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an essay about sentences
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SENTENCE
NAME : WISNU MURTI
NIM : 16511186
FACULTY : STEI
CLASS : WR-06
LECTURER : BAMBANG SUPRIYANTO
SENTENCE
Literature is all about letters. Letters are joined together exquisitely and become
words. Words by words compound each other and miraculously become sentences. All of
writings are about sentences. Hereby, I would like to explore deeper into sentences. What
sentences are, how we make beautiful sentences yet interesting, type of sentences, and many
other.
Every writer always wants to make their writings interesting and informative. These
would be fulfilled by using effective and catchy sentences. Not writing many short sentences
or long sentences will be a very good technique in writing good essay. And we also should
know how many types of sentences there are. Well, here you go, enjoy.
SENTENCE TYPES BY STRUCTURE:
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence, or usually called an independent clause, contains a subject and a
verb, and it expresses a complete thought. A simple sentence contains one subject and one
verb for the minimum. It contains no coordinator, but can contain compound subjects or
verbs. Look at the example:
A. I go to the campus on weekdays.
B. Lala and Poo like to sing everyday.
C. Kemmy buys a pizza and eats it by himself.
The three examples above are all simple sentences. Here, you can see that sentence B
has a compound subject, Lala and Poo, and sentence C has a compound verb, which is buys
and eats. It means that a simple sentence may not be containing any coordinator, but it can
contain compound subject or verb. And the utmost important is a simple sentence must
contain a complete thought.
2. COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The
coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Except for very short sentences,
coordinators are always preceded by a comma. I will explain each of the coordinator.
a. for
for is used to explain reasons. For example:
A. I ring the bell, for no one is answering my call.
B. He plays alone, for no one wants to play with him.
C. Susi writes the essay, for Elli went to school.
From the sentences above, we can see that for explains one independent clause with
another independent clause. Look at sentence A, “I ring the bell” is the after-effect of “no
one is answering my call”. We can conclude that because no one is answering his call, he
rings the bell. The same at sentence B, because no one wants to play with him, he has to play
alone. While at sentence C, we can see that the first thing to happen is “Elli went to school”,
then after that, “Susi writes the essay”. Note that “Susi writes the essay” is the consequence
of the first action, “Elli went to school”. Then we can conclude that Susi possibly writes the
essay because she has nothing to do while Elli went to school.
b. and
and is used to joint two positive-relating independent clauses. For example:
A. I watch horror movie, and he watches cartoon movie.
B. Amel buys popcorn, and Andi buys cola.
C. Dikra sleeps on the couch, and Ario sleeps on the bed.
From the sentences above, we can see that every independent clause relates each other
without any contrary. Look at sentence A, “I watch horror movie” and “He watches cartoon
movie” are two actions that can be done at the same time without one canceling the other one.
The same thing happens with sentence B and sentence C.
c. nor
nor is used to express negatives of two independent clauses. For example:
A. I will not use those clothes, nor will he use those clothes.
B. Susi doesn’t like to wake up at 6 am, nor does she like to wake up at 5 am.
C. I don’t like chocolate, nor do I like ice cream.
From the sentences above, we can see that nor continues the negative from the first
independent clause to the second independent clause. Look at sentence A, it means that
neither I nor him will use those clothes. While at sentence B, Susi doesn’t like to wake up at
6 am and she also doesn’t like to wake up at 5 am. We can express both the negatives with a
single nor as you can see in the example. The same thing goes to sentence C.
d. but
but is used to show contrary. For example:
A. I like to watch Opera, but my sister doesn’t like it.
B. Paris Hilton wants to buy Chihuahua, but she doesn’t have any money.
C. I always want to be with you, but you keep on ignoring me.
From above sentences, we can see that but express the contrast of the first
independent clause with the second independent clause. Look at sentence A, it is clearly a
contrast between “like” and “dislike”, and it can be expressed with but. Sentence B shows the
contrary as an inability of doing the first action, again with but. The same thing goes with
sentence C.
e. or
or is used to show an alternative, or to suggest that only one possibility may occur.
