SEPTEMBER 2017 Newcastle Waters Feathertop Burning Trial · While Chinese traditional medicine was a major focus during of the symposium, donkey milk and premium meat products were

DEPARTMENT OF

PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND RESOURCES Page 1 of 20 Barkly Beef Newsletter

SEPTEMBER 2017

Inside this issue:

Newcastle Waters Feathertop

Burning Trial .................................... 1

1st International Symposium on

Donkey Science .............................. 3

Jodie Ward conquers the Mongol

Derby ................................................ 4

Calf loss study in the Central

Australia … interim findings .......... 6

Livestock disease investigations.. 9

Disease investigation case reports

......................................................... 10

BHV5 can cause sudden death in

young cattle .................................. 11

Review of the Cattle Tick Program

......................................................... 12

Northern Australian Biosecurity

Surveillance project ..................... 13

National Arbovirus Monitoring

Programme update...................... 14

Screw-Worm fly .......................... 16

Pastoral Market Update ............. 19

Newcastle Waters Feathertop Burning Trial

The Department of Primary Industry and Resources (DPIR) and Barkly

Landcare and Conservation Association (BLCA) recently commenced

a new trial at Newcastle Waters Station. The aim of the trial is to test

whether prescribed burning can be used to control Aristida latifolia

(feathertop wiregrass) in native pastures.

The 10-month project is a collaboration between the DPIR, BLCA,

Consolidated Pastoral Company and Territory National Resource

Management (TNRM).

Feathertop wiregrass is a native grass found widely across northern

Australia. It is relatively unpalatable to cattle and builds up during

sequences of good wet seasons or in overgrazed areas. Pastures

dominated by feathertop are less productive for cattle grazing.

Dionne Walsh, DPIR Rangeland Program Manager, says burning

experiments on grass species can be conducted in a relatively short

period.

“Our other burning experiments have investigated the use of fire to

control woody vegetation, which due to the lifespan of trees and

shrubs need to be long-term trials. This experiment is looking at how

effective burning is at controlling the dominance of a grass species,”

Dionne said.

The experimental plots on Newcastle Waters

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“This experiment builds on previous work done in western Queensland which showed that high mortality

rates can be achieved when fire is applied at the right time of year, around July/August.

“Producers want to know if this type of burning works under local conditions before they implement it on

their properties.

“Low soil moisture appears to be important for success – burning the shallow-rooted feathertop when it is

drought-stressed gets a good kill. The deeper-rooted valuable grasses typically survive the fire and get a

competitive edge in the following wet season.

“The goal of our experiment is to test whether the risks associated with burning in the middle of the dry

season are worth it, or not, and communicate that message to the wider industry.

Gabrielle Penna and Jane Douglas (DPIR) and Andy Bubb (BLCA) from Tennant Creek, together with Dionne

Walsh from Berrimah Farm, collected pasture and soil data and assisted station staff with the first burns in

July. Stephani Grove, TNRM Champion, also assisted in the recent data collection and second burn in

September.

The final measurements will be completed immediately after the wet season, around April 2018, with final

results to be reported by June 2018.

Jak Andrews (Newcastle Waters) & Jane Douglas (DPIR)

lighting up the fire plots

Steph Grove (TNRM Champion) (left) & Gabrielle Penna

(DPIR) (right) collecting soil samples to measure soil moisture

& seed numbers

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1st International Symposium on Donkey Science

Gabrielle Penna (DPIR Tennant Creek) recently travelled to China to attend the 1st International Symposium

on Donkey Science in Dong’e County, Shandong Province. The symposium was held over four days with

delegates from more than 20 countries attending.

The symposium was an opportunity for Gabrielle to gain further

knowledge about international donkey research, and create contacts

with donkey researchers.

The majority of research into donkeys has been conducted under

intensive management conditions, and this has resulted in large

knowledge gaps when thinking about the donkey as an extensive

production animal.

The gaps in extensive donkey production research would need to be

filled to ensure sustainability and to assist in industry development in

the Northern Territory (NT). Also, simple husbandry activities such as

weaning weights and growth curves have not yet been standardised

for use.

Chinese demand for donkey products is growing, and the local herd has almost halved since 1998 to 5.42

million head. Gabrielle’s visit provided a valuable insight into donkey demand drivers and product use in

China. The gelatin derived from donkey hide, known as E jiao, is particularly in demand for traditional

Chinese medicines, as well as cosmetic uses.

