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September edition
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Interamerican Twitter September
Tips to take your
nails clean
Values Program
Technology
Health tips
Curiosities
Peace and Brave “If we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we
belong to each other.
Ordinary people doing extraordinary
things: The value that forges families,
businesses and different nations.
Courage is a universal value that
teaches us to stand up for what is
worth, to master our fears and
overcome adversity. Without courage in
difficult times our lives could drift,
however the inner strength driven by
conscience, can take us further than we
could imagine.
Being brave is not easy. Sometimes,
courage means facing the consequences
of our actions, products from our
mistakes. Like the child who admits to
his parents that it was he who broke the
neighbor's window, the employee who
recognizes not doing his job as he
should, the parent who agrees to their
children should have spent more time
with them.
Life itself is not simple and can
sometimes be surprisingly hard: The
death of a loved one, illness, ruin a
business are examples of extremely
difficult times. Courage is the
difference between sink or keep
walking.
A state of harmony characterized by the
lack of violent conflict and the freedom
from fear of violence is called peace.
Commonly understood as the absence
VALUES PROGRAM
of hostility, peace also suggests the
existence of healthy or newly healed
interpersonal or international
relationships, prosperity in matters of
social or economic welfare, the
establishment of equality, and a
working political order that serves the
true interests of all.
In international relations, peacetime is
not only the absence of war or violent
conflict, but also the presence of
positive and respectful cultural and
economic relationships.
Peace is the priceless characteristic of
any society. If we think deeply, we
cannot but come to the conclusion that
peace is the ultimate of life. It is a
combination of positive feelings of
happiness, calmness, contentedness,
love, compassion and harmony with
nature, with the absence of negative
ones like pain, conflict, hostility and
imbalance with nature. We may attain
this peace when the inner self and the
outer environment are in balance and
harmony. One who experiences peace
would depict a healthy physical and
mental state, which needs nourishment
from inside and outside, i.e. spiritual
and material needs.
The word Salam or the phrase Salam in
Malaysia is greetings that depict peace
unto others. Indeed the word Islam too
has its roots in a word that means
peace. “Assalamu’alaikum” which
means ‘peace unto you’ is also said to
be the greetings of the people of the
Paradise. The cost of absence of peace
can be huge. For example, to prevent
just housebreaking we install burglar
alarms, keep dogs, pay for security
guards, keep lights on when we go for
vacations etc. But even in the worst
moment, we need to get calm and
obtain peace.
TTeecchhnnoollooggyy
In addition to the standard artificial limb
for everyday use, many amputees or
congenital patients have special limbs
and devices to aid in the participation of
sports and recreational activities.
Within science fiction, and, more
recently, within the scientific
community, there has been
consideration given to using advanced
prostheses to replace healthy body parts
with artificial mechanisms and systems
to improve function. The morality and
desirability of such technologies are
being debated. Body parts such as legs,
arms, hands, feet, and others can be
replaced.
The first experiment with a healthy
individual appears to have been that by
the British scientist Kevin Warwick. In
early 2008, Oscar Pistorius, the "Blade
Runner" of South Africa, was briefly
ruled ineligible to compete in the 2008
Summer Olympics because his Cheetah
Flex-foot prosthetic limbs developed by
biomedical engineer Van Phillips and
manufactured by Ossur were said to
give him an unfair advantage over
runners who had ankles. Pistorius did
not qualify for the South African team
for the 2008 Olympics, but went on to
sweep the 2008 Summer Paralympics,
and has been ruled eligible to qualify for
any future able-bodied sporting events.
The Paralympic Games is the world's
second largest major international
multi-sport event, involving athletes
with a range of physical and intellectual
disabilities, including mobility
disabilities, amputations, blindness, and
cerebral palsy.
YYEEAAHH!! II DDOONN''TT HHAAVVEE AA LLEEGG BBUUTT
II''MM AA AATTHHLLEETTEE
Types of Artificial Limb
There are four main types of artificial
limbs. The type of prosthesis depends
on what part of the limb is missing.
