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Sequoia: Supporting Latency-Aware Applications through Prediction Trees
Dahlia Malkhi, MSR and Hebrew U
Joint work with Ittai Abraham, Mahesh Balakrishnan, Fabian Kuhn, Rama
Ramasubramanian, Nir Sonenschein, and Kunal Talwar
Introduction
Latency-awareness is critical for internet applications CDNs, P2P file sharing, network monitoring,
etc.
Latency-enabled functionality: Closest node discovery Locality-based clustering Detour routing Spanning trees
Current State of the Art
Application-specific approaches Closest node [Meridian, Oasis, …] Detour routing [OneHop Source Routing, Detour,
Akella et al…] Clustering [SDIMS, …]
General-purpose frameworks Measurement based inference [iPlane]
Requires intrusive, expensive measurements Coordinate-based latency prediction [Vivaldi,
PIC, GNP, ICS, Virtual Landmarks, PCoord, NPS, Lighthouse, IDMaps]
Needs substantial work to support applications
Goals
Internet Hidden ‘Gray Matter’
Internet Topology is not directly known
to end-hosts
Inter-node Ping latencies are
available
ModelnXn Estimate Matrix
Clustering, ClosestNode Discovery…
End-Host Pings
Big Insight
“It's not a big truck. It's a series of tubes.” Ted Stevens, Senator from Alaska
Prediction Trees
Tree of Virtual Routing Nodes
Distance between nodes is path length on the tree
Interior: Virtual Routing NodesLeaves: Physical End-hosts
Metric Embedding into Trees
Generally hard Ultra-metric: MST yields HST
representing distances precisely Tree: MST yields the right tree Tree-metric: Buneman’s Steiner tree
yields the right tree
Is the Internet a Tree?
The Four-Point Condition: Given 4 points A,B,C,D:
If AC+BD ≥ AD+BC ≥ AB+CD, AC+BC = AD+BC ≥ AB+CD
C
DB
A C
DB
AC
DB
A
AC+BD = AD+BC ≥ AB+CD
Is the Internet a Tree? We can model it as one!
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Epsilon Values
CD
F
Relaxed Four Point Condition:
AC+BD=[AD+BC]+2* min{AB,CD}
Internet Latencies are very close to a tree metric
Random power-law graph latencies are also very close to a tree metric
New Challenge: Embed Relaxed Tree Metrics in Trees
Teriffic experimental evidence Distance prediction, clustering, finding closest
nodes, spanning-trees (1+O(ε log(n)) ) / (1 – O(ε log(n)) ) Steiner
approximation (1+O(ε log(n)) ) stretch lower bound (1 + O(ε)) Steiner approximation for
metrics generated from relaxed tree metric graphs
(1 + O(ε)) approximation by log(n) Steiner trees
Some Open Directions
Close lower/upper gap Embed random graphs with power-law
degrees in trees Relaxed tree-metric condition of such graphs
Embed into distribution on trees Embed into fixed-size collection of trees
Lower bound Instance-specific Steiner-tree
approximation
Thanks!
Sponsored link: LOCALITY 2007, Satellite workshop at PODC 2007, August, Portland Oregon
(Re)constructing the Tree
A B C
A 0.0 3.0 5.0
B 3.0 0.0 4.0
C 5.0 4.0 0.0
Cx = (AC+BC-AB)/2Ax = (AB+AC-BC)/2Bx = (AB+BC-AC)/2
A
B
C
AC=5
BC=4
AB
= 3
A
B
C
2
3x
A
B
3
1
Latency Prediction: Performance I
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Relative Error
CD
F Sequoia
Vivaldi
PlanetLab,117 nodes, 1 month
Latency Prediction: Performance II
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Relative Error
CD
F Sequoia
Vivaldi
King Dataset (Harvard), 1835 nodes
Latency Prediction: Multiple Trees
Each node joins x randomly selected trees out of t total trees
Existing theoretical work on modeling a graph metric with a distribution of dominating trees…
To predict latencies between 2 nodes, select all trees both nodes belong to, and pick median
A B
y
x
C D
z
E B
y
x
F C
z
B F
y
x
G H
z
T1 T2 T3
dist(B,C) = median(distT1(B,C), distT2(B,C))
Latency Prediction: Multiple Trees
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Relative Error
CD
F
Vivaldi Sequoia Multitree 6/11
Closest Node Discovery: Mechanism
A
x z
y
B C D
Problem: Can’t ping inner virtual nodes, only physical leaf nodes
Solution: Each virtual node maintains ping-able representatives for each virtual neighborT
Traverse the tree, always picking the neighbor that’s closer to the target
