.5% Arctostaphylos (54/59 individuals)


Arctostaphylos gabilanensis 14 individuals; 9 genotypes

Arctostaphylos hookeri 10 individuals; 3 genotypes

Arctostaphylos montereyensis 6 individuals; 6 genotypes

Arctostaphylos pajaroensis 3 individuals; 2 genotypes

Arctostaphylos pumila 11 individuals; 5 genotypes

Arctostaphylos pumila X tomentosa 1 individual; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos tomentosa 4 individuals; 4 genotypes

Arctostaphylos tomentosa ssp. tomentosa 2 individuals; 2 genotypes

28


Arctostaphylos crustacea 4 individuals; 2 genotypes



Arctostaphylos pajaroensis 2 individuals; 2 genotypes

Arctostaphylos pumila 5 individuals; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos tomentosa 6 individuals; 4 genotype



Arctostaphylos conescens X andersonii 2 individuals; 1 genotype


Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crinita 2 individuals; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos gabilanensis 2 individuals; 2 genotypes

Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. zacaensis 2 individuals; 1 genotype

Arctostaphylos glauca 5 individuals; 4 genotypes


Arctostaphylos hooveri 10 individuals; 3 genotypes



Arctostaphylos tomemtosa 2 individuals; 2 genotypes

Arctostaphylos tomentosa ssp. hebeclada 1 individual; 1 genotype


Arctostaphylos edmundsii 27 individuals; 13 genotypes


29


Arctostaphylos pajaroensis 3 individuals; 1 genotype


Arctostaphylos tomentosa 8 individuals; 4 genotypes


Across the six sections overlying the central coast maritime region, the average percent

cover of Arctostaphylos is 67% (281/419 individuals). Although most species have a good ratio

of individuals per genotype, I found that the living collection within this region is not substantial

enough to be safe from the risks of low genetic diversity. As a whole, this region of the CNPCG

represents a wide variety of endemic species and also very closely resembles the species cover

percentages regarding chaparral compositional diversity (Vasey et al. 2014). In order to increase

the garden’s function as a center of species conservation, future plans for this region should

focus on the expansion of existing collections and the collection and propagation of endemic

species lacking representation to increase overall genetic diversity.

General Recommendations for Promoting the Success of the Native Plant Program

and the CNPCG: During the initial planning stages for future development of the CNPCG,

serious considerations regarding collection techniques, propagation, and plant care must be

carefully examined. First, the individual representations of each species must be substantial

enough to prevent the loss of genetic diversity. Traditionally, fewer than 20 percent of National

Collection taxa had documented evidence of genetically adequate ex situ collections, and all ex

situ populations are vulnerable to the process of random genetic drift, genetic erosion, selection,

or mutation accumulation (Guerrant et al., 2004). Loss of genetic diversity can be negated

30

through responsible collection procedures. To obtain genetically adequate samples, collecting

propagules from approximately 10-50 individuals per species in several populations is

recommended, providing enough genetic diversity to support possible future cultivation without

the risk of low genetic diversity (Guerrant et al., 2004). Although there has been careful

documentation of individual species in the Native Plant Program, reaching the goal of 10-50

individuals per species requires significant analyzation of established plants throughout the

CNPCG. Throughout the inventory process, accession numbers of successful species are mapped

and recorded in an online database, and as new technologies develop, different genotypes can be

identified through molecular genetic practices.

The second component regarding the success of the CNPCG and Native Plant Program

emphasizes sanitary and professional infrastructure in the Arboretum’s growing areas. Ranging

from small and everyday aspects of plant care, such as proper nursery practice and irrigation

efficiency, to larger, more conceptual aspects of the Native Plant Program, such as managerial

oversight and long term goal setting, the need for a strong and organized infrastructure is critical

in conservation practice. Sanitation protocol for professional nursery practices helps reduce the

establishment and spread of pathogens, such as local Phytophthora species (sudden oak death, or

SOD, and many others) which currently threatens not only tan oaks and coast live oaks, but also

poses a serious threat to other understory tree species and a number of woody and herbaceous

perennials (Grunwald et al., 2008) several of which are under cultivation in the CNPCG and

Arboretum nurseries. Current efforts by the Arboretum staff to reduce the spread of

Phytophthora are focused on identification and sanitization of vector agents in an effort to create

non-suitable living conditions for the pathogen. Chemical sanitation, however, is only one factor

of a complex solution to this issue. In addition to sanitation, the primary aim of environmental

31

control of disease in a greenhouse is to restrict water availability to pathogens (Daughtrey and

Benson, 2005). Critical to disease control is correct identification of the pathogen, which can

also help in deciding how to change the cultural or environmental conditions which further

harbor the spread of disease.

