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UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA C TECHNICA OULU 2009 C 320 Mikko Komulainen BANDWIDTH ENHANCED ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE TERMINALS AND MULTILAYER CERAMIC PACKAGES FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF OULU; INFOTECH OULU, UNIVERSITY OF OULU C 320 ACTA Mikko Komulainen

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ABCDEFG

UNIVERS ITY OF OULU P.O.B . 7500 F I -90014 UNIVERS ITY OF OULU F INLAND

A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S O U L U E N S I S

S E R I E S E D I T O R S

SCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM

HUMANIORA

TECHNICA

MEDICA

SCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM

SCRIPTA ACADEMICA

OECONOMICA

EDITOR IN CHIEF

PUBLICATIONS EDITOR

Professor Mikko Siponen

University Lecturer Elise Kärkkäinen

Professor Hannu Heusala

Professor Olli Vuolteenaho

Senior Researcher Eila Estola

Information officer Tiina Pistokoski

University Lecturer Seppo Eriksson

Professor Olli Vuolteenaho

Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala

ISBN 978-951-42-9086-2 (Paperback)ISBN 978-951-42-9087-9 (PDF)ISSN 0355-3213 (Print)ISSN 1796-2226 (Online)

U N I V E R S I TAT I S O U L U E N S I SACTAC

TECHNICA

U N I V E R S I TAT I S O U L U E N S I SACTAC

TECHNICA

OULU 2009

C 320

Mikko Komulainen

BANDWIDTH ENHANCED ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE TERMINALS AND MULTILAYER CERAMIC PACKAGES

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY,DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING,UNIVERSITY OF OULU;INFOTECH OULU,UNIVERSITY OF OULU

C 320

ACTA

Mikko K

omulainen

C320.fm Page 1 Tuesday, March 24, 2009 12:26 PM

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A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S O U L U E N S I SC Te c h n i c a 3 2 0

MIKKO KOMULAINEN

BANDWIDTH ENHANCED ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE TERMINALS AND MULTILAYER CERAMIC PACKAGES

Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent ofthe Faculty of Technology of the University of Oulu forpublic defence in Raahensali (Auditorium L10), Linnanmaa,on 23 June 2009, at 12 noon

OULUN YLIOPISTO, OULU 2009

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Copyright © 2009Acta Univ. Oul. C 320, 2009

Supervised byProfessor Heli Jantunen

Reviewed byProfessor Matthias HeinDoctor Pekka Salonen

ISBN 978-951-42-9086-2 (Paperback)ISBN 978-951-42-9087-9 (PDF)http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9789514290879/ISSN 0355-3213 (Printed)ISSN 1796-2226 (Online)http://herkules.oulu.fi/issn03553213/

Cover designRaimo Ahonen

OULU UNIVERSITY PRESSOULU 2009

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Komulainen, Mikko, Bandwidth enhanced antennas for mobile terminals andmultilayer ceramic packagesFaculty of Technology, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University ofOulu, P.O.Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland; Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu,P.O.Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Acta Univ. Oul. C 320, 2009Oulu, Finland

Abstract

In this thesis, bandwidth (BW) enhanced antennas for mobile terminals and multilayer ceramicpackages are presented. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, electrically frequency-tunable mobile terminal antennas have been studied. The first three antennas presented were of adual-band planar inverted-F type (PIFA) and were tuned to operate in frequency bands appropriateto the GSM850 (824–894 MHz), GSM900 (880–960 MHz), GSM1800 (1710–1880 MHz),GSM1900 (1850–1990 MHz) and UMTS (1920–2170 MHz) cellular telecommunicationstandards with RF PIN diode switches. The first antenna utilized a frequency-tuning methoddeveloped in this thesis. The method was based on an integration of the tuning circuitry into theantenna. The tuning of the second antenna was based on a switchable parasitic antenna element.By combining the two frequency-tuning approaches, a third PIFA could be switched to operate ineight frequency bands.

The planar monopole antennas researched were varactor-tunable for digital television signalreception (470–702 MHz) and RF PIN diode switchable dual-band antenna for operation at fourcellular bands. The key advantage of the former antenna was a compact size (0.7 cm3), while forthe latter one, a tuning circuit was implemented without using separate DC wiring for controllingthe switch component.