While Chinese traditional medicine was a major focus during of the symposium, donkey milk and premium

meat products were presented by representatives from Italy. Milk yield stands at around 1L per donkey/day,

and 90kg of consumable meat would be yielded from a 300kg donkey. Donkey milk is helpful as an

alternative milk for children with cow milk protein allergy as it is more similar to human breast milk.

The conference covered topics including the current situation of the

donkey industry in different countries, nutrition and healthcare,

reproduction, breeding and genetics, and donkey product

development and processing.

The conference enabled Gabrielle to gather valuable research

information and establish professional contacts which would not

have been possible in Australia. Increasing knowledge of donkey

research and expanding professional networks within the industry

will be extremely helpful when assessing the viability of a donkey

meat and hide market in the NT.

Donkeys in the China Agriculture

Research Facility

Gabrielle getting to know one of the local

residents

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Jodie Ward conquers the Mongol Derby

Would you suffer freezing cold weather, unruly horses, mental fatigue, soaking rain, dodgy food and a sore

bum just to follow a remote Mongolian messenger route?

Jodie Ward (DPIR Katherine) did, and raised money in the process for the Leukaemia Foundation in honour

of her late father, who was a great horse lover and bushman.

Jodie has returned to Katherine after completing the 1020km Mongol

Derby in August. The Mongol Derby sets out to recreate Genghis

Kahn’s messenger service.

Jodie says it was an amazing and eye opening journey.

“It challenged me physically and most of all mentally which is exactly

what I was hoping it would do,” Jodie said.

“Changing horses every 40km or so was the start of a whole new

adventure.

“Picking a good horse was one of the most crucial, as well as difficult,

components of the race. When riding into a changing station, there

were anywhere from 6-50 horses tied up waiting to complete the next

leg of the race.

“My teammates and I would try to make a good choice quickly by picking ones that looked most like the

sturdy stockhorses of Australia. While this strategy worked most of the time, I had my fair share of errors of

judgement!” Jodie said.

In the middle of holding onto forward charging half-wild horses, Jodie was able to observe the scenery,

grazing patterns, and the nomadic herding culture she rode through.

“It was unreal to travel through such a vast expanse of grazing country and not have to open one gate. I saw

only one fence protecting a newly planted wheat crop. The entire way of life for the Mongolian herders is

very different to anything I had seen previously,” Jodie said.

“My teammates and I stayed with two local families on the Steppe during the race. It was intriguing to

witness how these incredibly generous and giving people live so happily with so little. Being of a nomadic

lifestyle, the families typically had few possessions, but what they did have they were more than willing to

share with us despite the distinct language barriers.

“When I first signed up for the Derby, 1000km seemed quite far and I wondered how I’d ever get through it.

However, when broken into 40km bite sized chunks, it became more of an ongoing, addictive and exciting

adventure.

“Every new horse was an experience and each new leg of terrain was a journey. I would encourage anyone

who is interested in challenging themselves and pushing themselves to the limit to do it. It is such a

worthwhile personal development experience. If I had the opportunity, I’d do it again,” Jodie said.

Jodie was one of nine Aussies entered

in the Mongol Derby

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Calf loss study in Central Australia

Jocelyn Coventry, Pastoral Production Officer, Alice Springs

In 2012, a three-year study commenced to investigate reproductive loss on the arid rangelands of Old Man

Plains Research Station (OMP) (ref. 1). Many of this study’s findings have been consistent with those in a

large Meat and Livestock Australia-funded ‘CashCow’ research project (ref. 2), for example, pregnancy-to-

weaning reproductive loss within the 25—75 percentile range for the Northern Downs (3 to 15%) and

Northern Forest (9 to 19%) regions of northern Australia.

Interim findings

As a prelude to the summary report for the three year study, some interim findings were presented in a

poster at the 2016 North Australia Beef Research Update Conference (NBRUC) (ref. 3). This poster showed

the multi-faceted nature of the risk factors associated with the 18% foetal and calf loss between confirmed

pregnancy and weaning in year 1 (Table 1).

Of these losses, 17 occurred after calving (15.2% peri- and post-natal losses), including deaths associated

with a muster for calf-tagging, i.e. peri-natal calf loss as a result of predation or dehydration (heat stress)

during prolonged separation from the recently-calved cow (Figure 1), and post-natal calf loss as a result of

failure to securely ‘mother up’ again.