Currently, the organizational leader and former director of the UCSC Arboretum, Brett

Hall, has shifted his focus towards native plant conservation within the CNPCG, with a proposed

plan to work in collaboration with Gage Dayton, administrative director of the UCSC Natural

Reserves. With this shift of focus follows the sanitation and redesign of the lower nursery area

below the main growing areas of the Arboretum in an attempt to create a pathogen free growing

environment following protocols recently released in Central Coast Wild’s Best Management

Practices for Phytophthora, California Native Plant Society, and other nursery networks. Over

the past two decades, the Arboretum has increased its infrastructure substantially through the

construction of both indoor and outdoor growing areas, but in order to prove useful to the Native

Plant Program, these facilities must be brought up to modern standards of sanitation and

operation to prevent the spread of invasive weeds, pathogenic infections, and disease, and will be

a costly investment.

The third general recommendation to promote the success of the conservation garden is a

marketing and monitoring program. Marketing is needed to raise the funds and awareness levels

required to recruit residential gardeners, local community members, and organizations to assist

with maintaining the garden. Marketing should aim to include institutions such as corporate and

public agencies which share similar concerns regarding the future of the environment and

conservation of rare plant species and habitats in California. Through this marketing program,

corporations and public agencies can impact all levels of the project by providing volunteer

32

groups and donations directed to the project center to be managed and distributed by the acting

project leader. A list of target agencies consisting of environmentally friendly, non-profit

organizations is available through the Natural Resources Defense Council’s (NRDC) reference

page, while other target agencies could range from environmental public school programs to

agencies such as the Boy Scouts of America or the California Conservation Corps. Following the

initial investment (which funded the early stages of construction, infrastructure, and labor),

funding agencies would provide ongoing support to the CNPCG and Native Plant Program

through means of sponsored annual collection trips, material supply, and other necessary support

services. As the strategy progresses, the project center will be responsible for developing an

annual conservation report, which will serve as an informative guide for funding agencies, as

well as a guide for other agencies interested in creating their own conservation gardens.

As a compliment to efforts to increase marketing and community outreach, long term

monitoring is also crucial to understand how these plant communities are responding to a

changing environment, as well as variables such as annual precipitation, temperature, and

summer fog. Recently, a fog measurement system was installed just across the eastern fire road

bordering this garden in an area known as the upper arboretum, and the data collected from this

system, in cooperation with monitoring of fog dependent species in the conservation garden, can

benefit research involving specific plant relationships to fog. As a botanic garden located in the

heart of the Central West Region, the Arboretum can continue its research of maritime and

transitional chaparral species, and promote student related projects to increase awareness

regarding the impact of fog on local coastal communities. Active monitoring of the existing

collection in this regionally diverse garden, in cooperation with annual rainfall reports and

33

climate studies, will hopefully increase the exposure of the CNPCG to both public interest and

possible future research.

My final recommendation for the future of the CNPCG is to improve the existing

irrigation infrastructure. Currently, there is one water line running from the Laurasian forest in

the back of the Arboretum which feeds multiple faucets located throughout the CNPCG. The

furthest faucet, however, is only located about half as far into the garden as it should be, and

already creates problems for students maintaining new plants located on the outskirts of the

garden. Without the proper irrigation lines in place, the current process involves a chain of

garden hoses which stretch the entire span of the Santa Cruz section, as well as the lower and

upper area of the Monterey section, labeled SC1, M5, and M3 (Figure 3). If the development of

the CNPCG is to continue to expand its collections to include new species from counties further

north along the coast, the Arboretum will have to consider investing in the extension of this

irrigation line to the north and to the west. A recently developed and submitted irrigation plan for

the entire Arboretum, with extensive plans for the native area, was designed by Brett Hall

(Figure 4). This expansion will help save countless hours of student labor, which can then be re-

invested into other aspects of garden maintenance, effectively increasing the overall efficiency of

future developments. The least laborious method of providing consistent water to newly planted

species is through the installation of drip irrigation, but this method is not used in the CNPCG

due to the history of drip lines being relatively invisible underneath waist high grasses. This

creates a major issue when the area is mowed annually, and while working in the garden, I

occasionally find torn and shredded pieces of plastic hose inevitably destroyed by tractor

mowing.