The second part of the thesis is devoted to multilayer ceramic package integrated microwaveantennas. In the beginning, the use of a laser micro-machined embedded air cavity was proposedto enable antenna size to impedance bandwidth (BW) trade-off for a microwave microstrip in amultilayer monolithic ceramic media. It was shown that the BW of a 10 GHz antenna fabricatedon a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate could be doubled with this technique.Next, the implementation of a compact surface mountable LTCC antenna package operating near10 GHz was described. The package was composed of a BW optimized stacked patch microstripantenna and a wide-band vertical ball grid array (BGA)-via interconnection. Along with theelectrical performance optimization, an accurate circuit model describing the antenna structurewas presented. Finally, the use of low-sintering temperature non-linear dielectric BariumStrontium Titanate (BST) thick films was demonstrated in a folded slot antenna operating at 3GHz and frequency-tuned with an integrated BST varactor.

Keywords: frequency-tunable antennas, LTCC, microstrip antennas, mobile terminals,package integration, planar inverted-F antennas, planar monopole antennas, slotantennas, small antennas

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Acknowledgements

This work was done at the Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories

of the University of Oulu and EMPART research group of Infotech Oulu during

2005–2008. The work was carried out in the framework of the TAMTAM-project

(future active multiband antennas). The project was funded by the Finnish

Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES), Nokia Mobile Phones

Business Group, Pulse Finland Oy, and Elektrobit Microwave Oy (2005–2006).

I wish to thank my supervisor Professor Heli Jantunen who gave me this

great opportunity and the support to perform this research. In addition, Dr. Tero

Kangasvieri, Dr. Charles Free, Professor Erkki Salonen, Markus Berg, Timo Tick,

Vamsi Palukuru and Jyri Jäntti along with all those who participated in the

TAMTAM-project and the staff of the Microelectronics and Materials Physics

Laboratories are acknowledged.

In the year 2008 the work was financially supported by Infotech Oulu

Graduate School. The Nokia Foundation, the Seppo Säynäjäkangas Foundation

and the University of Oulu Support Foundation are acknowledged for supporting

the work twice. The Finnish Foundation of Electrical Engineers, the Tauno

Tönning Foundation, the Riitta and Jorma J. Takanen Foundation, the Jenny and

Antti Wihuri Foundation, and the Ulla Tuominen Foundation are acknowledged

for supporting the work.

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List of abbreviations and symbols

εr Relative permittivity

λ0 Free space wavelength

λg Guided wavelength

σ Conductivity of tissue

р Density of tissue

ηrad Radiation efficiency

ηref Reflection efficiency

ηtot Total efficiency

ωr Angular resonant frequency

Ω Ohm

~ Approximately

A Ampere

BGA Ball Grid Array

BW Bandwidth

BST Barium Strontium Titanate

C Capacitance

°C Celsius degree

cm Centimetre

dB Decibel

dBi Decibel relative to isotropic radiator

DC Direct Current

DVB-H Digital Video Broadcast -Handheld

FSA Folded Slot Antenna

GaAs Gallium Arsenide

GCPW Grounded Co-Planar Waveguide

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile communications

E Electric field

EM Electro-Magnetic

EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility

fr Resonant frequency

FM Frequency Modulation

HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulator

IC Integrated Circuit

ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

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IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

k Wave number

L Inductance

LTCC Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic

MEMS Micro Electro Mechanical System

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

mm Millimetre

NFC Near Field Communication

P Power

Pdiss Average power dissipation per period.

PCB Printed Circuit Board

PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative

PIFA Planar Inverted-F Antenna

Q Quality factor

QC Conductive quality factor

QD Dielectric quality factor

QE External quality factor

QL Loaded quality factor

QR Radiation quality factor

QR,min Theoretical limit for the smallest radiation quality factor

Q0 Un-loaded quality factor

R Resistance

R0 Input resistance at resonance

r Radius

RF Radio Frequency

RF ID Radio Frequency IDentification

RX Receive

S Bandwidth criteria

S11 Scattering parameter

SAR Specific Absorption Rate

SiP System in Package

SMD Surface Mount Device

SPDT Single Pole Double Throw

T Characteristic coupling co-efficient

Tc Curie temperature

Tan δ Dielectric loss tangent

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TCT Thermal Cycling Test

TM Transverse Magnetic field

TX Transmit

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UWB Ultra Wide Band

V Volt

Varactor Variable capacitor

VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

W Total energy stored into a resonator

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

Z0 Characteristic impedance

X-band Microwave frequency range 8-12 GHz

2G Second Generation

3G Third Generation

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List of original papers

The thesis is based on the following eight papers, which are cited in the text by

their Roman numerals.

