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SENSASI dan PERSEPSI
Psikologi Umum II – Genap 2006
SENSASI
• Bersifat pribadi
• Merupakan stimulasi thd organ/indera kita
• Masing-masing orang memiliki sensasi yang berbeda satu sama lain.
• Melibatkan penyerapan energi, seperti cahaya atau suara, yang dilakukan oleh organ sensori misalnya mata dan telinga.
Sensasi
Proses menerima energi rangsangan dari lingkungan luar.
Rangsangan terdiri atas energi fisik, seperti cahaya, saura, dan panas
Rangsangan dideteksi melalui organ indra, rangsangan diterima berbentuk energi fisik yang diubah menjadi impuls listrik (transduksi)
Persepsi
• Proses mengatur dan mengartikan informasi sensoris untuk memberikan makna.
• Merupakan perwakilan internal dari dunia luar
• Bottom up processing reseptor sensoris mencatat informasi mengenai lingkungan luar dan mengirimkannya ke otak untuk analisis dan interpretasi, dipicu o/rangsangan
..lanjut
• Top Bottom processing dipicu oleh pemrosesan kognisi pada tingkat yg lebih tinggi di otak.
• Proses ini adalah ketika kita merasakan apa yang sedang terjadi dan mengaplikasikan kerangka kerja tersebut pada informasi dr dunia luar. Mencakup pengetahuan, sistem, kepercayaan, dan juga harapan kita
RESEPTOR SENSORI DAN OTAK
• Merupakan sel-sel yang terspesialisasi untuk mendeteksi informasi rangsangan dan memancarkannya ke saraf sensoris dan otak.
• Organ indra dan reseptor sensoris dimasukkan dalam beberapa kelas utama berdasarkan tipe energi yang dipancarkan, al: resepsi cahaya, resepsi mekanik, dan komereseptor.
Teori Pendeteksian Sinyal
• Teori pendeteksian sinyal, menitikberatkan pada pengambilan keputusan mengenai rangsangan pada saat adanya ketidakpastian. Terdapat faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi seperti kelelahan, harapan, dan keterdesakan.
• Akuisisi informasi, info yg diterima otak
• Kriteria, dasar permbuatan keputusan
MEMPERSEPSI RANGSANGAN SENSORIS
ATENSI
1. Atensi selektif, memfokuskan pada aspek spesifik sebuah pengalaman dan mengabaikan aspek yang lain
2. Atensi tidak hanya selektif tetapi juga dapat dialihkan.
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
VISUAL SYSTEM
Demonstration of the blind spot
Process Dark Adaptation
Hermann grid to see dark spot
Trichromatic Theory
Demontration of Complementary Afterimage
Distal & Proximal Stimuli
Auditory system 1.Ossicle. 2. Semicircular canal. 3. Cochlea. 4. Auditory nerve 5. Eustachian tube
6.Midle ear. 7. Ear drum 8. External ear canal
Sound waves funnel into the outer ear - the flap of skin and cartilage on the side of the head. They pass along a narrow tube, the ear canal, to a small patch of rubbery skin at its end, the
eardrum. The sound waves bounce off the eardrum and make it shake to and fro, or vibrate. The eardrum is connected to a row of three tiny bones linked together, the hammer, anvil and stirrup.
The vibrations pass along these bones. The stirrup presses against a small, fluid-filled, snail-shaped part, the cochlea, deep inside the ear. The vibrations pass as ripples into the fluid inside the cochlea. Here, they shake thousands of tiny hairs that stick into the fluid from hair cells. As
the hairs shake, the hair cells make nerve signals, which go along the auditory nerve to the hearing centre of the brain.
Taken from Medical Facts for Pilots
The Auditory Senses
Emotions andBehaviors
Organization andInterpretation
Selective Attention
Perceptual Process Model
Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting
Environmental Stimuli
Olfactory system. 1. Olfactory bulb. 2. nasal cavity. 3. Brain. 4. Olfactory epithelium 5. Vomeronasal organ. 6. Ions. 7 Glomeruli. *. Axon. 9. To olfactory cortex
Inside each side of the nose is an air chamber, the nasal cavity. Air comes in through the nostril and flows down, around the rear of the roof of the mouth, into the throat. But
when you sniff, air swirls up into the top of the cavity. Here is a small patch of about 10 million specialised olfactory (smelling) cells. They have long micro-hairs, or cilia,
sticking out from them. Odour particles in the air stick on to the cilia and make the olfactory cells produce nerve signals, which travel to the olfactory bulb. This is a pre-
processing centre that partly sorts the signals before they go along the olfactory tract to the brain where they are
Images from Scientific American by Roberto Osti and J.G. Hildebrand.
The Olfactory Sense
The tongue is covered with dozens of pimple-like projections called papillae. These grip and move food when you chew. Around the sides of the papillae are about 10,000 microscopic taste buds. Different parts of the tongue are sensitive to different flavours: sweet, salt, sour and bitter.
Image from The Human Body
The Gustatory Sense
The sense of touch is the name given to a network of nerve endings that reach just about every part of our body. These sensory nerve endings are located just below the skin and register light and heavy pressure on the skin and also differences in temperature. These nerve endings gather information and send it to the brain
The Touch Sense
Emotions andBehaviors
Organization andInterpretation
Selective Attention
Perceptual Process Model
Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting
Environmental Stimuli
A Poster for Trained Seal Act
Feature Analysis in Form Perception
The Principle of Figure & Ground
Figure Ground Relationships
Bentuk pemisahan paling primitif yang dilakukan oleh pikiran manusia
– Antara Figur dan Background
– Figur lebih terlihat karena terdapat Background
Figure Ground Relationships
• Contoh ilusi yang ada :– Necker Cube
Reverses Front and Back– Goblet Versus Person
• Kita mempelajari menganai figur yang ada bukan mengenai background
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
The Law of Proximity
• Elemen yang ada dikelompokkan berdasar kedekatan (proximity) atau kesamaan (nearness)
• Corollary• The Closer Together Two Elements Are, the More
Likely They Are Grouped Together
• Ex : We Hear or Organize Speech With Pauses
The Law of Proximity
Examples of Proximity as a Grouping Factor:
… … …
………
. . .
. . .. . . . . . . . .
The Law of Similarity
• Grouping By Size or Brightness
• Similar Factors in Auditory Grouping– Pitch– Background Noise Differentiation– We Can Talk and Hear at a Noisy Party
The Law of Common Direction
• Common Direction Means “Common Fate” (keumuman)
• Waves
• Extrapolating the Movement of Certain Items
The Law of Simplicity
• The Person shall organize the field into simple figures
- Good Gestalts
- Symmetry
- Regularity
- Smoothness
Reversible Figure
Shape Constancy
Explaining The Muller-Lyer Illusion
Four Geometric Illusions
• Refleks adalah gerak fisik otomatis yang dilakukan tanpa melalui kendali pikiran.
Contoh : bola