For example:
A. I should write an essay, or I can fail the class.
B. We can bake the bread, or we can just eat the leftovers.
C. Susi can play the guitar, or she can just sit around.
From above sentences, we can see that or can show alternative, or even a possible
event. In sentence A, the or express that “if I don’t write an essay, I will fail the class”. While
in sentence B and C, or express two different action which can be choose by the doer to do.
f. yet
yet is to be used to express contrary. For example:
A. My body doesn’t feel good, yet it can still be moved.
B. The test was very hard, yet I still can do it.
C. He likes to smoke, yet he doesn’t use drugs.
From sentences above, we can conclude that yet is used to express contrary
independent clauses. Sentence A tells us that his body doesn’t feel good, but in fact, his body
can still be moved, which is a contrary from the first independent cluse. The same thing goes
for sentence B and C.
g. so
so presents a consequence. For example:
A. I don’t have any shoes, so I will buy them tomorrow.
B. Mila is busy with her essay, so she chooses not to watch tv today.
C. Alex works all the night, so he doesn’t have time to rest.
From sentences above, we can see that so express the consequence of the first
independent clause. Let’s look at sentence A, the action ”I will buy shoes tomorrow” is the
consequence of the first statement which says “I don’t have any shoes”. The same thing
happens to sentence B and C.
3. COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent
clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after,
although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. Look at the example:
A. Because I come home late, I cannot watch my favorite tv show.
B. I was eating when my mother arrives.
C. I have been handsome since I was born.
4. COMPOUND – COMPLEX SENTENCE
Compound - complex sentences contain at least one dependent clause and more than
one independent clause. The clauses are connected by both conjunctions (i.e., but, so, and,
etc.) and subordinators (i.e., who, because, although, etc.). Example:
A. John, who briefly visited last month, won the prize, and he took a short
vacation.
B. Jack forgot his friend's birthday, so he sent him a card when he finally
remembered.
C. The report which Tom complied was presented to the board, but it was rejected
because it was too complex.
SENTENCE TYPES BY PURPOSE:
1. Declarative
A declarative sentence "declares" or states a fact, arrangement or opinion. Declarative
sentences can be either positive or negative. A declarative sentence ends with a period (.).
Look at the example :
A. I'll meet you at the bus stop.
B. The sun sets in the West.
C. He doesn't get up early.
2. Imperative
The imperative sentence commands (or sometimes requests). The imperative takes no
subject as 'you' is the implied subject. The imperative form ends with either a period (.) or an
exclamation point (!). Look at the example:
A. Open the book.
B. Finish your assignment!
C. Clean the toilet!
3. Interrogative
The interrogative asks a question. In the interrogative form, the auxiliary verb
precedes the subject which is then followed by the main verb (i.e., Where are you ....?). The
interrogative form ends with a question mark (?). Look at the example:
A. How long have you studied in England?
B. When will you come back?
C. Do you enjoy listening to jazz music?
4. Exclamatory
The exclamatory form emphasizes a statement (either declarative or imperative) with
an exclamation point (!). Look at the example:
A. Come quick!
B. That’s so unbelievable!
C. I’m very glad to hear that!
5. Conditional
The conditional sentence is used to express what one would do if a condition were
met. There are several types of conditional sentences:
a. The “zero” conditional
This type of conditional is usually used to present law of science, or universal
statement. If at zero conditional can also be replaced with when. Look at the example:
A. If I drop an apple, it will fall.
B. If I freeze water at 00C, it will turn to ice.
C. You will become hungry if you didn’t eat for a long time.
b. Conditional 1
Conditional 1 is used to express hypothetical condition that has a possibility to
become true, but not yet verified. Look at the example:
A. If it rains today, I will not come to her house.
B. If I become a President, I will care about all the have-nots.
C. If you depart now, you can catch the next train.
c. Conditional 2
Conditional 2 is used to express something that is known to be false or impossible to
become true. Look at the example:
A. If I were you, I will dump her for sure.
B. If I were the king, I could have you eaten by the lions.
C. If I could fly, I will take you anywhere.
d. Conditional 3
Conditional 3 is used to refer to contrary-to-past event. Look at the example:
A. I would have bought the house if I had had enough money.
B. If I had had more time, I could have done the essay.
C. If yesterday had been sunny, we could have gone out.
CLAUSE
In grammar, a clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete
proposition. In some languages it may be a pair or group of words that consists of a subject
and a predicate, although in other languages in certain clauses the subject may not appear
explicitly as a noun phrase, being instead marked on the verb (this is especially common in
null subject languages). The most basic kind of sentence consists of a single (independent)
clause. More complex sentences may contain multiple clauses, including clauses contained
within clauses. Clauses may be independent or dependent. Independent clauses are those that
could stand as a sentence by themselves, although they may be used connected with other
clauses in a longer sentence. Dependent clauses are those that would be awkward or
nonsensical if used alone, and must be used in a sentence also containing an independent
clause.