More Overhead More Accuracy• Number of representatives per neighbor
B D
C B
• Number of parallel queries
Closest Node Discovery: Performance I
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10
Number of Parallel Queries
Err
or
(ms)
reps = 2reps = 4reps = 6
PlanetLab, 117 nodes, 1 month ping data
Closest Node Discovery: Performance II
• King Dataset (Meridian), 2500 nodes
• Meridian performance on same data: ~1 ms
• Vivaldi, GNP: ranging from 8 ms to 18 ms
(from Wong et al, Sigcomm 05)
02468
101214161820
6q X 6r 15q X 10r
Sequoia
Err
or
(ms
)q = queries, r = reps
Clustering PlanetLab60223214
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freedom.ri.uni-tuebingen.de
1.195
Europe
Clustering PlanetLab60223214
18738776
0
28061642
6.866
planetlab2.een.orst.edu
0
planetlab3.cs.uoregon.edu
10.779
12641169
3.48
44177654
11.957
13063473
50.245
54814357
2.695
planet1.seattle.intel-research.net
0
57911184
4.636
61398511
6.582
17713017
0.651
38653513
0.302
61686491
0.835
planetlab1.cs.ubc.ca
8.912
planetlab02.cs.washington.edu
-3.666
62632450
4.537
58888299
0.809
4322080
1.537
planetlab-1.eecs.cwru.edu
3.065
20341925
5.499
planetslug1.cse.ucsc.edu
2.013
23733657
0.088
planetlab1.ece.ucdavis.edu
1.785
41629729
0.303
37325887
1.921
32883419
0
36528427
2.827
planetlab-1.cse.ohio-state.edu
0.848
9922325
0.075
30452247
6.673
1013293
2.028
20939737
0.14
planet2.scs.stanford.edu
1.861
13133063
7.901
crt1.planetlab.umontreal.ca
4.615
55353446
0.053
planetlab1.cse.msu.edu
2.874
planetlab1.cs.uchicago.edu
0
planetlab2.win.trlabs.ca
28.679
planetlab2.ucb-dsl.nodes.planet-lab.org
25.236
57522300
1.855
planetlab2.unl.edu
36.075
planetlab1.uc.edu
3.613
31981697
84.064
planet-lab-1.csse.monash.edu.au
161.754
48953616
0.005
46890055
1.269
planetlab6.millennium.berkeley.edu
0.128
planet3.berkeley.intel-research.net
0.142
25690090
0.446
12185796
0.934
24216811
1.252
planetlab2.cs.wayne.edu
0.578
53324351
7.95
7877106
0.091
1943350
9.677
55866471
43.116
16931803
0.03
planetlab2.cs.ucla.edu
0.659
planetlab2.ucsd.edu
2.395
planet-lab1.cs.ucr.edu
0.147
15203380
67.887
2883140
3.241
60718826
2.14
11489911
0.03
34684851
2.695
planetlab1.eecs.umich.edu
0.323
39762658
1.266
50785559
0.341
planetlab1.cs.purdue.edu
1.412
11159819
0.419
23702691
0.001
planetlab1.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp
0.629
18626439
2.01
planetlab1.iis.sinica.edu.tw
0.203
planetlab2.postel.org
0.9
planet1.cs.ucsb.edu
2.388
29890231
1.368
planetlab-02.ipv6.lip6.fr
6.299
41061
0.526
63037041
0.017
6148812
0.022
50800521
1.754
41065483
0.07
14185124
0.063
cloudburst.uwaterloo.ca
4.386
planetlab01.erin.utoronto.ca
1.521
8966586
0.096
kupl2.ittc.ku.edu
2.81
6887897
0.013
planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu
13.216
pl1.ucs.indiana.edu
0.715
vn3.cs.wustl.edu
10.994
58400548
0.016
planetlab-01.naist.jp
9.848
pads23.cs.nthu.edu.tw
0
planetlab2.iiitb.ac.in
133.169
50985389
0.933
46369596
0.352
planetlab1.georgetown.edu
0.48
61058004
0.896
50726992
0.04
planetlab2.cs.umd.edu
0.216
45598209
2.345
planetlab1.pc.cis.udel.edu
1.774
planetlab-4.cs.princeton.edu
0
planetlab1.lsd.ufcg.edu.br
219.181
32727789
4.928
planetlab1.cis.upenn.edu
3.387
30116333
0.015
planetlab2.comet.columbia.edu
0.422
35803110
15.822
32604385
10.522
scratchy.cs.uga.edu
5.415
pl2.cs.utk.edu
8.43
18925492
0.907
planet2.cavite.nodes.planet-lab.org
56.325
62068736
0.21
11469592
0.063
66996861
6.055
17314460
2.749
planetlab-01.ece.uprm.edu
57.722
61844338
0.669
63464403
0.003
planetlab1.cs.duke.edu
8.394
50697561
0.555
planetlab2.rutgers.edu
0.552
planetlab5.csail.mit.edu
0.667
planetlab2.cs.umass.edu
2.489
18094558
0.432
planetlab2.cs.cornell.edu
7.552
planetlab2.csres.utexas.edu
3.076
16748349
0.44
planetlab1.flux.utah.edu
10.081
18953398
0.549
58939632
0
45524559
0.294
15478206
0.28
19342748
0.013
44597241
5.188
16143157
20.578
54116930
8
65117297
8.851
57268832
0.057
lsirextpc01.epfl.ch
0.515
planet3.pittsburgh.intel-research.net
10.989
66927325
8.859
planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu
1.754
planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu
5.276
43029267
1.134
planetlab1.gti-dsl.nodes.planet-lab.org