I Komulainen M, Berg M, Jantunen H, Salonen E & Free C (2008) A Frequency Tuning Method for a Planar Inverted-F Antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation 56(4): 944–950.

II Komulainen M, Palukuru VK & Jantunen H (2007) Frequency-Tunable Dual-Band Planar Inverted-F Antenna Based on a Switchable Parasitic Antenna Element. Frequenz –Journal of RF engineering and telecommunications 61(9–10): 207–212.

III Komulainen M & Jantunen H (2008) Switching a dual-band planar inverted-F antenna to operate in eight frequency bands. Proceedings of Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference: 85–88.

IV Komulainen M, Berg M, Jantunen H & Salonen E (2007) Compact varactor-tuned meander line monopole antenna for DVB-H signal reception. IET Electronics Letters 43(24): 1324–1326.

V Komulainen M, Berg M, Palukuru VK, Jantunen H & Salonen E (2007) Frequency-Reconfigurable Dual-Band Monopole Antenna for Mobile Handsets. IEEE Antennas & Propagation International Symposium Digest: 3289–3292.

VI Komulainen M, Mähönen J, Tick T, Berg M, Jantunen H, Henry M, Free C & Salonen E (2007) Embedded air cavity backed microstrip antenna on an LTCC substrate. Journal of European Ceramic Society 27(8–9): 2881–2885.

VII Komulainen M, Kangasvieri T, Jäntti J & Jantunen H (2008) Compact Surface-Mountable LTCC-BGA Antenna Package for X-band Applications. International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology 3(4): 451–459.

VIII Palukuru V K, Komulainen M, Tick T, Peräntie J & Jantunen H (2008) Low Sintering-Temperature Ferroelectric-Thick films: RF Properties and an Application in a Frequency-Tunable Folded Slot Antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7: 461–464.

Ways to enhance the bandwidth of small antennas for mobile terminals and

multilayer ceramic packages are presented. Papers I–V relate to improving the

efficient use of mobile terminal antennas with electrically controlled frequency-

tuning. Papers VI–VIII deal with BW enhanced planar microwave antennas on

multilayer ceramic packages.

Papers I–III are on the topic of electrically controlled frequency-tuning of a

planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antennas investigated are of the dual-band

type and tuned with RF switches. The antennas operate at frequency bands

appropriate to the GSM850 (824–894 MHz), GSM900 (880–960 MHz),

GSM1800 (1710–1880 MHz), GSM1900 (1850–1990 MHz) and UMTS (1920–

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2170 MHz) telecommunication standards (the cellular bands). In paper I, a

frequency tuning method for PIFAs is presented. The method is based on the

integration of a tuning circuit to the antenna element. The key advantages are that

no separate DC wiring is used in the tuning circuit and the tunable antenna used

for demonstrating the method showed high total antenna efficiency in all of its

four frequency bands. Paper II describes another approach for implementing a

similar antenna. The tuning is based on a switchable parasitic antenna element.

Finally, in paper III, the two frequency-tuning methods are combined into the

same antenna structure, which can be electrically switched to operate in eight

frequency bands.

Papers IV and V describe an implementation of frequency-tunable planar

monopole antennas. A varactor tuned antenna investigated in paper IV is for

digital television signal reception in a small portable device. The RF switch

tunable antenna in paper V operates at four cellular bands. The main advantage of

the former antenna is its compact size, while the tuning circuit of the latter

antenna does not use a separate DC wiring.

In paper VI, a laser micro-machined embedded air cavity is proposed to

enable an antenna size to bandwidth and efficiency trade off in a dielectric media

typical for a Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) microwave System in

Packages (SiPs). Paper VII describes the implementation of a surface mountable

LTCC ball grid array (BGA) antenna package operating at X-band. The package

consists of a BW optimized LTCC integrated stacked patch microstrip antenna

and wide-band package transitions. Along with the electrical design optimization,

a circuit model for the antenna package was presented and the thermal fatigue

reliability of board level solder joints of the package assemblies was

experimentally verified. Finally, paper VIII describes the dielectric properties of

low sintering temperature Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) thick films at RF

frequencies and demonstrates the use of them as an integrated varactor in a

frequency-tunable folded slot antenna. The low sintering temperature of the

material enables compatibility with well conducting silver electrodes and LTCC

material systems.