Clauses are often contrasted with phrases. Traditionally, a clause was said to have
both a finite verb and its subject, whereas a phrase either contained a finite verb but not its
subject (in which case it is a verb phrase) or did not contain a finite verb. Hence, in the
sentence "I didn't know that the dog ran through the yard," "that the dog ran through the yard"
is a clause, as is the sentence as a whole, while "the yard," "through the yard," "ran through
the yard," and "the dog" are all phrases. However, modern linguists do not draw the same
distinction, as they accept the idea of a non-finite clause, a clause that is organized around a
non-finite verb.
1. DEPENDENT CLAUSE
A dependent clause (also subordinate clause) is a clause that is used in conjunction
with an independent clause and that augments it with additional information. Dependent
clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence; instead, they modify the independent clause of a
sentence or serve as a component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as
a synonym for dependent clause, but in some grammars subordinate clause refers only to
adverbial dependent clauses.
2. DEPENDENT WORDS
A dependent clause usually begins with a dependent word. One kind of dependent
word is a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions are used to begin dependent
clauses known as adverbial clauses, which act like adverbs. In the following examples, the
adverbial clauses are bold and the subordinating conjunctions are italicized:
A. Wherever she goes, she leaves a piece of luggage behind.
(The adverbial clause wherever she goes modifies the verb leaves.)
B. Bob enjoyed the movie more than I did.
(The adverbial clause than I did modifies the adverb more.)
Another type of dependent word is the relative pronoun. Relative pronouns begin
dependent clauses known as relative clauses. These can either be adjective clauses, which act
like adjectives, or noun clauses, which act like nouns. In the following examples, the
dependent clauses are bold and the relative pronouns are italicized:
A. The only one of the seven dwarfs who does not have a beard is Dopey.
(The adjective clause who does not have a beard describes the pronoun one.)
B. No one understands why you need experience.
(The noun clause why you need experience functions as the direct object of the
main-clause verb "understands".)
3. STRUCTURES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
Dependent clauses may be classified by their structure, although this classification
scheme does make some reference to the clause's function in a sentence. This scheme is more
complex than analysis by function, as there are many different ways that a dependent clause
can be structured. Common structures include the following:
a. Many dependent clauses, such as "before he comes" or "because they agreed,"
consist of a preposition-like subordinating conjunction, plus what would otherwise
be an independent clause. These clauses act much like prepositional phrases, and
are either adjective clauses or adverb clauses, with many being able to function in
either capacity.
b. Relative clauses, such as "which I couldn't see," generally consist of a relative
pronoun, plus a clause in which the relative pronoun plays a part. Relative clauses
usually function as adjective clauses, but occasionally they function as adverb
clauses; in either case, they modify their relative pronoun's antecedent and follow
the phrase or clause that they modify.
c. Fused relative clauses, such as "what she did" (in the sense of "the thing she
did"), are like ordinary relative clauses except that they act as noun clauses; they
incorporate their subjects into their relative pronouns.
d. Declarative content clauses, such as "that they came," usually consist of the
conjunction that plus what would otherwise be an independent clause, or of an
independent clause alone (with an implicit preceding that). For this reason, they
are often called that-clauses. Declarative content clauses refer to states of affairs;
it is often implied that the state of affairs is the case, as in "It is fortunate that they
came," but this implication is easily removed by the context, as in "It is doubtful
that they came."
e. Interrogative content clauses, such as "whether they came" and "where he went"
(as in "I don't know where he went"), are much like declarative ones, except that
they are introduced by interrogative words. Rather than referring to a state of
affairs, they refer to an unknown element of a state of affairs, such as one of the
participants (as in "I wonder who came") or even the truth of the state (as in "I
wonder whether he came").
f. Small clauses, such as "him leave" (as in "I saw him leave") and "him to leave"
(as in "I wanted him to leave"), are minimal predicate structures, consisting only
of an object and an additional structure (usually an infinitive), with the latter being
predicated to the former by a controlling verb or preposition.
4. TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
There are three main types of dependent clause: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and
adverb clauses, so-called for their syntactic and semantic resemblance to nouns, adjectives,
and adverbs, respectively.
a. Noun clause
A noun clause can be used like a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative,
direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the noun
clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and
whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverbial clauses. A
clause is a noun clause if a pronoun (he, she, it, or they) could be substituted for it. Examples:
A. I know who said that. (I know it.) (The dependent clause serves as the object of
the main-clause verb "know".)
B. Whoever made that assertion is wrong. (He/she is wrong.) (The dependent
clause serves as the subject of the main clause.)
Sometimes, a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example:
A. I know that he is here.
B. I know he is here. (without "that")
In some cases, use of the introductory word, though grammatically correct, may sound
cumbersome in English, and the introductory word may be omitted. Example:
A. I think that it is pretty. (less common)
B. I think it is pretty. (more common)
b. Adjective clause
An adjective clause modifies a noun phrase. In English, adjective clauses typically
come at the end of their phrase and usually have a relative pronoun forming a relative clause.
The pronoun can sometimes be omitted to produce a reduced relative clause:
A. "The woman (who) I saw said otherwise."
B. "I found the book that she suggested to me."
Punctuation
The punctuation of an adjective clause depends on whether it is essential or
nonessential and use commas accordingly. Essential clauses are not set off with commas,
while non-essential clauses are. An adjective clause is essential if the information it contains
is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. For example:
“The vegetables that people often leave uneaten are usually the most nutritious.”
Here "vegetables" is nonspecific, so in order to know which ones is being referred to,
one must have the information provided in the adjective clause (in italics). Because it restricts
the meaning of "vegetable", this adjective clause is called a restrictive clause; it is essential to
the meaning of the main clause and uses no commas (and correspondingly, does not
experience a pause when spoken).
However, if the additional information does not help to identify more narrowly the
identity of the noun antecedent but rather simply provides further information about it, then
the adjective clause is non-restrictive and does require commas (or a spoken pause) to
separate it from the rest of the sentence. For example:
“Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious.”
Depending on context, a particular noun could be modified by either a restrictive or
non-restrictive adjective clause. For example, while "broccoli" is modified non-restrictively
in the preceding sentence, it is modified restrictively in the following.
“The broccoli which people leave uneaten is often nutritious.”
c. Adverbial clause
An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it
contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.
A. I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
B. He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)
Kinds of adverbial clauses
kind of
clausecommon conjunctions function example
time clauses
when, before, after, since,
while, as, as long as,
until,till, etc. (conjunctions
that answer the question
"when?"); hardly, scarcely,
no sooner, etc.[1]
These clauses are used to
say when something
happens by referring to a
period of time or to
another event.
Her goldfish died
when she was young.
conditional if, unless These clauses are used to If they lose weight
clauses
talk about a possible
situation and its
consequences.
during an illness,
they soon regain it
afterwards.
purpose
clauses
in order to, so that, in order
that
These clauses are used to
indicate the purpose of an
action.
They had to take
some of his land so
that they could
extend the
churchyard.
reason
clausesbecause, since, as, given
These clauses are used to
indicate the reason for
something.
I couldn't feel anger
against him because
I liked him too much.
result clauses so..that
These clauses are used to
indicate the result of
something.
My suitcase had
become so damaged
on the journey home
that the lid would not
stay closed.
concessive
clausesalthough, though, while
These clauses are used to
make two statements, one
of which contrasts with
the other or makes it
seem surprising.
I used to read a lot
although I don't get
much time for books
now.
place clauses
where, wherever, anywhere,
everywhere, etc.
(conjunctions that answer
the question "where?")
These clauses are used to
talk about the location or
position of something.
He said he was
happy where he was.
clauses of
manneras, like, the way
These clauses are used to
talk about someone's
behaviour or the way
something is done.
I was never allowed
to do things as I
wanted to do them.
clauses of what a(an), how, such, so Exclamations are used to What horrible news!
exclamation
express anger, fear,
shock, surprise etc. They
always take an
exclamation mark (!).
How fast she types!
You lucky man!