11
planet1.scs.cs.nyu.edu
0
21889970
1.155
planetlab2.tamu.edu
2.829
ricepl-1.cs.rice.edu
0.306
planetlab-1.cs.colostate.edu
1.86
planetlab1.cs.colorado.edu
0.726
planetlab2.koganei.wide.ad.jp
0
planetlab2.icu.ac.kr
27.311
csplanetlab1.kaist.ac.kr
27.832
planet0.jaist.ac.jp
5.703
planetlab-1.imperial.ac.uk
0.312
planetlab2.net-research.org.uk
0.745
843226
1.495
planetlab1.rn.informatics.scitech.susx.ac.uk
3.281
planetlab2.info.ucl.ac.be
1.299
47992654
2.84
planetlab-2.iscte.pt
6.587
45943265
6.86
6257078
0.64
planet1.prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de
3.022
60275915
2.355
planetlab2.simula.no
5.441
41837403
0.921
planet4.cs.huji.ac.il
60.365
planetlab1.cs.pitt.edu
0.108
planetlab00.cse.psu.edu
3.501
planet1.njit.edu
0
plab1.cs.ust.hk
121.582
34799956
3.075
29677729
0.942
8857363
0.025
66437409
3.474
planetlab1.cs.vu.nl
1.263
planet1.colbud.hu
23.088
planetlab1.ls.fi.upm.es
0.554
planetlab2.upc.es
11.376
17814796
2.22
47623971
2.405
planetlab-2.it.uu.se
2.018
2764078
0.005
22494152
0.175
planetlab1.eecs.iu-bremen.de
16.45
planetlab1.poly.edu
0
17446390
191.834
planet2.att.nodes.planet-lab.org
0
planetlab1.pop-rs.rnp.br
135.017
30955062
6.172
pli1-br-1.hpl.hp.com
2.252
planetlab2.cs-ipv6.lancs.ac.uk
2.032
planet2.manchester.ac.uk
0.374
planetlab-1.cs.uni-paderborn.de
9.506
35875097
0.12
40953208
1.244
37945174
19.059
planetlab1.hiit.fi
7.543
planetlab-1.ssvl.kth.se
0.908
planetlab01.cnds.unibe.ch
0.643
planetlab2.csg.unizh.ch
1.961
planetlab2.pop-mg.rnp.br
0
planetlab1.pop-rj.rnp.br
29.569
55429074
4.03
planetlab1.dcs.st-and.ac.uk
4.582
planet1.learninglab.uni-hannover.de
0.575
25430658
1.637
8948761
0.007
planetlab2.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de
2.251
planetlab1.piotrkow.rd.tp.pl
2.632
57274684
0.056
planetlab-1.tssg.org
0.362
planetlab01.cs.tcd.ie
0.556
planetlab1.informatik.uni-goettingen.de
0.35
planetlab01.mpi-sws.mpg.de
7.741
planetlab1.informatik.uni-erlangen.de
0.155
35597876
3.392
planetlab2.olsztyn.rd.tp.pl
6.874
planetlab1.swidnik.rd.tp.pl
4.924
planetlab2.lkn.ei.tum.de
0.678
29811240
2.797
bonnie.ibds.uka.de
1.726
freedom.ri.uni-tuebingen.de
1.195
Poland, Germany, Scandinavia
60223214
18738776
0
28061642
6.866
planetlab2.een.orst.edu
0
planetlab3.cs.uoregon.edu
10.779
12641169
3.48
44177654
11.957
13063473
50.245
54814357
2.695
planet1.seattle.intel-research.net
0
57911184
4.636
61398511
6.582
17713017
0.651
38653513
0.302
61686491
0.835
planetlab1.cs.ubc.ca
8.912
planetlab02.cs.washington.edu
-3.666
62632450
4.537
58888299
0.809
4322080
1.537
planetlab-1.eecs.cwru.edu
3.065
20341925
5.499
planetslug1.cse.ucsc.edu
2.013
23733657
0.088
planetlab1.ece.ucdavis.edu
1.785
41629729
0.303
37325887
1.921
32883419
0
36528427
2.827
planetlab-1.cse.ohio-state.edu
0.848
9922325
0.075
30452247
6.673
1013293
2.028
20939737
0.14
planet2.scs.stanford.edu
1.861
13133063
7.901
crt1.planetlab.umontreal.ca
4.615
55353446
0.053
planetlab1.cse.msu.edu
2.874
planetlab1.cs.uchicago.edu
0
planetlab2.win.trlabs.ca
28.679
planetlab2.ucb-dsl.nodes.planet-lab.org
25.236
57522300
1.855
planetlab2.unl.edu
36.075
planetlab1.uc.edu
3.613
31981697
84.064
planet-lab-1.csse.monash.edu.au
161.754
48953616
0.005
46890055
1.269
planetlab6.millennium.berkeley.edu
0.128
planet3.berkeley.intel-research.net
0.142
25690090
0.446
12185796
0.934
24216811
1.252
planetlab2.cs.wayne.edu
0.578
53324351
7.95
7877106
0.091
1943350
9.677
55866471
43.116
16931803
0.03
planetlab2.cs.ucla.edu
0.659
planetlab2.ucsd.edu
2.395
planet-lab1.cs.ucr.edu
0.147
15203380
67.887
2883140
3.241
60718826
2.14
11489911
0.03
34684851
2.695
planetlab1.eecs.umich.edu
0.323
39762658
1.266
50785559
0.341
planetlab1.cs.purdue.edu
1.412
11159819
0.419
23702691
0.001
planetlab1.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp
0.629
18626439
2.01
planetlab1.iis.sinica.edu.tw
0.203
planetlab2.postel.org
0.9
planet1.cs.ucsb.edu
2.388
29890231
1.368
planetlab-02.ipv6.lip6.fr
6.299
41061
0.526
63037041
0.017
6148812
0.022
50800521
1.754
41065483
0.07
14185124
0.063
cloudburst.uwaterloo.ca
4.386
planetlab01.erin.utoronto.ca
1.521
8966586
0.096