In papers I–VI, the idea, design and all the experimental work were mostly

contributed by the author with the assistance of the co-authors. The ceramic

antennas in papers VI–VII were fabricated by the co-authors. All the

measurements were done by the author in part with the kind help of the co-

authors, excluding the radiation pattern measurements in paper VI, which were

done by the co-authors. The idea in paper VII was mostly contributed by the co-

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author, however the design and modelling of the antenna, as well as the

measurements, are the work of the author. In paper VIII, the author’s contribution

was participation in the idea and the experimental work. All the manuscripts were

written by the author with the kind help of the co-authors.

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Contents

Abstract Acknowledgements 5 List of abbreviations and symbols 7 List of original papers 11 Contents 15 1 Introduction 17

1.1 Fundamental limitations of small antennas............................................. 17 1.2 Package integrated antennas ................................................................... 19 1.3 Mobile terminal antennas........................................................................ 21 1.4 Objectives and outline of the thesis ........................................................ 23

2 Frequency-tunable antennas for mobile terminals 25 2.1 Frequency- tunable dual-band planar inverted-F antennas ..................... 26

2.1.1 A frequency tuning method for a planar inverted-F

antenna ......................................................................................... 27 2.1.2 Use of a switchable parasitic antenna element ............................. 32 2.1.3 Switching a dual-band planar inverted-F antenna to

operate in eight frequency bands.................................................. 37 2.2 Frequency-tunable planar monopole antennas ........................................ 41

2.2.1 Compact varactor-tuned meander line monopole antenna

for DVB-H signal reception ......................................................... 42 2.2.2 Frequency-tunable planar monopole antenna for a quad-

band operation .............................................................................. 46 2.3 Discussions ............................................................................................. 49

3 Ceramic package integrated microwave antennas 53 3.1 Embedded air cavity backed microstrip antenna on an LTCC

substrate .................................................................................................. 54 3.2 Surface-mountable LTCC-BGA antenna package................................... 57 3.3 Integrated BST thick film varactor-tuned folded slot antenna ................ 60 3.4 Discussions ............................................................................................. 64

4 Conclusions 67 References 71 Original papers 81

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1 Introduction

The rapid evolution of information technology and wireless communications has

enabled the development of applications that one was not even able to dream of a

few decades ago. Personal communication has become an integral part of our

everyday lives. Almost everything has gone wireless and mobile today. This is

mainly due to the tireless and everlasting efforts of the electronics and

telecommunications industry to increase the functionality and performance of the

devices while squeezing their size and cost.

Among the most critical components from the view-point of system

integration and miniaturization in wireless devices are antennas. Antennas

represent a category of components that fundamentally differs from others. An

antenna should radiate efficiently in an intended manner to free space, while other

components should be more or less isolated from their surroundings. Along with

the increased functionality of devices, a growing number of wireless

communication standards are used in a device. Devices need to accommodate an

ever-increasing number of antennas, or there would be a need for a significant

bandwidth enhancement for the existing ones. Meanwhile, the reduction in device

size has caused an increasingly higher space constraint in the implementation

environments for antennas. This creates a major challenge for antenna engineers,

since the downsizing of an electrically small antenna has fundamental limitations

and has to be professionally done.

1.1 Fundamental limitations of small antennas

Virtually all small antennas used in wireless communications devices are of the

resonant type. Their size is bound to a fraction of the wavelength at the operating

frequency. The smallest usable fraction of a wave length is one quarter. However,

many advanced antenna designs are slightly smaller. The fundamental theory for

resonant type antennas was derived decades ago (Wheeler 1947, Chu 1948,

Wheeler 1959, Harrington 1960, Wheeler 1975, Hansen 1981). The input

impedance of an antenna that is small compared to the wavelength changes

rapidly as a function of frequency. The antenna can be impedance matched to its

feed only in a narrow frequency band. This frequency band is called the

impedance bandwidth. It is defined as the frequency range where the return loss

(or Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, VSWR) stays below a certain predefined level

e.g. 3 dB (VSWR = 6), 6 dB (VSWR = 3) or 10 dB (VSWR = 1.92). A usable BW

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can also be limited by other parameters, such as, gain, radiation pattern or

polarization. In most of the cases, these factors are better maintained over a wider

frequency band than the impedance match.

The amount of input power accepted by an antenna is described by the

reflection efficiency (ηref). The radiation efficiency (ηrad) describes how much of

the input power accepted by the antenna is converted to a far field radiated power.

