SentenceSimple

compoundcomplex

ComplimentDirect object/ DOIndirect object /IO

Simple Sentenceone clause only

• The garden is looking beautiful.• The dentist examined my teeth.• We gather twice a week in this room.• The class begins at 8 o’clock.• We will spend vacation in Dubai.

Compound Sentencetwo main clauses joined by coordinators

• The sun is shining and there is no wind.• We found a stray child, so we took him to the

police station.• Jim opened the door and went outside.• Here is one shoe but where is the other?• I have left my keys in the car, or perhaps

dropped them in the market.• And, so, but, or, nor, while, therefore, though.

(coordinate clauses)

More than on coordinate clauses

• It was dark, and I didn’t want to walk home alone along the canal, so I turned into the main street, and caught a bus to reach my home.

Complex Sentencemain clause+ adverbial/noun/relative

• I shall remain where I am. • When I was younger, I thought so.• I forgive you since you repent.• I do it because I choose it.• The dog that barks does not bite.• Here is the book you want.• It is a long lane that has no turning.• He laughs best who laughs last.• Whatever happens keep calm.• Whichever road we take we shall be too lalte.

Compliments

The complete predicate is made up of the bare predicate (verb) as well as

several other important parts of the sentence. Within the complete predicate you

may find some of the following parts.1. direct object2. indirect object3. predicate nominative4. predicate adjective5. simple adverbs6. prepositional phrases7. clauses

1. DIRECT OBJECTSTwo words can make a complete sentence. One of those words must be asubject, (noun or pronoun), and the other must be a predicate (verb). Furthermore,the two words must express a complete thought.Rain fell.Jack drove.She screamed.Not every two word phrase that contains a noun/pronoun and a verbexpresses a complete thought. The following are incomplete sentences.Cindy caughtHe mailedYou are left asking questions.Cindy caught WHAT or WHOM?He mailed WHAT?Any noun or pronoun that makes these thoughts complete by answering thequestion WHAT? or WHOM? is called a direct object. Direct objects are alwaysnouns and pronouns and are found only after action verbs.Cindy caught the ball.He mailed a letter.Think of it this way. The action verb in this sentence is caught. The subjectof the sentence is Cindy. Who or what received the action? (Cindy caught who? orwhat?)...the ball. Ball is the direct object.Try finding the direct object in this sentence using the method describedabove.Len mailed his cheque

2. INDIRECT OBJECTSThe second kind of complement is called an indirect object. Indirect objectsalways come between action verbs and direct objects. In the examples below, the underlined word is the direct object, and the word in bold type is the indirectobject.Auntie Bessie gave the girls a present for their birthday.What did Aunt Bessie give? She gave a present. The noun present is the directobject. To whom did Aunt Bessie give a present? - the girls. The noun girls is theindirect object. The sentence below uses a pronoun as the indirect object.She gave them a present for their birthday.Think of it this way. Auntie Bessie had to give the present before the girls (them)could receive it. In other words, the present receives the action of giving directly.The girls (them) receive the action of giving indirectly.

Indirect objects are always found between the verb and the direct object.Our office sent the client a special delivery letter.Our office sent a special delivery letter (to the client).Have you charged them the right amount?Have you charged the right amount (to them)?His determination earned him a million dollars.His determination earned a million dollars (for him).Shirley asked us a question.Shirley asked a question (of us).

Here is another method for finding indirect objects.Marg brought her friends some flowers.The action verb in the sentence is broughtWho? or What? brought her friends some flowers. Marg brought - subjectAsk Marg brought whom? or what? flowers - direct objectAsk Marg brought some flowers to whom? friends - indirect object

PRONOUN SELECTIONPersonal pronouns change their form to show1. gender (masculine, feminine, neuter)2. number (singular, plural)3. person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)4. case

Case refers to the different forms a personal pronoun can take in differentparts of the sentence. Personal pronouns have three cases:1. subjective case5 (for subjects and predicate nominatives)2. objective case (for direct/indirect objects and objects of the preposition3. possessive case (to show ownership)CASE USES FORMSSubjective case subject I, you, he, she, it, we, you, theypredicate nominativeObjective case direct object me, you, him, her, it, us, you, themindirect objectobject of the prepositionPossessive case ownership my/mine, your/yours, his, hers, itsour/ours, your/yours, their/theirs

It was I who reported the accident.It was definitely she in the front seat of that car.The objective case, as its name suggests, is used for objects.They overheard him and me on the phone. (direct object)The group awarded them and us the same prize. (indirect object)Divide the money between him and her. (object of the preposition)The possessive case has two forms. When a personal pronoun is placed in front of anoun, the forms my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their are correct.

The interrogative pronoun who also has case.SUBJECTIVE CASE, OBJECTIVE CASE and POSSESSIVE CASE

who/ whom /whoseExamples: Who cooked this steak? (interrogative pronoun - subjective case)Whom did you see there? (interrogative pronoun - objective case)To whom have you spoken? (interrogative pronoun - objective case)Whose shorts are these? (interrogative pronoun - possessive case)Whose are these? (interrogative pronoun - possessive case)

3. PREDICATE NOMINATIVESSentences constructed with linking verbs contain a special kind of complement.These complements occur only after linking verbs. If a noun/pronoun completes themeaning of the linking verb, it is called a predicate nominative.My sister became a teacher.The complete predicate in this sentence is became a teacher. The bare predicate is thelinking verb became. The complement which completes the meaning of this linkingverb is the noun, teacher. The word, teacher, is called a predicate nominative.

In formal writing, a personal pronoun which follows a linking verb must be in thesubjective (nominative case)It was I who made that policy decision.In conversation and informal writing, it is more common to say,Who’s there? It’s me. or It’s them.

4. PREDICATE ADJECTIVESWhen an adjective completes the meaning of a linking verb, it is called apredicate adjective.My sister felt happy about her new job.The clouds grew dark because of the storm.Those cinnamon rolls smell delicious.The learners never became discouragedThe complete predicate in this sentence is felt happy about her new job. The barepredicate is the linking verb felt. The word which completes the meaning of this verb (the complement) is the adjective, happy. Thus happy is a predicate adjective.