kupl2.ittc.ku.edu
2.81
6887897
0.013
planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu
13.216
pl1.ucs.indiana.edu
0.715
vn3.cs.wustl.edu
10.994
58400548
0.016
planetlab-01.naist.jp
9.848
pads23.cs.nthu.edu.tw
0
planetlab2.iiitb.ac.in
133.169
50985389
0.933
46369596
0.352
planetlab1.georgetown.edu
0.48
61058004
0.896
50726992
0.04
planetlab2.cs.umd.edu
0.216
45598209
2.345
planetlab1.pc.cis.udel.edu
1.774
planetlab-4.cs.princeton.edu
0
planetlab1.lsd.ufcg.edu.br
219.181
32727789
4.928
planetlab1.cis.upenn.edu
3.387
30116333
0.015
planetlab2.comet.columbia.edu
0.422
35803110
15.822
32604385
10.522
scratchy.cs.uga.edu
5.415
pl2.cs.utk.edu
8.43
18925492
0.907
planet2.cavite.nodes.planet-lab.org
56.325
62068736
0.21
11469592
0.063
66996861
6.055
17314460
2.749
planetlab-01.ece.uprm.edu
57.722
61844338
0.669
63464403
0.003
planetlab1.cs.duke.edu
8.394
50697561
0.555
planetlab2.rutgers.edu
0.552
planetlab5.csail.mit.edu
0.667
planetlab2.cs.umass.edu
2.489
18094558
0.432
planetlab2.cs.cornell.edu
7.552
planetlab2.csres.utexas.edu
3.076
16748349
0.44
planetlab1.flux.utah.edu
10.081
18953398
0.549
58939632
0
45524559
0.294
15478206
0.28
19342748
0.013
44597241
5.188
16143157
20.578
54116930
8
65117297
8.851
57268832
0.057
lsirextpc01.epfl.ch
0.515
planet3.pittsburgh.intel-research.net
10.989
66927325
8.859
planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu
1.754
planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu
5.276
43029267
1.134
planetlab1.gti-dsl.nodes.planet-lab.org
11
planet1.scs.cs.nyu.edu
0
21889970
1.155
planetlab2.tamu.edu
2.829
ricepl-1.cs.rice.edu
0.306
planetlab-1.cs.colostate.edu
1.86
planetlab1.cs.colorado.edu
0.726
planetlab2.koganei.wide.ad.jp
0
planetlab2.icu.ac.kr
27.311
csplanetlab1.kaist.ac.kr
27.832
planet0.jaist.ac.jp
5.703
planetlab-1.imperial.ac.uk
0.312
planetlab2.net-research.org.uk
0.745
843226
1.495
planetlab1.rn.informatics.scitech.susx.ac.uk
3.281
planetlab2.info.ucl.ac.be
1.299
47992654
2.84
planetlab-2.iscte.pt
6.587
45943265
6.86
6257078
0.64
planet1.prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de
3.022
60275915
2.355
planetlab2.simula.no
5.441
41837403
0.921
planet4.cs.huji.ac.il
60.365
planetlab1.cs.pitt.edu
0.108
planetlab00.cse.psu.edu
3.501
planet1.njit.edu
0
plab1.cs.ust.hk
121.582
34799956
3.075
29677729
0.942
8857363
0.025
66437409
3.474
planetlab1.cs.vu.nl
1.263
planet1.colbud.hu
23.088
planetlab1.ls.fi.upm.es
0.554
planetlab2.upc.es
11.376
17814796
2.22
47623971
2.405
planetlab-2.it.uu.se
2.018
2764078
0.005
22494152
0.175
planetlab1.eecs.iu-bremen.de
16.45
planetlab1.poly.edu
0
17446390
191.834
planet2.att.nodes.planet-lab.org
0
planetlab1.pop-rs.rnp.br
135.017
30955062
6.172
pli1-br-1.hpl.hp.com
2.252
planetlab2.cs-ipv6.lancs.ac.uk
2.032
planet2.manchester.ac.uk
0.374
planetlab-1.cs.uni-paderborn.de
9.506
35875097
0.12
40953208
1.244
37945174
19.059
planetlab1.hiit.fi
7.543
planetlab-1.ssvl.kth.se
0.908
planetlab01.cnds.unibe.ch
0.643
planetlab2.csg.unizh.ch
1.961
planetlab2.pop-mg.rnp.br
0
planetlab1.pop-rj.rnp.br
29.569
55429074
4.03
planetlab1.dcs.st-and.ac.uk
4.582
planet1.learninglab.uni-hannover.de
0.575
25430658
1.637
8948761
0.007
planetlab2.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de
2.251
planetlab1.piotrkow.rd.tp.pl
2.632
57274684
0.056
planetlab-1.tssg.org
0.362
planetlab01.cs.tcd.ie
0.556
planetlab1.informatik.uni-goettingen.de
0.35
planetlab01.mpi-sws.mpg.de
7.741
planetlab1.informatik.uni-erlangen.de
0.155
35597876
3.392
planetlab2.olsztyn.rd.tp.pl
6.874
planetlab1.swidnik.rd.tp.pl
4.924
planetlab2.lkn.ei.tum.de
0.678
29811240
2.797
bonnie.ibds.uka.de
1.726
freedom.ri.uni-tuebingen.de
1.195
Clustering PlanetLab
Poland
Work in Progress
Explore better tree-building algorithms
Model other properties using these trees Loss rate, bandwidth
Build a robust distributed system: Failure Handling, Tree Balancing
Conclusions
Prediction Trees are a promising way of modeling internet latencies Simple yet powerful abstraction
Latency estimation comparable with coordinate schemes
Closest Node Discovery comparable to Meridian
Good locality-based Clustering
THANK YOU!
