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September 27, 2016

Aims:

SWBAT list the specific, quantifiable properties used to

describe a mineral. SWBAT determine if a substance is a mineral.

Agenda

1. Do Now

2. Class Notes

3. Guided Practice

4. Independent Practice 5. Practicing our AIMS:

Homework: ES.1 – Minerals

How will you help our class earn all of our S.T.R.I.V.E. Points?

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Aim Check:

What are the four characterist ics of a mineral?

What does inorganic mean?

What does a crystalline structure look like?

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OBJECTIVES: By the end of class, students will be able to…

SWBAT list the specific, quantifiable propert ies used to describe a mineral.

SWBAT determine if a substance is a mineral

DO NOW

Direction: Read and ANNOTATE the information before you answer the quest ions.

Decide whether each statement is t rue (T) or False (F). Then, jot down your reasoning.

CONCEPT CHECK

SCIENCE 8 Minerals

ES.1

Name: _____________________________

Date: ________________________________

Homeroom: _________________________

Earth’s Surface

True or False? Quick Reasoning

1. There are some things that are so

small you can’t even see them.

2. Everything in the world is made of

something that was once living.

3. We only use minerals to keep us

healthy.

4. Rocks and minerals are the same

thing.

5. All rocks are all the same.

6. Minerals are not important to my life.

7. All minerals are the same.

8. Humans can make rocks and

minerals.

9. Any crystals that scratches glass is a

diamond.

10. Only “pretty" rocks are crystals

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CLASS NOTES

MINERAL ME THIS…IT IS? OR ISN’T IT?

MINERAL:

MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

1. They are solid ______________________

2. They are naturally occurring

3. They are inorganic

4. They have a crystalline structure

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To understand what a crystalline structure is, you need to know a little

about what makes up a mineral.

SCIENCE RECALL:

ELEMENT:

All known elements are listed on ________________________________

Minerals are usually made with mult iple elements combined **T here are a few m inerals, such as gold and silver, are only m ade of one elem ent. **

COMPOUND:

ATOM:

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CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE

CRYSTAL:

• A crystal’s shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms.

• The arrangement of atoms is determined by the kinds of atoms that make up

the mineral.

The small circles represent atoms of sodium

The larger circles represent atoms of chlorine

MINERAL CLASSIFICATION

Minerals are separated into two groups based on their chemical

composition

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SILICATE:

Silicate minerals make up more

than ____________ of the Earth’s

crust.

Silicon and oxygen bond with

_____________________ to form a

mineral.

COMMON EXAMPLES:

Quartz, Feldspar, Mica

NONSILICATE:

It may cont ain eit her silicon OR oxygen, just not bot h!

There are SIX main classes of nonsilicate minerals:

GROUP EXAMPLES CHEMICAL

FORMULA USES

Gold Au Trade, Jewelry

Diamond C Electrical Conductor

Silver Ag Jewelry, Photography

Graphite C Pencil lead

Calcite CaCO3 Cement

Azurite Cu2(OH)2(CO3)3 Gemstone

Halite NaCl Common Salt

Sylvite KCl Fert ilizer

Magnetite Fe3O4 Ore of Iron

Ice H2O Solid form of water

Gypsum CaSO4 ● 2H2O Plaster

Barite BaSO4 Drilling mud

Galena PbS Ore of Lead

Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Ore of Copper

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GUIDED PRACTICE Directions: Read and ANNOTATE each quest ion before you solve the problem.

Is it a mineral?

MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS: 1. They are solid

2. They are naturally occurring

3. They are inorganic

4. They have a crystalline structure

1. List examples and non-examples of solids in our classroom

EXAMPLES

NONexamples

2. List examples and non-examples of naturally occurring items in our classroom

EXAMPLES

NONexamples

3. List examples and non-examples of inorganic items in our classroom

EXAMPLES

NONexamples

4. List examples and non-examples of crystalline structure in our classroom

EXAMPLES

NONexamples

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Directions: Read the following descriptions. Determine whether it is a mineral or not. Use ICE to

support your conclusion

1. Coffee is made from a coffee bean and water. Coffee beans grow on bushes.

Coffee is a liquid. Both water and coffee beans are made in nature.

2. Quartz is made of two elements, silicon and oxygen in a repeated arrangement. It

is not made by people. Quartz is not made of anything that is living or has ever

been living. Quartz is not a liquid or a gas.

Directions: Examine the minerals and descriptions. Classify it as a silicate mineral or nonsilicate

mineral. Use ICE to support your conclusion

3. Copper is a mineral used as an electrical conductor. Its chemical formula is Cu.

4. Wollastonite is a mineral used in ceramic production. Its chemical formula is

CaSiO2.

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INDEPENDENT PRACTICE Directions: For each key term, explain the “big idea” to a kindergartener.

Then, draw a picture to illustrate the word.

Term Concept Picture

Mineral

Inorganic

Crystal

Silicate

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Directions: Read and ANNOTATE each quest ion before you solve the problem.

Directions:

List the characteristics an object must have to be considered a mineral. For each characteristic,

provide an example.