Transtibial prosthesis: is an
artificial limb that replaces a leg
missing below the knee. Transtibial
amputees are usually able to regain
normal movement more readily than
someone with a transfemoral
amputation, due in large part to
retaining the knee, which allows for
easier movement.
Transfemoral prosthesis: is an
artificial limb that replaces a leg
missing above the knee.
Transfemoral amputees can have a
very difficult time regaining normal
movement. In general, a
transfemoral amputee must use
approximately 80% more energy to
walk than a person with two whole
legs.
Transradial prosthesis: is an
artificial limb that replaces an arm
missing below the elbow. Two main
types of prosthetics are available.
Cable operated limbs work by
attaching a harness and cable
around the opposite shoulder of the
damaged arm.
Transhumeral prosthesis: is an
artificial limb that replaces an arm
missing above the elbow.
Transhumeral amputees experience
some of the same problems as
transfemoral amputees, due to the
similar complexities associated with
the movement of the elbow.
In recent years, new plastics and other
materials, such as carbon fiber, have
allowed artificial limbs to be stronger
and lighter. Additional materials have
allowed artificial limbs to look much
more realistic, which is important to
transradial and transhumeral amputees
because they are more likely to have the
artificial limb exposed.
Beauty and womanhood
go hand in hand. The
mental and the physical
well-being of a woman
are very well reflected in
a healthy looking radiant
skin.
Your skin is not just a reflection
of external factors but also of
various internal factors. A
healthy diet and active lifestyle
is a must to ensure that you are
beautiful, inside out. It is very
important to keep yourself
hydrated during winters. So
drink lots of water, eat lots of
fruit and fresh vegetables and
avoid alcohol, tea, coffee, soda
and other caffeine rich drinks as
they tend to dehydrate the body.
Many of us, irrespective of
our hectic schedules do
ensure that they eat healthy
and follow a strict fitness
regime. But amidst this,
many of us often tend to
neglect a very important part
of our body- our nails.
Gorgeous looking nails would
not just boost the inner
confidence in you but also
make you feel pampered.
Cold weather dehydrates
your nails and cuticles,
leaving them prone to
breaking, chapping and
discoloration. The best way
to keep nails in top shape is
by maintaining a meticulous
nail care routine, especially
during the cold season.
HEALTH TIPS
1. Eat healthy: What we eat
directly reflects on our nails.
Our nails are composed of
calcium and other
minerals. So, it is very
essential to replenish them,
which you can do so by an
adequate supply of calcium,
vitamin A, phosphorous, zinc,
folic acid, silica, vitamin C. That
is a long list that’ll do a food
technologist proud, isn’t it?
Let’s deconstruct that to
something we can relate to,
shall we? Here we go. Drink
plenty of milk and also make
sure you eat plenty of milk
products like cheese, yogurt
etc. Eggs, green leafy
vegetables such as spinach,
parsley, coriander, broccoli,
apricots, carrots, and almonds
are also very good supplements
to your diet. Drink lots of water
as it will not just prevent
wrinkles on your skin but also
avoid your nails from getting
brittle. Also look out for
discoloration of nails or
developing ridges, because they
are indication of vitamin
deficiency. Deficiency of
Vitamin B12 leads to dryness
and darkening of nails.
2. Personal hygiene: Clean
nails are not just necessary to
look good but also necessary to
ensure your well-being. Our
nails can carry lots of disease
causing bacteria and germs.
Winters, especially, make our
nails more porous and
susceptible to fungus. Trim
your nails regularly. But do not
file your nails immediately after
Don’t bite your nails.
bath because they tend to
break. Avoid back and forth
motion while filing your nails
and make sure you stick to one
direction. Resort to nail buffing
as it augments blood
circulation, stimulating nail
growth and voila you have
strong and shiny nails. When
you wash hands, make sure
you massage soap near your
nails and cuticles. Rinse and
moisture them well .You could
also use a soft brush to clean
them. Dead skin around the
nails could be removed using a
pumice stone. Do not keep
exposing your nails to extreme
temperatures, very hot water
or direct heat and cold. They
lead to brittle nails.