Table 1. Periods of reproductive loss, with associated factors in the first year of 3-year study.

Period of pregnancy-to-weaning loss vs. associated factors

Pre-natal

Peri-natal

Post-natal

BASED ON RECORDS

abortion (observed or indicated) 3

dystocia (indicated) 2

cow lost 1

no recorded factors – calf not seen 3

no recorded factors – calf seen 2

BASED ON OBSERVATIONS

steer interference 1 1

predation (+/- other factors) 2

paddock movement of late calving cows 1 1

muster for calf-tagging (+/- other factors) 2 1

Total 3 10 7

n = 112 cows retained in paddock

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After adoption of a ‘package’ of modified muster activities in

years two and three of the study, no further calf loss was

attributed to ‘muster for calf-tagging’. The modified activity

ensured: no overnight trapping; no yarding of cows with large

udders if ‘running back to the paddock for a calf’; drafting of

calves to rapidly process; and holding of cows and calves

outside the yard to ‘mother up’ afterwards.

These findings indicated that modification of muster activities

can decrease muster-related risk of calf loss. This is relevant to

those central Australian cattle properties with continuously-

mated, year-round calving herds that may not always be able to

avoid musters during a calving peak.

For enquiries, please contact Jocelyn Coventry, ph. 08 89518142.

References

1. Coventry, J. 2012, Investigation of reproductive loss, (NT) Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Alice

Springs Rural Review, 50 (September 2012), pp.1, 3.

2. McGowan, M., Fordyce, G., O’Rourke, P., Barnes, T., Morton, J., Menzies, D., Jephcott, S., McCosker, K., Smith,

D., Perkins, N., Marquart, L., Newsome, T., Burns, B. 2014, Northern Australian beef fertility project: CashCow, Final

report, Project B.NBP. 0382, Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney, N.S.W., 300 p.

3. Allan, C., Coventry, J., Gill, B., Sims, S. 2016, ‘Modified management to minimise calf loss at muster’ in

Proceedings, Northern Beef Research Update Conference, 2016, Rockhampton, Q. (Ed. E. Charmley), p. 201.

Figure 1 Peri-natal calf loss inside the water

yard—the dam finds her calf too late, weak and

dehydrated.

OVERVIEW

Multiple factors have been associated with foetal

and calf losses.

Some calf losses can be directly or indirectly

reduced with strategic management.

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Livestock disease investigations

The Department of Primary Industry and Resources (DPIR) provides a free disease investigation service to

livestock owners for diagnosis of notifiable emergency, exotic and endemic disease, including zoonotic

diseases. Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories provide free diagnostic testing for exclusion of notifiable disease

for all disease investigations, and subsidies are available to private veterinarians for significant disease

investigations in livestock. The Northern Australia Enhanced Disease Surveillance program has been

introduced from 2017-2019 on a trial basis providing increased subsidies for cattle and buffalo disease

events reported to and investigated by private veterinarians. This program recognises the higher costs and

challenges associated with conducting disease investigations in more remote regions.

During April to June 2017, 76 livestock disease investigations were conducted to rule out emergency

diseases or investigate suspect notifiable diseases across the Northern Territory (NT). Figure 1 shows the

number of investigations by species of livestock.

Figure 2 Livestock disease investigations by species for April to June 2017

Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories processed 177 livestock sample submissions, including samples to

substantiate proof of disease freedom certifications, for accreditation programs and targeted surveillance to

support market access.

The following case reports are a selection of field investigations of disease incidents during the quarter.

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Disease investigation case reports

Hendra virus excluded in horse with Crotalaria sp. toxicity

Acute neurological disease was investigated in an 18-year-old stockhorse mare in June 2017. The mare had

been losing weight for the previous three weeks despite a normal appetite, and was observed to suddenly

become unbalanced with a ‘hunched up’ stance. The horse was in a group of three horses that had been

brought to the Darwin property from the Katherine region 12 months previously.

On clinical examination, the mare was mildly depressed and dragging the toes of the hind feet, which was

more apparent when turned in a tight circle. She was easily pulled to the side on the tail sway test. There

was no pain or abnormalities found. Hendra virus infection was ruled out with testing of nasal swabs and

blood. Further tests suggested that there had been injury to the liver, as well as mild muscle damage

associated with loss of muscle/movement control.