King Dataset (harvard)
1835 Nodes
37717891
643
0
8893018
5.137
53288078
0.624
636
0.851
5197237
0.075
25398178
0.788
23326130
1.429
193
0.612
39853823
0
501
3.539
42824513
0.099
1191
10.001
64414163
0
944
8.414
2929684
0.172
19165295
0.26
27574907
0.659
898
1.625
46144154
0.066
25851732
0
49701108
0.07
31312988
1.687
369
4.091
1040
2.194
21779770
0.027
725
0.191
55966811
0.141
48359971
0.214
42467242
0.109
844
2.383
17607306
0.745
112
4.946
34594450
0.293
890
1.074
4814162
0.055
13676397
0.022
6097787
0.442
31874879
0.52
48500748
0.006
18324968
0.005
448
1.225
1862
7.663
9021106
0.072
1663
0.37
56953472
0.052
491
0.158
24834017
0.132
56825289
0.246
61187828
0.108
964
0.905
125
1.859
190
11.906
1972453
0.497
1743
0.923
39724141
0.041
935
1.553
480
4.038
7177586
0.081
54036092
0.414
1143
1.026
20335695
0.026
2519040
0.014
445
3.102
62518939
0.875
55002043
0.074
4131180
0.275
32318844
0.071
1536
2.202
45519010
0.087
847
3.397
1808
8.747
502
0.68
61638787
0.049
8459646
0.122
54059051
0.111
836
0.809
22
28.866
20505176
0.064
1671
2.835
1179
3.805
48634372
0
1206
1.398
20979449
0.442
1519
8.542
28895942
0.197
1535
0.889
1803
1.315
842
2.673
58050931
0.02
1749548
0.155
27119112
0.055
36480892
0.115
46439144
0.016
33782601
0.021
28397929
0.099
1871
0.088
616
1.492
1883
1.591
33520585
0.028
47189975
0.384
57903701
0.205
1725
8.184
37327587
0.047
946
0.119
30312141
0.014
1789
4.743
61745679
0.096
24605373
0.355
28161467
0. 374
1558
42. 123
45728186
0.009
1447
4.927
62416770
0.063
735
6
96
0.914
202
1.131
30907126
0.294
42559079
0.044
1823
0.456
370
5.359
46508497
1.13
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1.284
8479922
0.326
19940507
0.122
64421653
0.146
1428
1.488
1870
9.013
18702125
0.993
932
1.643
249
2.159
1258
1.628
869
6.253
22616760
0.527
14965481
0.106
366
5.313
1053
1.861
16836240
0.966
316
5.612
4190486
0
788
0
531
0.935
320
2.473
26490039
0.901
562
2.232
1345
5.743
914
0.799
1039
8.836
1273
0.422
27541012
3.523
1795
11.727
1278
1.729
1821
3.514
54114296
0
92
1.063
13957008
0
1319
7.352
1540
0.776
1361
1.465
137
1.23
18663914
0
53394059
0
38011790
0.463
45610971
0
7
1.535
22493855
0.422
986
1.191
843
1.719
30675670
0.381
41422765
0
419
1.132
1065
1.21
1760
5.989
19264514
0.022
19044261
1.146
9440587
0
555
1.059
54700731
0.376
211
18.992
11286065
0
899
2.005
415
1.398
32658561
0.062
36488011
0.228
8228675
1.076
33874507
0
1044
3.189
1863
6.56
50027729
0.558
1002
2.577
759
1.525
65452268
0.396
612
0.859
822
1.069
1728
1.974
1670
1.282
1412
1.385
29503116
0.195
393
1.434
1696
6.707
1178
2.411
Four Point Condition
Relaxed 4PC:
d(AC)+d(BC) = [d(AD)+d(BC)] + * [d(AB)+d(CD)]
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Epsilon Values
CD
F
Prediction Trees
A B
y
x
C D
z
Tree of Virtual Routing Nodes
End-hosts
Interior nodes are virtual ‘steiner’ nodes Leaf nodes are physical end-hosts
Estimated Distance is Path Length on the Tree
planetlab2.cs-ipv6.lancs.ac.uk
planetlab2.simula.no
planetlab1.dcs.st-and.ac.uk
planetlab-2.iscte.pt
planet2.manchester.ac.uk
planetlab1.hiit.fi
planetlab2.upc.es
planetlab-1.cs.uni-paderborn.de
planetlab01.cs.tcd.ie
planetlab1.eecs.iu-bremen.de
lsirextpc01.epfl.ch
planetlab1.ls.fi.upm.es
planet1.learninglab.uni-hannover.de
planetlab2.net-research.org.uk
bonnie.ibds.uka.de
planet1.prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de