This describes the internal losses of an antenna structure. The total efficiency (ηtot

= ηrefηrad) accounts for both impedance mismatch and internal losses. The

impedance bandwidth and radiation efficiency can be also expressed with quality

factors. The quality factor of a resonator Q = ωrW/Pdiss describes the rate at which

energy decays in the resonator. Here ωr is angular resonant frequency, W is the

total energy stored in the resonator and Pdiss is average power dissipated per

period. The total power loss of an antenna can be divided into separate terms,

each of which has its own quality factor (Eq. 1):

0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.

L E E R C D SWQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q= + = + + + + (1)

The loaded quality factor (QL) is the total quality factor of the antenna. It consists

of an unloaded quality factor (Q0) and an external quality factor (QE). Q0 accounts

for the internal losses of the antenna and QE describes the losses of the antenna’s

external connections, such as the feed. Internal losses can be further divided into

radiation (QR), conductive (QC), dielectric (QD) and surface wave losses (QSW).

An antenna’s radiation efficiency can be expressed as a ratio of un-loaded quality

factor and radiation quality factor (Eq. 2):

rad

rad Q

Q0=η . (2)

Antennas impedance bandwidth (BW) can be expressed with depend on these

quality factors in the manner shown in Eq. 3:

S

TSTS

QBW

))(1(1

0

−−= . (3)

Here, S denotes the VSWR bandwidth criteria and T is the characteristic coupling

coefficient to a resonant circuit formed by the antenna. T = Z0/R0 for series

resonant circuit and T = R0/Z0 for parallel resonant circuit, where Z0 and R0 are an

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input resistance at resonance and Z0 a characteristic impedance of a transmission

line feeding the antenna.

It has been shown that relationships originating from fundamental physics

link the size of an antenna, being small compared to operation wavelength, to its

bandwidth and radiation efficiency (Chu 1948, McLean 1996). The theoretical

limit for the smallest radiation quality factor (QR,min), which also sets the limit for

the maximum obtainable impedance bandwidth, is given as

,1

)(

13min, krkr

QR += (4)

where k is the wave number (k=2п/λ) and r is the radius of the smallest sphere

enclosing the antenna. The equation is valid for linearly polarized single mode

antennas. The smaller the antenna volume on the scale of the wavelength is, the

smaller is the maximum attainable impedance bandwidth. In addition, Eq. 3

shows when the radiation quality factor increases, the unloaded quality factor

should increase as well to maintain the radiation efficiency. Consequently, to

obtain the same radiation efficiency, the sum of the inverse values of the QC and

QD should be smaller (less lossy) for a narrow band antenna compared to a

similarly sized wide-band antenna. Downsizing an electrically small antenna is,

thus, a size to efficiency and impedance bandwidth trade-off.

1.2 Package integrated antennas

Electronics miniaturization requires the downsizing of individual components as

well as an increase in their packaging density. The best result is often obtained by

increasing the integration level. A real single-chip radio, including a high

performance on-chip antenna, would be the ultimate packaging solution for

miniaturized wireless transceivers. The integration of an antenna into an

integrated circuit (IC) is, however, considered to be one of the most significant

un-solved problems for realizing single-chip radios. On-chip antennas have

researched over few decades (Buechler et al. 1986, Camilleri & Bayraktaroglu

1988, Rebeiz et al. 1988). On-chip antennas operating at frequencies below 10

GHz are mainly transducers suitable for use in very short-range inductive/near

field communications (Lin et al. 2004, Jau-Jr Lin et al. 2007). This is due to the

fact that the size of resonator type antennas operating at such frequencies is,

basically, too large compared with the typical size of an integrated circuit chip

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(Kenneth et al. 2005, Jau-Jr Lin et al. 2007). Thus, at frequencies f > 10 GHz

antenna sizes are in same magnitude with the common chip areas. Accounting for

the unit cost per millimetre of chip area it may become affordable to integrate an

antenna on a chip. However, then inherent moderate relative permittivity of

semiconductor substrates, high dielectric losses and thin and poorly conducting

conductor materials are the major challenges for realizing efficient and wideband

antennas (Babakhani et al. 2006, Jau-Jr Lin et al. 2007, Ojefors et al. 2007,

Shamim et al. 2008).

To some extent, the problems of on-chip antennas can be overcome by using

System in Package (SiP) or System on Package (SoP) packaging strategies (e.g.,

Tummala & Laskar 2004, Tummala et al. 2004, Tummala 2006). In this approach,

a complete system (e.g. transceiver) is built and interconnected on a multilayer

organic or ceramic package (Fig. 1). Various passive functions are integrated and

embedded, while ICs are flip chipped and wire bonded on the surfaces. Highly

conducting metallization and low-loss dielectric materials are available. Wireless

communications SiPs are mainly focused on applications at microwave and

millimeter wave frequencies (~ 5–100 GHz) (Heyen et al. 2003, Brzezina et al.