34

Closing Statement: Dedicated to both native plant conservation and botanical expertise,

the UCSC Arboretum sits in the model position to become a leader in plant conservation along

the central coast of California. Adding to its propagation and garden management practices, the

Arboretum staff and associated community are involved in field research, vegetation

classification, GIS mapping, and related horticultural training for people of all ages. As a

community based agency, the Arboretum connected with University research regarding land use

management, natural history, conservation, and restoration, although further effort is needed to

build the research and teaching collaborations between the CNPCG, faculty, and students

involved in native plant research on campus. Having dedicated more than 50 acres to conserving

endemic plants and rare habitats throughout the central and northern California, the CNPCG at

the Arboretum could serve as the foundation for a complex and genetically diverse site for ex

situ plant conservation.

With the purpose of building on the current foundation of the CNPCG, Arboretum staff

continually work on propagation, maintenance, and monitoring of all recently collected seed and

vegetative clippings as well as the living collections and all other rare central coast plants within

its nurseries. Additional updates and enhancements to our website database with central coast

habitat distributions, local target species lists, and special status listings with both common and

botanical names, can guide anyone in the community interested in landscaping their own

properties towards benefiting specific habitat types or rare species. Other major considerations

regarding the progression of this project are the management of staff time, student gardener time,

and nursery improvements. To best serve the rare habitats and plant communities which we are

trying to save, we must strive for excellence and efficiency in every aspect of the project. As

35

immediate neighbors to these at risk species and habitats, it is our responsibility to properly care

for the land and protect our natural heritage.

Conservation of maritime chaparral diversity is clearly an issue with multiple factors

which create difficulties for conservation and affect its success. Such difficulties create

opportunities for conservationists, such as the establishment of conservation refugia in

landscaped settings outside of the wildlands (Vasey et. al., 2014). The expected continuance of

fire suppression in the coastal zones, in collaboration with model predictions for the climatic

future of the California coastline, estimated having annual reductions in fog thickness (a trend

already being observed over the last century) (Johnstone and Dawson, 2010), supports the

importance of the CNPCG as a future source population for the collection of seed and vegetative

material of rare endemic species given the genetic integrity of desired species has been retained.

In cooperation with existing nursery practices at the UCSC Arboretum, as well as resources

offered by different departments throughout the University, the implications for conservation

through means of assisted migration are vast. The continual maintenance and expansion of the

CNPCG, as well as maintaining a collaborative research based relationship with faculty and

students at the University, should be among the Arboretum’s top priorities in the upcoming years

and beyond.

36

Figure 1: Map of different habitat regions overlying the maritime chaparral garden in the

CNPCG.

37

Figure 2: Map of the entire CNPCG, ranging from the Arboretum Reservoir to the top of the upper Arboretum, noting that the maritime chaparral section is found in the core of this image.

38

Figure 3: Map of different county representations, pathways, water lines, and faucets.

Codes within each zone correspond to the inventory list included at the end of this report. All

inventoried species can be located within their matching region.

39

Figure 4: Below is a map of the master plan for expanding the irrigation infrastructure

beyond the back gate of the UCSC Arboretum into the CNPCG.

40

Species Inventory Lists Corresponding to their Respective Counties of Origin:

Santa Barbara County, Ventura County, and Baja California Inventory (SB.V1):

41

San Luis Obispo County Inventory (SLO1):

42

San Luis Obispo County Inventory (SLO2):

43

Monterey County Inventory (M1):

44


45


46

47


48

49

50


51

52

Santa Cruz County Inventory (SC1):

53

54

55

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