planetlab1.swidnik.rd.tp.pl
planetlab2.csg.unizh.ch
planetlab2.olsztyn.rd.tp.pl
planetlab1.informatik.uni-goettingen.de
planetlab2.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de
planetlab1.cs.vu.nl
planetlab1.piotrkow.rd.tp.pl
planetlab1.informatik.uni-erlangen.de
planetlab1.rn.informatics.scitech.susx.ac.uk planetlab-02.ipv6.lip6.fr
planetlab01.mpi-sws.mpg.de
planetlab-1.ssvl.kth.se
planetlab-2.it.uu.se
planetlab2.lkn.ei.tum.de
planet1.colbud.hu
60223214
planetlab2.pop-mg.rnp.br
0
34684851
6.581
38653513
6.869
planetlab1.pop-rj.rnp.br
0.082
13063473
116.372
planetlab1.pop-rs.rnp.br
16.3
25690090
0.191
35597876
0.755
12185796
3.985
66996861
4.327
28173839
0.995
csplanetlab1.kaist.ac.kr
65.385
13133063
1.603
planetlab2.unl.edu
10.53
1847745
3.092
50800521
2.022
49571903
0.576
planetlab1.cs.purdue.edu
1.494
62632450
0.943
planetlab1.gti-dsl.nodes.planet-lab.org
2.675
ricepl-1.cs.rice.edu
16.799
kupl2.ittc.ku.edu
2.675
planetlab1.flux.utah.edu
9.038
22494152
3.67
31531813
2.269
pl1.ucs.indiana.edu
0.476
6257078
0.472
planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu
0.715
planetlab1.cs.ubc.ca
11.092
planetlab3.cs.uoregon.edu
1.367
28061642
0.449
planetlab1.uc.edu
5.617
15203380
0.209
3378500
0.534
2883140
1.761
30452247
7.051
53324351
0.298
5456238
0.356
planetlab5.csail.mit.edu
0
27158770
3.624
31981697
1.676
44018709
5.989
planet1.seattle.intel-research.net
0.929
planetlab2.een.orst.edu
5.954
29979226
0.354
57268832
0.239
17713017
0.08
planetlab2.cs.umass.edu
2.057
planetlab1.cis.upenn.edu
5.77
planet2.att.nodes.planet-lab.org
1.137
47992654
0.103
planetlab2.postel.org
0.793
19914648
0.872
3103865
1.145
52801053
2.338
crt1.planetlab.umontreal.ca
4.116
50785559
2.928
planetlab00.cse.psu.edu
8.345
33166512
2.655
planetlab2.cs.cornell.edu
3.084
8857363
1.273
planetlab2.cs.ucla.edu
0.692
planet2.scs.stanford.edu
0
planetslug1.cse.ucsc.edu
11.193
planet3.berkeley.intel-research.net
0.125
planetlab6.millennium.berkeley.edu
0.144
17314460
2.748
vn3.cs.wustl.edu
1.637
planet3.pittsburgh.intel-research.net
16.826
planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu
1.246
42971410
1.824
planetlab1.cs.duke.edu
5.774
3648821
2.429
planet-lab1.cs.ucr.edu
0.113
17086828
0.967
43851462
19.832
50848483
0.311
planetlab1.poly.edu
0
50985389
5.514
planetlab2.ucsd.edu
0
45598209
1.375
planetlab1.georgetown.edu
5.702
16039693
6.357
plab1.cs.ust.hk
6.441
54665284
0.001
planet1.scs.cs.nyu.edu
0.11
46369596
0
62068736
1.29
58888299
0.076
planetlab01.erin.utoronto.ca
0.814
planetlab1.iis.sinica.edu.tw
0
pads23.cs.nthu.edu.tw
5.6
41519911
1.191
53108349
0.758
12641169
3.525
pli1-br-1.hpl.hp.com
1.835
9922325
0.206
58400548
7.204
29890231
2.648
23743939
1.802
66797741
0.709
planetlab1.pc.cis.udel.edu
1.06
planetlab2.comet.columbia.edu
0
41065483
7.002
19342748
0.371
27237168
3.361 2.216
54814357
0.35 1.346
20341925
6.091
36528427
2.369
63037041
0.03
30955062
1.296
planetlab1.lsd.ufcg.edu.br
83.355
36007420
1.609
planetlab-4.cs.princeton.edu
1.782
planetlab2.cs.umd.edu
8.137
planetlab1.cs.pitt.edu
2.117 2.052 0.353 4.243
43029267
4.387 1.753
6480373
1.326 0.118
11489911
7.301
61686491
9.906
cloudburst.uwaterloo.ca
0
40953208
2.525
47623971
3.624
16098066
3.793
4322080
6.195
planetlab2.rutgers.edu
1.342
planet1.njit.edu
0.9 0.574
planetlab-1.tssg.org