3. Keep them well
moisturized: Apply moisturizer
while watching TV, before going
to bed and after washing your
hands. Massaging hot oil once a
week could give you smooth
and soft fingers and nails.
Vitamin E oil is very good for
nails and so is castor oil. You
could also use petroleum jelly
to massage your beautiful nails.
Massaging nail serum could also
stimulate circulation and help
your nails grow faster as during
winters your nails tend to grow
slow.
4. Avoid harsh chemicals as
they make your nails brittle
and damage them very
badly. Use a base coat before
applying paint. Use non acetone
nail polish remover to prevent
your nails from being fragile,
better stick to acetate
containing nail polish removers.
Vibrant colors like crimson red,
neon blue, deep pink, deep
burnt rust, grey is the new
black, electric green are the hot
trends seen at runway
currently. Apply vinegar on
your nail to last the polish
longer.
IOWA CITY — His
convention speech was only
hours old when President
Obama, confronted by a weak new
jobs report, found himself Friday
having to use precious time on the
campaign trail to account for the
country’s continued anemic
economic recovery.
As he has been forced to month
after month, the president
responded by shifting the blame to
Congressional Republicans,
calling on lawmakers to pass the
jobs bill he proposed last year and
that has been languishing since.
“Today we learned that after
losing around 800,000 jobs a
month when I took office,
businesses added private-sector
jobs for the 30th month in a row,”
Mr. Obama told a campaign rally
in Portsmouth, N.H. He did not
mention the actual number of new
jobs reported by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics earlier in the
morning, which was a figure lower
than expected.
“But that’s not good enough,” Mr.
Obama said. “We know it’s not
good enough.”
The president called on Congress
to commit to extending middle-
class tax cuts. “If Republicans are
serious about getting rid of
joblessness, they can create one
million new jobs if Congress
passes the jobs plan I sent them,”
he said.
JOBS NUMBERS PROMPT
OBAMA TO ACCOUNT FOR
ANEMIC RECOVERY
Mr. Obama is on a post-
convention campaign trip through
crucial swing states, starting in
New Hampshire on Friday
morning before heading to Iowa
City and then ending in St.
Petersburg, Fla. There he will
begin a bus tour over the weekend
through Florida, a perennial
battleground.
He was joined by his full ticket:
The first lady, Michelle Obama
(who the president called
“amazing” at the convention),
Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr.
and his wife, Jill Biden.
Mitt Romney, the Republican
presidential nominee, wasted no
time in jumping on the jobs report
Friday. On his way to a campaign
stop near Sioux City, Iowa, Mr.
Romney told reporters that the
latest employment report was a
fresh reminder that Mr. Obama’s
leadership has left Americans with
little more than broken promises
and empty hope.
“There’s almost nothing the
president has done in the past
three and a half, four years that
gives the American people
confidence that he knows what
he’s doing when it comes to
jobs and the economy,” Mr.
Romney said, adding that the
president’s speech Thursday to
the Democratic National
Convention contained even
more promises that will go
unfulfilled.
“What is he going to do to get
this economy going?” Mr.
Romney said. “All he said last
night was the same as what he
said four years ago, which by
the way; he made a lot of
promises four years ago. Can
you think of any of those
promises that were met? I
mean, he was going to create
jobs. We haven’t. Lower
unemployment? He hasn’t.
Rising take home pay? It’s
gone down.”
His appearance in Iowa came
as the Romney campaign was
ramping up activity on another
front. It announced on Friday a
major advertising campaign in
eight swing states. The
commercials – 15 in all – are
specifically tailored to resonate
with voters in each of those
states.
