SENSATION & PERCEPTION

• Name the 7 senses.

• Taste (gustation)• Touch (tactile)• Smell (Olfaction)• Vision• Hearing (audition)• Balance (vestibular)• Kinesthesis (movement)

• What parts of the eye is responsible for each of the following:

• Protects the eye from dust, etc.• Allows light into the eye• Adjusts (dialates/constricts) the amount of light• Focuses the incoming light onto the retina

• Cornea• Pupil• Iris• Lens

•What is your retina’s center focus point and what receptors that pick up colors and details are clustered around it?

• Fovea• Cones

•What receptors in your retina detect black, white, & gray and are best in dim light (also peripheral vision)?

• Rods

• What is the transforming of stimulus energies (like sights, sounds, smells) into neural impulses our brains can interpret called?

• Transduction

• Your retina sends messages to the brain through what?•What part of the brain must it pass through before being processed?

• Optic Nerve• Thalamus

• In what area of your brain is vision processed (2 parts)?

• Occipital Lobes• Visual Cortex

•What is the place where your optic nerves cross to deliver information to the opposite hemisphere?

• Optic Chiasma

•What nerve cells pick up motion, shapes, lines, etc…?

• Feature Detectors

• What theory of color argues that there are 3 color receptors and the combinations of them make millions of colors?

• Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Color Theory• Make sure you also know the

Opponent Process Theory & after images

•What type of deafness occurs with damage to the middle or outer ear (eardrum, ossicles…)?

• Conduction Hearing Loss

•What type of deafness is due to damage to hair cells or nerves of the inner ear?

• Sensorineural• Can be caused by disease, loud noises…• Cochlear Implants

• What theory argues that pain is felt when small nerve fibers in the spinal cord are stimulated?

• Gate Control Theory of Pain

• What are the 5 taste sensations?

• Sweet• Sour• Salty• Bitter• Umami

• Our senses working together to interpret the world around us is called?

• Sensory Interaction

•Where is our equilibrium that controls our sense of balance located?

• Inner Ears

• What sense produces the strongest emotional reaction and why?

• Smell-direct link to the brain near the limbic system (no thalamus)

•What are the 2 types of perceptual processing?•Which one is due to our prior knowledge and schemas & our brain fills in the gaps?

• Top Down-our brain tells us what it is then we look at details• Bottom Up-looking at details to put the “puzzle pieces” together

• Our ability to focus our attention on a single talker while conversations and noise exist in the background is called…

• Cocktail Party Phenomenon

• Our conscious focus of awareness on stimuli is called…(we can only focus on one thing at a time)

• Selective Attention

•Mr. Boschman leaves the room and Mr. Abdullah comes in to fill in for him. You do not notice that you have a different teacher because you are so focused on the lab. What is this called?

• Change Blindness• Remember Vegas?

• You are driving and hit a man on a bike because you didn’t notice he was crossing the crosswalk. What is this an example of?

• Inattentional Blindness• Remember the Penguin & Gorilla?

• The minimum amount of light, sound, pressure, taste, or smell you need to detect it 50% of the time is called…

• Absolute threshold

• The smallest amount of change in a stimulus needed before we actually detect a change is called…

• Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

•What rule says the greater the intensity of the stimulus the greater the change is needed to be noticed?• Ex: if you are listening to your tv at 90, you will need to turn it down by a lot more than if the volume were at 20.

•Weber’s Law• Just remember Thalia handling all the $$$

• If you were to see an object and understand it based on seeing the object against its background, you would be performing what process?

• Figure-Ground Relationship

•What branch of psychology argues that we look at the WHOLE picture (grouping) instead of focusing on parts?

• Gestalt Psychology

What part of Gestalt Psychology is each of the following:• We group objects that are close together

as being part of same group• We see objects as similar in appearance as

being part of same group

• Proximity & Similarity

• Eleanor Gibson’s Visual Cliff experiments suggested that infants were capable of detecting what?

• Depth perception

• The difference in our vision between eyes is known as…(differences are greater as object gets closer to your eye)• You need both eyes to see what kinds of cues?

• Retinal Disparity• Binocular Cues

• What type of monocular cues are described in the following:

• Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance • The smaller the object the farther away we

think it is• If one object partially blocks another we

think it’s closer

• Linear Perspective• Relative Size• Interposition

•What is the illusion that if 2 or more lights are blinking on and off we think it is bouncing back and forth?

• Phi Phenomenon

• We have the tendency to perceive things in a certain way. For example, Jacob believes in UFOs. He sees something in the sky and automatically thinks it is a UFO (even though it might be something else. What is this an example of?

• Perceptual Set