What do you remember about the enlightenment?

Agenda

1. Drill

2. Enlightenment Intro Video

3. Survey

4. Maybe Gallery Walk if there is time.

September 11, 2012

There is a trend in studying the enlightenment that I hope you get from the video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0B28_gwj0M

Enlightenment Video

September 12, 2012

Drill: Life, Liberty and Property was pushed by what enlightenment thinker?

AGENDA

Drill

Get back quizzes

First stage of Philosophers Walk Around

Enlightenment Thinkers

Thinkers walk around

▪ In pairs, answer the questions based on the articles. Circulate around articles, answering questions in the packet.

We will only have time for maybe one today…..ok maybe two.

September 13, 2012

Drill

Which Enlightenment philosopher argued for balance of powers, or branches, in government?

Agenda

1. Drill2. Finish Walk Around3. Go over walk around

Montesquieu 5th

11:33 –12:08

6th12:12 – 12:47

7th12:51 – 1:26

8th1:30 – 2:05

9th2:09 – 2:44

September 14, 2012

Drill: Why did Montesquieu believe women could be valuable in government?

Agenda

DrillGo over article questionsEssential questions on the back

Women are gentle, pure, uncorrupt, weak, humble. Unlike men who are harsh and ferocious.

Homework:

Finish Essential Questions

1-3 on back if not done

in class

ATTN: Computer Lab on Monday

Hobbes

1. Hobbes wrote in Leviathan that people are naturally wicked and cannot be trusted to govern (likes monarchy).

2. He believed that all people are equal, & that this equality leads to competition & violence. In Leviathan Hobbes wrote that humans are driven by a “perpetual & reckless desire for power…that ceases only in death,” and that the natural condition of humankind is a situation of “a war…”

Hobbes

3. Because he thought that people act in their own selfish interests

4. He also felt that nations, like people, are selfishly motivated and in a constant battle for power & wealth

5. Governments were created, according to Hobbes, to protect people from their own selfishness & evil. He believed that it is not possible for people to have both freedom & peace, since the state of freedom is a state of unlimited greed & war.

Hobbes

6. Hobbes believed that a ruler’s absolute power comes not from God, but from people rationally deciding that this is in their best interests. Hobbes considered that the ruler could abuse his or her absolute power & become cruel & unfair.

7. However, this problem could be lessened, Hobbes believed, by appointing a diverse group of representatives to present the problems of the common people to the leviathan. These representatives would only have the power to present opinions, since all final decisions would be made by the leviathan (the Monarch).

Hobbes

8. The role of Government is to protect the people from each other and provide stability and peace for the civilization.

John Locke

1. He was deeply influenced by the writing of the French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes, who proclaimed that all men possess the ability to reason. Locke also believed that people develop reason and can therefore rationally settle their differences by seeking a middle ground & compromising.

2. Throughout his writings, Locke argued that people have the gift of reason, or the ability to think. Locke thought people have the natural ability to govern themselves & to look after the well-being of society

John Locke

3. Governments are formed, according to Locke, to protect the right to life, the right to freedom, & the right to property. These rights are absolute, belonging to all people.

4. If any government abuses the rights of the people instead of protecting them, the people have the right to rebel & form a new government.

Quote from John Locke

“Whenever [the preservation of life, liberty, & property for which power is given to rulers by a commonwealth] is manifestly neglected or opposed, the trust must necessarily be forfeited & then [returned] into the hands of those that gave it, who may place it anew where they think best for their safety & security”

Baron de Montesquieu

1. On the Spirit of the Laws outlined his ideas on how government would best work.

2. He thought that women were weaker than men & that they had to obey the commands of their husbands. At the same time, he felt that the gentler nature of women could make them valuable decision makers & participants in government.

Baron de Montesquieu

3. There are three forms of government: monarchy (rule by a king or a queen), aristocracy (rule by the noble or wealth class), & republicanism (rule by elected leaders).

4. Montesquieu believed, should be based on political virtue (moral goodness) & equality, in that aspect he likes republics, and opposes monarchies.

Baron de Montesquieu

5. He thought that England in the 18th century provided the best model of government because it divided power among three parts: King, Parliament and the courts

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1. Rousseau believed that people are born good, independent, & compassionate. It left to their own devices in a state of nature people would naturally live happily & peacefully

2. Society’s institutions, like government, schools, the arts, and the media, corrupt naturally good individuals.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

3. Each adult male voted on laws himself, without anybody representing him This form of direct democracy also flourished briefly in ancient Athens & Rome

Mary Wollstonecraft

1. Wollstonecraft did not want to get married and be controlled by her husband like many other women she knew. Marriage suppressed women at that time.

2. Women led a restricted life during Wollstonecraft’s time. Men gradually thought that women had an inferior intellect & considered them weak by nature

Mary Wollstonecraft

1. Wollstonecraft did not want to get married and be controlled by her husband like many other women she knew. Marriage suppressed women at that time.

2. Women led a restricted life during Wollstonecraft’s time. Men gradually thought that women had an inferior intellect & considered them weak by nature

Mary Wollstonecraft

3. Human nature can be perfected if education is improved & oppression ended.

4. She demanded that women, whether married or single, must participate in civic & political life, & that they be able to study professions

BIG PICTURE!JOHN LOCKE All people have certain rights The government is supposed to protect everyone’s rights If the government fails to protect people’s rights →people can

overthrow the governmentMontesquieu• Separate the powers of government:

Rousseau Social Contract” Majority ruleHobbes• Jerk

September 17, 2012

Drill: Enlightenment ideas led which estate into thinking change was necessary in the French Revolution?

Agenda

DrillVideoEnlightenment into F.R. Guided Notes

3rd Estate

Why was Paris a hotbed of the Enlightenment, where did thinkers meet?

II. Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution: A change in the way people

looked for answers to life’s questions a time when math and science were used to make

decisions (not faith) Scientific Method: a process of

experimentation and observation Geocentric Theory:

“Earth” centered universe Supported by the Church

Heliocentric Theory: Developed by Copernicus, proven by Galileo “Sun” centered universe Proven with a telescope to be true Went against the Church’s teachings

III. The Enlightenment Enlightened Despot: an absolute monarch that used

their power for the good of the people

Maria Theresa: (Austria) - Everyone should pay taxes Nobles and Clergy too!

- Education for all children 

Joseph II: (Austria – Maria’s son) Choose govt. officials on their talent – not who they were or who they knew

Catherine the Great: (Russia) expanded Russia’s borders got a warm water port

IV. Impact of the Enlightenment Common people became aware of

new rights they had People began to consider revolution

as an option to change their government

IV. Impact of the Enlightenment 3 political revolutions we will study:

American French Latin American

V. American Revolution When: Late 1770’s Where: British colonies in America Goal: to break away from British control How the Enlightenment influenced American

Patriots The Declaration of Independence: LOCKE: all humans have political rights; the people

have ht right to overthrow a bad government

The U.S. Constitution:  MONTESQUIEU: separation of powers ROUSSEAU: - “Social contract” between people

and government

V. American Revolution

Impact the American Revolution had on other cultures It inspired other people to have their

own revolutions The U.S. Constitution became a model

for other nations to follow and use

VI. French Revolution When: 1780s and 1790s Goal: Wanted new government to protect

them Causes:

Social Class System – poorest people paid all the taxes

Economic Problems – poor govt. decisions and bad harvests caused starvation for the poor

Enlightenment Ideas – they let common people realize that they had choices about their govt.

American Revolution – The Inspiration

The French Estates

The 3rd estate had equal rights under the law of the Estates General; but in reality very few rights….why is this a problem?