In Florida, for example, people
will see commercials about
falling real estate values and
high foreclosure rates. In
Colorado, where the military
and defense contracting is a
large employer, people will
hear how the president’s
budget cuts could cost 20,000
military jobs there.
And here in Iowa, they will
hear how “excessive
government regulations are
crushing small businesses and
family farms.”
The president, meanwhile, got
in some licks of his own.
During his speech, Mr. Obama
tried out a new attack line
against the Republican push
for tax cuts, deriding the
Republicans as running to tax
cuts as the solution for every
problem.
On Friday morning, as is his
wont when he finds a line he
likes, Mr. Obama was ready to
expand. Mr. Romney and his
running mate, Representative
Paul D. Ryan, Mr. Obama said,
view tax cuts as a miracle cure.
“Tax cuts to help you lose a
few pounds! Tax cuts to help
improve your love life!” Then,
he grinned.
FOUR PLANES hijacked, ONE CRASHED IN THE
PENTAGON, ONE IN Pennsylvania, TWO DESTROYED THE
WORLD TRADE CENTER
On September 11, 2001, at
8:45 a.m. on a clear Tuesday
morning, an American
Airlines Boeing 767 loaded
with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel
crashed into the north tower
of the World Trade Center in
New York City. The impact
left a gaping, burning hole
near the 80th floor of the
110-story skyscraper,
instantly killing hundreds of
people and trapping
hundreds more in higher
floors.
Then, 18 minutes after the
first plane hit, a second
Boeing 767–United Airlines
Flight 175–appeared out of
the sky, turned sharply
toward the World Trade
Center and sliced into the
south tower near the 60th
floor. The collision caused a
massive explosion that
showered burning debris
over surrounding buildings
and the streets below.
THE DAY THAT PEOPLE WON’T FORGET
The attackers were Islamic
terrorists from Saudi Arabia
and several other Arab
nations. Reportedly
financed by Saudi fugitive
Osama bin Laden's al-
Qaeda terrorist
organization, they were
allegedly acting in
retaliation for America's
support of Israel, its
involvement in the Persian
Gulf War and its continued
military presence in the
Middle East.
The 19 terrorists easily
smuggled box-cutters and
knives through security at
three East Coast airports
and boarded four flights
bound for California,
chosen because the planes
were loaded with fuel for
the long transcontinental
journey.
Soon after takeoff, the
terrorists commandeered
the four planes and took
the controls, transforming
ordinary commuter jets into
guided missiles.
As millions watched the
events unfolding in New
York, American Airlines
Flight 77 circled over
downtown Washington,
D.C., and slammed into the
west side of the Pentagon
military headquarters at
9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the
Boeing 757 caused a
devastating inferno that led
to the structural collapse of
a portion of the giant
concrete building. All told,
125 military personnel and
civilians were killed in the
Pentagon, along with all 64
people aboard the airliner.
Less than 15 minutes after
the terrorists struck the
nerve center of the U.S.
military, the horror in New
York took a catastrophic
turn for the worse when the
south tower of the World
Trade Center collapsed in a
massive cloud of dust and
smoke.
The structural steel of the
skyscraper, built to
withstand winds in excess
of 200 miles per hour and a
large conventional fire,
could not withstand the
tremendous heat
generated by the burning
jet fuel. At 10:30 a.m., the
other Trade Center tower
collapsed.
Close to 3,000 people
died in the World Trade
Center and its vicinity,
including a staggering 343
firefighters and
paramedics, 23 New York
City police officers and 37
Port Authority police
officers who were
struggling to complete an
evacuation of the
buildings and save the
office workers trapped on
higher floors.
Meanwhile, a fourth
California-bound plane–
United Flight 93–was
hijacked about 40 minutes
after leaving Newark
International Airport in
New Jersey.