0.344 3.607
44204140
0.867 6.582 18.241
47283970
6.416
planetlab-01.naist.jp
0.495
54116930
4.262
6887897
0.497
planetlab-1.cse.ohio-state.edu
2.1
planetlab-1.eecs.cwru.edu
3.349
planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu
15.278
16014678
1.38
30709776
10.055
planetlab1.cs.colorado.edu
9.137
35803110
1.672
planet4.cs.huji.ac.il
46.184
41629729
0.958
planet0.jaist.ac.jp
4.049
61058004
0.12
planetlab1.cse.msu.edu
1.68
planetlab1.cs.uchicago.edu
1.68
planetlab2.ucb-dsl.nodes.planet-lab.org
1.474
14185124
0.036
scratchy.cs.uga.edu
2.705
planetlab2.tamu.edu
4.815
planetlab2.csres.utexas.edu
1.531 4.909
24216811
4.561
57522300
1.946
planet-lab-1.csse.monash.edu.au
123.058
planetlab2.cs.wayne.edu
1.705
planetlab1.eecs.umich.edu
0.449
planetlab-01.ece.uprm.edu
43.681
pl2.cs.utk.edu
6.055 22.251
18094558
0.666
56456672
1.312
planetlab1.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp
0.597 0.252
63464403
0.398
23181364
0.111
planet2.cavite.nodes.planet-lab.org
55.06 7.457
39762658
0.058
planetlab2.icu.ac.kr
25.091
planetlab2.koganei.wide.ad.jp
2.061 1.645
47403907
2.142
59863213
8.524
5269548
0.264
0.411
9490050
1.317 1.502
50697561
0.263
1.203
65117297
0.009
24399080
2.701
61844338
0.485
6.989 8.354 0.876
32727789
0.857 7.31 0.161
0.532
5603890
0.709
60275915
1.593
62703914
21.014
9.534
26960646
0.095 5.957
48953616
2.026
0.571 1.99 3.815 3.796
Clustering PlanetLab
All European Nodes
planetlab2.simula.no planetlab1.hiit.fi
planetlab-1.cs.uni-paderborn.de
planetlab1.eecs.iu-bremen.de
planet1.learninglab.uni-hannover.de
bonnie.ibds.uka.de
planet1.prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de
planetlab1.informatik.uni-goettingen.de
planetlab2.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de
planetlab1.informatik.uni-erlangen.de
planetlab01.mpi-sws.mpg.de
planetlab-1.ssvl.kth.se
planetlab-2.it.uu.se
planetlab2.lkn.ei.tum.de
60223214
planetlab2.pop-mg.rnp.br
0
34684851
6.581
38653513
6.869
planetlab1.pop-rj.rnp.br
0.082
13063473
116.372
planetlab1.pop-rs.rnp.br
16.3
25690090
0.191
35597876
0.755
12185796
3.985
66996861
4.327
28173839
0.995
csplanetlab1.kaist.ac.kr
65.385
13133063
1.603
planetlab2.unl.edu
10.53
1847745
3.092
50800521
2.022
49571903
0.576
planetlab1.cs.purdue.edu
1.494
62632450
0.943
planetlab1.gti-dsl.nodes.planet-lab.org
2.675
ricepl-1.cs.rice.edu
16.799
kupl2.ittc.ku.edu
2.675
planetlab1.flux.utah.edu
9.038
22494152
3.67
31531813
2.269
pl1.ucs.indiana.edu
0.476
6257078
0.472
planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu
0.715
planetlab1.cs.ubc.ca
11.092
planetlab3.cs.uoregon.edu
1.367
28061642
0.449
planetlab1.uc.edu
5.617
15203380
0.209
3378500
0.534
2883140
1.761
30452247
7.051
53324351
0.298
5456238
0.356
planetlab5.csail.mit.edu
0
27158770
3.624
31981697
1.676
44018709
5.989
planet1.seattle.intel-research.net
0.929
planetlab2.een.orst.edu
5.954
29979226
0.354
57268832
0.239
17713017
0.08
planetlab2.cs.umass.edu
2.057
planetlab1.cis.upenn.edu
5.77
planet2.att.nodes.planet-lab.org
1.137
47992654
0.103
planetlab2.postel.org
0.793
19914648
0.872
3103865
1.145
52801053
2.338
crt1.planetlab.umontreal.ca
4.116
50785559
2.928
planetlab00.cse.psu.edu
8.345
33166512
2.655
planetlab2.cs.cornell.edu
3.084
8857363
1.273
planetlab2.cs.ucla.edu
0.692
planet2.scs.stanford.edu
0
planetslug1.cse.ucsc.edu
11.193