On questioning the owners, it became apparent that the horse had access to pastures containing Crotalaria

sp. over several years when residing in the Katherine region. Crotalaria sp. contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids that

can cause cumulative liver damage and loss of brain function due to the liver being able to remove toxins

from the blood (hepatic encephalopathy) in horses several months after ingestion. This condition is

commonly known as ‘Kimberley horse disease’ or ‘walkabout disease’. There is no effective treatment for

this disease. Despite no known recent exposure to alkaloids, the mare continued to deteriorate and was

euthanased. For further information see Agnote K56: Walkabout (Kimberley Horse) Disease.

Figure 3 Crotalaria crispata low growing plant and flower

https://dpir.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/233220/843.pdfhttps:/dpir.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/233220/843.pdf

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Report into an investigation of a suspected case of psittacosis in a cockatiel at a roadhouse in Central

Australia

A notification was received from a member of the public with wildlife expertise who had visited a roadhouse

in Central Australia in late March 2017, advising that three cockatiels in an aviary cage of 25 were exhibiting

clinical signs consistent with psittacosis – a significant zoonoses. A photograph of the most severely

affected bird was provided, showing the bird ’fluffed up‘ and depressed, with stained plumage and one eye

swollen and partially closed, indicating conjunctivitis and possible sinusitis.

At a follow-up visit by the regional veterinary officer, the most

severely affected bird was euthanised for necropsy. Gross necropsy

revealed caseous conjunctivitis involving both eyes. Histopathology

showed a marked squamous metaplasia of lacrimal duct and nasal

mucosae, with massive intraluminal accumulation of keratin. There

were no notable gross or histological findings in other tissues.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of pooled cloacal, tracheal

and ocular swabs from the euthanased and the two other affected

birds excluded influenza type A, Newcastle Disease Virus and

Chlamydiacae bacteria.

A diagnosis of hypovitaminosis A was made, and the owner was

given advice to change the birds’ diet. No further losses have been

reported.

BHV5 can cause sudden death in young cattle

In the June 2017 Animal Health News we reported on a case of BHV5 which happened on a property

outside Katherine in early May 2017. BHV5 is a virus that causes inflammation (swelling) of the brain in

cattle. It was first discovered in Queensland in 1962, and is thought to be present worldwide. BHV5 is

closely related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), the virus which causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. Infection with BHV5 should be considered in cases of neurological

disease or sudden death in young cattle in Northern Australia.

BHV5 is spread through the nasal fluid of infected cattle. When cattle come into contact with this infected

fluid via the mouth or nose, they become infected and the virus spreads to the brain. In the brain, the virus

can lay ‘dormant’ (not having any affect), or it can cause swelling which can cause neurological signs such as:

• depression

• tremors

• teeth grinding, mouth chomping and salivation

• circling

• laying down

There is no treatment for BHV5, and severe cases can result in death. In cattle where the virus is dormant, it

can reactivate and begin to cause signs if the animal becomes stressed- such as after weaning, mustering,

transport or overcrowding. Disease due to BHV5 infection is most commonly seen in weaners under six

months of age.

Figure 4 cockatiel with hypovitaminosis A

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Diagnosis of BHV5 can be made by running lab tests on nasal

fluid or tissue samples to detect the BHV5 virus. Generally a

full range of post-mortem samples, including the brain, are

required. As there are some severe strains of bovine

herpesviruses which are exotic to Australia, it’s important to

contact your vet and get the appropriate testing done.

There is no specific vaccine available for BHV5. In cattle vaccinated against BHV1 or previously infected with BHV1, signs of BHV5 may be prevented. Even immune cattle can still shed the BHV5 virus to other cattle.

Review of the Cattle Tick Program

The Department of Primary Industry and Resources (DPIR) is currently responsible for the management and

delivery of a regulated Cattle Tick Program, with co-operation from the cattle industry and other livestock

owners, which aims to minimise the cost of cattle tick and tick fever in the Northern Territory (NT).

A review is currently being undertaken to ensure that an effective risk-based, practical and financially viable

program is maintained for the management of cattle tick based on clear and simple regulation, sound technical

evidence, and appropriate resource allocation through consultation with the relevant livestock industries and

other stakeholders. A discussion paper will be released in September 2017, and is focused on addressing

several key issues to determine the future management and delivery of the cattle tick program in the NT.