5. Characteristic

Example

6. Characteristic

Example

7. Characteristic

Example

8. Characteristic

Example

Directions: Read the following descriptions. Determine whether it is a mineral or not. Use ICE to

support your conclusion

9. An emerald is a stone that crystallizes into repeating perfect, six-sided hexagons. It is made of two

different elements. It is very hard. Although people often polish emeralds and put them in jewelry,

they are not made by people. There is nothing living in an emerald.

10. Books are made of paper. The pages and words are arranged in a repeated patter. Paper comes

from trees. Books are not liquid or gas.

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Directions: Use the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast silicate and nonsilicate minerals.

Directions: Read the following descriptions. Classify it as a silicate or nonsilicate mineral. Use

ICE to support your conclusion

11. Quartz is the basic building block of many rocks. Its chemical formula is SiO2.

12. Feldspar minerals are the main component of most rocks on the Earth’s surface.

Its chemical formula is KAlSi3O8.

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Read and ANNOTATE the given information before you solve the problem.

BLOOD MINERAL By Joshua Kors

War rages in Africa over a remarkable metal used to make cell phones and MP3 players.

Ever wonder where the metal inside your MP3 player comes from? Chances are the source is

an impoverished country in the heart of Africa: the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Though Congo’s people are desperately poor, their land is stunningly rich in diamonds, gold,

silver, tin, uranium, and a mineral called coltan. To the untrained eye, coltan looks worthless.

But it contains one of the most valuable metals on Earth: tantalum. I t’s that metal that helps

power cell phones, MP3 players, and v ideo game consoles.

“Coltan is v ital to the function of modern society,” says Andrew Campbell, a professor of

mineralogy at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. “I t is an incredibly precious

mineral.”

Precious and rare. Sixty-four percent of the world’s coltan is underground in Congo. In recent

years, the demand for cell phones has skyrocketed—and with it, the value of Congo’s coltan.

That rise in demand has sparked a mad scramble among corrupt governments, violent militias,

and wealthy companies, all struggling to get their hands on the mineral. The result has been

one of the bloodiest wars in world history. Since 1996, 6 million people have been killed. The

International Rescue Committee estimates that 45,000 Congolese are dying every month.

Keith Harmon Snow has witnessed that bloodshed. Snow is an investigator for the United

Nations. He was liv ing in Congo with a family of poor peasants when the entire family was

killed by soldiers from the neighboring nation of Rwanda.

“That’s the way it is there. The militias control the land. They’ll take a 9- year-old boy, put a gun

to his head, and force him to dig up the coltan and haul it away,” says Snow. “It’s a slavery

situation. They make sure no one steps out of line.”

The militias are brutalizing the girls they find in Congo’s v illages too. “It’s a war tactic,” says

Maurice Carney, cofounder of the aid organization Friends of the Congo. “The idea is to

terrorize the communities that live on this resource-rich land, to move them off the land so the

rebels can control it. Then they dig up the coltan and sell it to international corporations.”

1. According to the passage, Congo has what percentage of the world’s supply of coltan?

A. 100%

B. 10%

C. 64%

D. 45%

2. The increasing value of coltan has caused which of the following effects in Congo?

A. demand for electronics

B. violence over control of diamond resources

C. violence over control of coltan resources

D. increased tension between the Hutu and the Tutsi

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What Is Coltan?

Coltan is the informal name for columbite-tantalite, a dull black mineral. A mineral is a

naturally occurring solid that forms geologically. I t is classified on the basis of chemical

makeup, crystal structure, and physical properties, such as hardness, color, and luster.

Coltan contains two precious metallic elements: niobium (once known as columbium) and

tantalum. The two have similar chemical properties. For decades, scientists believed that they

were the same element. Today niobium is used to make airplane engines, rockets, and some

coins. Tantalum is a key component in handheld devices, such as cell phones and MP3

players.

What makes tantalum useful in cell phones and other gadgets? All metals heat up when given

an electrical charge, and electrical circuits can break down if they overheat. But tantalum

easily releases its heat, allowing the circuitry in cell phones to function smoothly.

Electronics companies use tantalum to create capacitors, components that store an electrical

charge. Companies have long used aluminum capacitors for major appliances, such as

refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners. But aluminum capacitors aren’t perfect.

They can leak a high amount of electrical charge. When placed in hot environments, the

amount of electricity the capacitors can hold drops dramatically.

Tantalum capacitors, though, leak less and hold a large amount of electricity even after years

in a tight, hot cell phone or MP3 player. “Many metals can be used to conduct electricity—

iron, aluminum, copper—but the tantalum you find in coltan is best at dissipating heat, which

makes it perfect for certain electronics,” says Campbell. “The tantalum found in coltan is what

makes cell phones, computers, and all our other gadgets possible.”

3. The question below is an incomplete sentence. Choose the word that best completes the sentence.

Tantalum prevents electrical devices from overheating, _______________ the devices getting hot.