Knowing that the aircraft
was not returning to an
airport as the hijackers
claimed, a group of
passengers and flight
attendants planned an
insurrection. The passen-
gers fought the four
hijackers and are
suspected to have atta-
cked the cockpit with a fire
extinguisher. The plane
then flipped over and sped
toward the ground at
upwards of 500 miles per
hour, crashing in a rural
field in western Pennsyl-
vania at 10:10 a.m. All 45
people aboard were killed.
The intented tarket will
never be known.
At 7 p.m., President
George W. Bush, who had
spent the day being
shuttled around the country
because of security
concerns, returned to the
White House. At 9 p.m., he
delivered a televised
address from the Oval
Office, declaring, "Terrorist
attacks can shake the
foundations of our biggest
buildings, but they cannot
touch the foundation of
America. These acts
shatter steel, but they
cannot dent the steel of
American resolve." In a
reference to the eventual
U.S. military response he
declared, "We will make no
distinction between the
terrorists who committed
these acts and those who
harbor them." Operation
Enduring Freedom, the
American-led international
effort to oust the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan and
destroy Osama bin Laden's
terrorist network based
there, began on October 7.
MMEEMMOORRIIAALL ““99//1111”” AATTTTAACCKK
Under the influence of the
American Revolution, the
American people dream of
freedom from colonial rule.
The Creoles of Central
claimed independence to
escape the control of the
indigo trade exercised by the
metropolis.
In 1811, there were popular
uprisings in San Salvador, San
Pedro Grande, Santiago
Nonualco, Usulután,
Chalatenango and
elsewhere. The heroes and
Delgado Arce, unable to
control the rebellious people,
accepted the repression
applied by the colonial
authorities.
On 24 January 1814, Pedro
Pablo Castillo, second mayor
of San Salvador, leads a
popular uprising. Repression
reached independence all
mayors, who were
imprisoned, and the heroes
themselves, Arce, Celis and
Juan Manuel Rodriguez, nor
this time supported a popular
uprising that had no control.
They were released to swear
allegiance to the King of
Spain, and Pedro Pablo
Castillo was hanged.
HHAAPPPPYY IINNDDEEPPEENNDDEENNCCEE
DDAAYY,, EELL SSAALLVVAADDOORR
The independence of Central
America was proclaimed in
Guatemala on September
15, 1821. Like in many other
parts, to one or other side of
the Atlantic, the freedom
and the people got the
wealthy enjoyed. At the time
of independence, the
founding fathers were their
owners.
After independence, Creoles
and mestizos were divided
into two groups, liberals and
conservatives, pushing the
natives of any discussion on
power.
On November 22 of 1824,
was promulgated the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Central America
in an attempt to keep the
joint region. The first president
of the Federation was the
Salvadorian Manuel José
Arce, who failed to convince
liberals and conservatives of
the desirability of the unity of
the region.
The leader of American unity
was, however, the Honduran
Francisco Morazan, who was
twice elected President of
the Federation, in 1830 and
1835. He made the first liberal
reform throughout Central:
granted religious freedom,
enacted the law of divorce,
the convents became in
model prisons and barracks,
encouraged and
democratized education
and abolished tithes and first
fruits to the Church taxing the
people.
However, the Federal
Republic, consisting of fifty
states, each of which is
independently reserving the
legislative, executive and
judicial, was actually a
partnership in which the local
oligarchies reserved the
government of their
respective provinces.
The Constitution, moreover
absolutely prepared by
minority groups, guaranteed
power-sharing between
regional chiefs with the firm
intention to ensure the
maneuverability needed to
control at will the territory as
their own interests.
These private interests
lacked, however, the depth
of national importance or
indispensable to last long.
In 1838 began to show the
breakdown of the system as
a result of tensions between
its components, tensions that
eventually led to civil war.
President Morazán,
appointed in 1830, did his
best to keep the union, first as
Federal President and later as
President of El Salvador, until
his execution in 1842, but his
efforts were fruitless.
Federative idea, however,
did not die at all and still
appears in the speeches of
many politicians, feeding
ideas and the Central
American Common Market.