planet3.berkeley.intel-research.net
0.125
planetlab6.millennium.berkeley.edu
0.144
17314460
2.748
vn3.cs.wustl.edu
1.637
planet3.pittsburgh.intel-research.net
16.826
planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu
1.246
42971410
1.824
planetlab1.cs.duke.edu
5.774
3648821
2.429
planet-lab1.cs.ucr.edu
0.113
17086828
0.967
43851462
19.832
50848483
0.311
planetlab1.poly.edu
0
50985389
5.514
planetlab2.ucsd.edu
0
45598209
1.375
planetlab1.georgetown.edu
5.702
16039693
6.357
plab1.cs.ust.hk
6.441
54665284
0.001
planet1.scs.cs.nyu.edu
0.11
46369596
0
62068736
1.29
58888299
0.076
planetlab01.erin.utoronto.ca
0.814
planetlab1.iis.sinica.edu.tw
0
pads23.cs.nthu.edu.tw
5.6
41519911
1.191
53108349
0.758
12641169
3.525
pli1-br-1.hpl.hp.com
1.835
9922325
0.206
58400548
7.204
29890231
2.648
23743939
1.802
66797741
0.709
planetlab1.pc.cis.udel.edu
1.06
planetlab2.comet.columbia.edu
0
41065483
7.002
19342748
0.371
27237168
3.361
54814357
0.35
planetlab1.rn.informatics.scitech.susx.ac.uk
2.216
20341925
6.091
planetlab-02.ipv6.lip6.fr
1.346
36528427
2.369
63037041
0.03
30955062
1.296
planetlab1.lsd.ufcg.edu.br
83.355
36007420
1.609
planetlab-4.cs.princeton.edu
1.782
planetlab2.cs.umd.edu
8.137
planetlab1.cs.pitt.edu
2.117
planetlab2.cs-ipv6.lancs.ac.uk
2.052
planet2.manchester.ac.uk
0.353
planetlab1.dcs.st-and.ac.uk
4.243
43029267
4.387
6480373
1.326
planetlab2.net-research.org.uk
1.753
11489911
7.301
planetlab1.ls.fi.upm.es
0.118
61686491
9.906
cloudburst.uwaterloo.ca
0
40953208
2.525
47623971
3.624
16098066
3.793
4322080
6.195
planetlab2.rutgers.edu
1.342
planet1.njit.edu
0.9
planetlab01.cs.tcd.ie
0.574
planetlab-1.tssg.org
0.344
44204140
0.867
planetlab2.csg.unizh.ch
3.607
planetlab-2.iscte.pt
6.582
planetlab2.upc.es
18.241
47283970
6.416
planetlab-01.naist.jp
0.495
54116930
4.262
6887897
0.497
planetlab-1.cse.ohio-state.edu
2.1
planetlab-1.eecs.cwru.edu
3.349
planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu
15.278
16014678
1.38
30709776
10.055
planetlab1.cs.colorado.edu
9.137
35803110
1.672
planet4.cs.huji.ac.il
46.184
41629729
0.958
planet0.jaist.ac.jp
4.049
61058004
0.12
planetlab1.cse.msu.edu
1.68
planetlab1.cs.uchicago.edu
1.68
planetlab2.ucb-dsl.nodes.planet-lab.org
1.474
14185124
0.036
scratchy.cs.uga.edu
2.705
planetlab2.tamu.edu
4.815
planetlab2.csres.utexas.edu
1.531
24216811
4.561
planetlab1.cs.vu.nl
4.909
57522300
1.946
planet-lab-1.csse.monash.edu.au
123.058
planetlab2.cs.wayne.edu
1.705
planetlab1.eecs.umich.edu
0.449
planetlab-01.ece.uprm.edu
43.681
pl2.cs.utk.edu
6.055
18094558
0.666
planet1.colbud.hu
22.251
56456672
1.312
planetlab1.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp
0.597 0.252
63464403
0.398
23181364
0.111
planet2.cavite.nodes.planet-lab.org
55.06
39762658
0.058
lsirextpc01.epfl.ch
7.457
planetlab2.icu.ac.kr
25.091
planetlab2.koganei.wide.ad.jp
2.061 1.645
47403907
2.142
59863213
8.524
5269548
0.264
0.411
9490050
1.317 1.502
50697561
0.263
1.203
65117297
0.009
24399080
2.701
61844338
0.485
6.989 8.354 0.876
32727789
0.857 7.31 0.161
0.532
5603890
0.709
60275915
1.593
62703914
21.014
9.534
26960646
0.095
48953616
2.026
planetlab2.olsztyn.rd.tp.pl
5.957
0.571 1.99
planetlab1.swidnik.rd.tp.pl
3.815
planetlab1.piotrkow.rd.tp.pl
3.796
Clustering PlanetLab
German and Scandinavian nodesHostname ends with “de” OR “fi” OR “no” OR “se”