A. A however

B. especially

C. despite

D. because

4. Why is tantalum valuable for cell phones and other electric devices? Use ICE to support your

conclusion

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Black Gold

The Congo war creates an obvious dilemma for consumers who need handheld devices but

don’t want to fund the militias who are brutalizing Congo’s people. “It’s hard to tell people,

‘Don’t buy a cell phone, an iPod, a computer.’ But at least, people should know where those

devices come from,” says Snow.

Congo is not the only place where coltan can be found. There are untapped reserves in

Canada, Brazil, and Australia. The problem with those reserves, says Campbell, is that the

coltan isn’t nearly as easy to mine as it is in Congo.

Australia shut down its coltan mine in December 2008. The head of Australia’s mining

operation, Peter Robinson, says his mine just couldn’t compete with the low price of Congo’s

coltan.

“When you dig, the metal you’re looking for will always be a small percentage of what you dig

up,” says Campbell. “In a copper mine, for example, you’d be lucky if three-tenths of 1

percent of the rocks you dig up are copper. In a gold mine, it’s way lower than that. And with

coltan, the percentage is probably even lower.”

That’s why the abundant, highly concentrated coltan in Congo is so tantalizing to technology

companies. “Coltan would be so much more expensive to mine in other countries,” says Snow.

“You’d have a lot more rock to sort through. And you wouldn’t get the savings that come with

slave labor.”

5. Read the following sentence: “That’s why the abundant, highly concentrated coltan in Congo is so

tantalizing to technology companies.” As used in the passage, abundant means

A. there is not a lot of it

B. there isn’t anything like it

C. dark-colored

D. there is a lot of it

6. Why does the coltan war in Congo cause a dilemma for consumers buying electronic devices? Use

ICE to support your conclusion

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Rebel Control

Even if Congo remains the center of the world’s coltan operations, there are possibilities for

reform there, Carney says. His group’s mission is to help end the war and help Congo’s people

regain control of their nation’s resources.

“The people of Congo deserve their fair share, but reform is tremendously difficult because

politically the nation is so unstable,” he says. “Militias control different coltan supply networks.

They fight with each other. They trade with each other. Power shifts all the time. Then one

person gets shot, and the whole network gets redefined.”

Carney points out that while the v iolence and war crimes are horrific, the number of

perpetrators is quite small. “Congo is a nation of 66 million people, and it is being held hostage

by no more than 6,000 rebels,” he says. “The only reason they have such firm control is

because the people are so poor and the rebels are so well financed by companies outside

the country who want access to their minerals.”

For now the bloodshed and the rush to find more coltan continue. “This is what wars have

been fought over for all of history: religion and resources,” says Campbell. “People aren’t

going to stop buying cell phones.” So the person who has the metal to make them “is going to

hold a lot of wealth and a lot of power.”

7. This article is mostly about

A. conflict in Congo due to coltan mining

B. how diamonds are mined

C. conflict in Congo due to ethnic wars

D. the types of minerals found in Congo.

8. Answer the questions based on the sentence below.

Militias and rebels are terrorizing villagers using violence and threats because they want to control

the land in order to mine coltan.

Who? militias and rebels (are)

What? ______________________________________________________________________

How? ____________________________________________________________________________

Why? ____________________________________________________________

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Science 8

ES.1:

Minerals

Name: _____________________________

Date: _______________________________

Homeroom: _________________________

Quick Notes:

SKILL SNAPSHOT

Like A Scholar?

Yes No

Redo?

Yes No

Read and ANNOTATE each quest ion before you solve the problem.

Directions: Read the following descriptions. Determine whether it is a mineral or not. Use ICE to

support your conclusion

1. Natural diamonds are mined from underground deposits. The carbon atoms are in what is called a

cubic structure, because the atoms form what looks like organized stacks of cubes. They are

formed by Earth’s processes over incredibly long periods of time.

2. Bananas are grown on trees in countries with a tropical climate. Bananas are solid and are

arranged in organized bunches.

Directions: Read the following descriptions. Determine whether it is a silicate or nonsilicate

mineral. Use ICE to support your conclusion.

3. Calcite is commonly found in sedimentary rocks and is used in blackboard chalk. Its chemical

formula is CaSO4·2H2O.

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Directions: Read the following descriptions. Determine whether it is a silicate or nonsilicate

mineral. Use ICE to support your conclusion.

4. Gold is a soft but solid metal made from only one element, Au. Even though gold is often used in

jewelry and decoration, it is not made by people.

Directions: Read the following description. Determine whether it is mineral. I f it is, classify it as a

silicate or nonsilicate mineral. Use ICE to support your conclusion.

5. Mica was used by colonial Americans as glass for their windows. It was popular for this use because

it was easy to find in the ground, and people didn’t have to make it. Even though there are living

things in the ground, micas was never living. It is a hard substance made up of a repeating pattern

of potassium, magnesium, oxygen, iron, silicon and hydrogen.

CONCEPT CONNECTION

6. Consider the process of seafloor spreading and the fact that over 90% of the Earth’s crust is made of

silicates. Infer what elements you would most likely find in the Earth’s mantle. Use ICE to support

your conclusion.