These issues include:

which Cattle Tick Zones are required for effective management and whether the Parkhurst Zone and/or the Control Zone are needed

appropriate risk mitigation for cattle tick in high-risk species such as cattle and buffalo and low-risk risk species such as horses

what is appropriate risk mitigation for low-risk prior to movement who is most appropriate person to undertake the cattle tick inspection and treatment (government

inspector, third party inspector or livestock owner) and for which species appropriate certification options which may include Inspector or owner declaration.

Following these outcomes, a decision on the funding mechanism (partial cost recovery, full cost recovery, levy

or a combination) for the cattle tick program in the short-term and longer-term will be required.

The review provides an overview of the history of cattle tick and management in the NT including zoning

changes, chemical resistance, regulated livestock inspections and treatment statistics for movement, program

costs and revenue from inspection services and cattle tick management in other states. It also outlines the

current regulatory framework related to notifiable disease reporting obligations, declared areas and

movement restrictions for cattle tick and fees for service.

Figure 5 BHV5 affected weaner unable to stand

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The potential risks associated with cattle tick management in the NT and the issues, risks and benefits

associated with options for the future management, delivery and funding of the cattle tick program in the

NT are presented for the cattle industry and livestock owners to consider. A timeline for the activities that

will be required if changes are to be made to the program management and/or delivery including regulatory

changes is also presented in the review. The review will be presented at industry organisation meetings, and

livestock owners and other stakeholders can provide feedback on the review to the department by

contacting Sue Fitzpatrick. [email protected] 08 8999 2123 or 0407 498 003

Northern Australian Biosecurity Surveillance project

The Northern Australia Biosecurity Surveillance (NABS) project is one of several collaborative projects

between industry, State and Territory and Commonwealth governments funded by the Agricultural

Competitiveness White Paper to manage new and growing biosecurity risks in northern Australia. The NABS

project is focused on improving disease surveillance across northern Australia, and a number of key activities

have been identified to achieve this during 2017-2019. These activities include providing resources such as

tools, technology and training for cattle producers and vets, and subsidies for livestock disease

investigations.

Post-mortem (PM) sampling kits

All pastoral properties in the Northern Territory will be provided with a post-mortem (PM) sampling kit

during the annual property visits undertaken by the Livestock Biosecurity team. This kit can be used to

collect samples for laboratory diagnosis in the event that livestock get sick or die.

Private cattle vets are encouraged to use the property PM sampling kit to assist them in disease

investigations. There is also funding available to subsidise the cost of disease investigation in

livestock across northern Australia from 2017-2019.

Early-case blood samples and nasal swabs (prior to death preferred) are sought from any horse that

may have unexplained and progressive illness.

The PM sampling kit includes a maggot collection kit which staff can used to collect maggots from

fly-blown wounds.

We suggest keeping the PM sampling kit on the property in a location known to staff. The Regional

Veterinary officer will provide guidance and instruction on using and returning the sampling kit. Department

of Primary Industry and Resources (DPIR) offices in Darwin, Katherine, Tennant Creek and Alice Springs will

return replenished sampling kits to the property when submitted as part of a disease investigation.

To get a PM sampling kit for your property, please contact your local Regional Veterinary or Livestock

Biosecurity Officer.

Darwin Animal Biosecurity branch - (08) 8999 2035

Katherine Animal Biosecurity branch - (08) 8973 9739

Tennant Creek Animal Biosecurity branch- (08) 8962 44 84

Alice Springs Animal Biosecurity branch – (08) 8951 8111

mailto:[email protected]

DEPARTMENT OF


Figure 6 PM sampling kit available for all pastoral properties

National Arbovirus Monitoring Programme update

The National Arbovirus Monitoring Programme (NAMP) monitors the distribution of three important insect-

borne viruses (arboviruses) of livestock- Bluetongue virus (BTV), Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF or three day

sickness) and Akabane. For a number of years, the zone of bluetongue virus activity in the Northern

Territory has been largely unchanged, and as a result of ongoing sampling from collaborating properties virus

activity had even been shown to be retreating northwards, much to the benefit of producers in Central

Australia. The recent detection of positive animals on a property in the southern Tennant Creek District has

necessitated the movement of the NAMP Bluetongue Line southwards into the northern Alice Springs

District.

The Northern Territory currently has three zones under investigation- a free zone, a surveillance zone and a

virus activity (transmission) zone. The boundaries of these zones can change seasonally. Approximately 15

properties have been affected by the changes in their bluetongue status and the DPIR has been in contact

with properties in the new surveillance zone to obtain additional blood samples.

DEPARTMENT OF


BTV Zones as at 19 July 2017

Source: https://namp.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/public.php?page=pub_home&program=2

NAMP information is used to:

support trade

NAMP information is used during export protocol negotiations and to assist exporters in meeting

export certification requirements

provide an early warning to producers

Surveillance detects new incursions and warns producers of arbovirus spread into new areas where

cattle not previously exposed may suffer severe symptoms

manage risk

Exporters can identify areas free from arbovirus activity to source live export cattle for arbovirus

sensitive markets. The movement of the NAMP bluetongue line southwards will prevent access for

live cattle to bluetongue sensitive markets from properties in the zone of possible transmission. As

this zone is largely determined by the distribution of the culicoides vectors, there is little that can be

done other than to monitor the distribution through blood sampling and insect trapping.

https://namp.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/public.php?page=pub_home&program=2

DEPARTMENT OF


Screw-Worm fly

Screw-worm fly (SWF) is an aggressive insect pest of warm blooded animals (including people, wildlife and livestock). The fly lays eggs on wounds or moist body openings – the eggs then hatch to become aggressive flesh eating maggots. SWF is related to the blowflies that cause fly-strike in Australian sheep, however SWF prefers hot, humid climates and cannot survive in frost-prone areas.

SWF is widespread through tropical regions, including some of Australia’s closest neighbours – Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The potential spread of this pest from Papua New Guinea is one of the major biosecurity threats to northern Australia. Establishment of SWF in Australia would have major impacts on northern livestock production, livestock export trade and public health.

In order to eradicate SWF, Australia would need to establish a facility where sterile male flies could be produced in sufficient numbers to interrupt the SWF breeding cycle. The construction of such a facility could take a number of years by which time costs could approach $500 million a year in lost production and control measures. It has been estimated that up to 15 percent of cattle could be struck at any time in the potential zone of infestation, with the greatest losses due to the deaths of newborn calves as a result of navel strike.

Keeping Australia SWF-free relies upon early detection, containment, and ideally eradication before it can

spread to other areas. The Department of Primary Industry and Resources (DPIR) maintains a number of

traps close to East Arm Wharf which specifically target SWF. In addition, biosecurity officers regularly

inspect cattle for evidence of fly strike.

Regular sampling and laboratory examination of maggots from infested wounds anywhere in Australia is also

critical to early detection. Maggot collection kits will be distributed by your local Livestock Biosecurity

Officer in the next few months during property visits. If you see an animal with maggots in a wound please

support surveillance by sending maggots to Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory – early detection and response

is the key to control.

For more information go to www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/what-we-do/disease-surveillance/screw-

worm-fly/ or contact Peter Saville, DPIR SWF Coordinator 08 89518181 / 0401118181.

Figure 7 Left- the adult Old World screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana). Right- screw worm fly egg masses (white)

deposited in a wound (Animal Health Australia, 2017

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Pastoral Market Update

DEPARTMENT OF


Disclaimer While all care has been taken to ensure that information contained in this publication is true and correct at the time of publication, the Northern Territory of Australia gives no warranty or assurance, and makes no representation as to the accuracy of any information or advice contained in this publication, or that it is suitable for your intended use. No serious business or investment decisions should be made in reliance on this information without obtaining independent and professional advice or both in relation to your particular situation.

Reproduction of Rural Review articles The Department of Primary Industry and Resources (DPIR) welcomes the reproduction of articles appearing in this newsletter, but requests that the technical

information be confirmed with the editor or author, prior to publication. The department also requests that acknowledgement be made for any original work

sourced from the Barkly Beef Newsletter.

POSTAGE

PAID

AUSTRALIA

If undeliverable, please return to:

Department of Primary Industry and

Resources

PO Box 159

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Documents

SEPTEMBER 2017 Newcastle Waters Feathertop Burning Trial · While Chinese traditional medicine was a major focus during of the symposium, donkey milk and premium meat products were