2006, Pfeiffer et al. 2006, Sang-Hyuk Wi et al. 2006). In many of these

applications, a package integrated antenna has been used.

Fig. 1. A principal view of wireless communication SiP.

A planar antenna is usually printed on top of a package such that it utilizes the

topmost dielectric and metallization layers. SiP integrated antennas are virtually

not reported for applications at frequencies below 5 GHz. A probable reason for

this is that a planar antenna should be smaller than the overall package. Moreover,

for operating frequencies below 5 GHz, the antenna substrate thickness becomes

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small compared with the wavelength. This, together with the moderate relative

permittivity of, for example, ceramic substrates results in antennas with an

inherently high radiation quality factor. The characteristic features of these

antennas include a narrow impedance BW and low to moderate radiation

efficiency (Brebels et al. 2004, Li et al. 2004, Sang-Hyuk Wi et al. 2006).

Antennas operating below 5 GHz are thus difficult to integrate into

transceiver ICs and packages. These antennas are implemented as separate

components and externally interconnected to the front-end. However, in many

applications, such as mobile terminals, antennas are mounted into the housing of

the device.

1.3 Mobile terminal antennas

A constant increase of the number of wireless communication standards being

applied in a mobile terminal has created a need for internal antennas operating at

ten or more distinct frequency bands in the frequency range of 13 MHz–6 GHz

(Fig. 2). Moreover, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are emerging.

In MIMO systems, data is transferred simultaneously via multiple antennas. This

will further increase the number of antennas in the future.

Fig. 2. A principal view showing wireless communication standards of a future mobile

phone.

At same time, there is a trend toward highly integrated multifunctional devices

that are slimmer, smaller, and lighter than those existing currently. Thus, these

devices need to accommodate an increasing number of antennas in a

simultaneously decreasing available volume. The devices appear in various form

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factors, e.g., slider, swivel and clamshell, and antennas should perform equally

efficiently in open and closed states. The size and shape of a device are also

important factors from the antennas’ electrical performance viewpoint.

It has been shown that the radiation of a mobile terminal is a combination of

the radiation contributed by the antenna and the metallic chassis of a device

((Arkko & Lehtola 2001, Vainikainen et al. 2002). The chassis consists of a

multilayer PCB that houses the device’s electronics, EMC shields, battery, camera,

and many other metallic parts. Typically, the largest dimension of the chassis is in

the range of 70–150 mm. At the lower end of the frequency range (13 MHz–6

GHz), the wavelength is significantly larger than the typical chassis size.

An antenna operates near its characteristic resonant frequency and couples

power to free space and to characteristic chassis wave modes. In particular, at the

lower frequencies (< 1 GHz), even 90% of the radiation may originate from

chassis wave modes. The antenna makes only a minor contribution to the

radiation. For increasing operating frequency, the radiation of the chassis modes

diminishes. The contribution is about half of the overall radiation near 2 GHz. At

still higher frequencies, the radiation of the antenna becomes predominant

(Vainikainen et al. 2002). Thus, the combination of antenna and chassis should be

considered as a single radiating structure, which is significantly larger than the

resonating antenna element alone. The theoretical minimum radiation quality

factor for the antenna-chassis combination is thus smaller compared with a

calculation in which only the antenna is accounted for. Electrical performance,

especially the impedance BW depends strongly on the dimensions of the chassis

as well as the coupling of electromagnetic energy to it. An emerged understanding

on radiation mechanisms of mobile terminals has enabled new antenna concepts

based on more purposeful utilizations of the chassis wave modes (Holopainen et

al. 2006, Schroeder et al. 2006, Vainikainen et al. 2002, Villanen et al. 2006).

Another characteristic feature of mobile terminals is related to radio wave

propagation in an urban and indoor environment. A wave experiences multiple

modifications between the transmitter and the receiver. Owing to variations in a

multipath propagation environment and varying orientations of the device, a

mobile terminal antenna should exhibit omni-directional radiation, excluding the

power radiated toward the user’s head in the talk position. This makes the total

efficiency or the average gain, the most important figures-of-merit of mobile

terminal antennas. Polarization and the precise shape of the radiation pattern are

not often considered such important factors.

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The total efficiency of the mobile terminal antenna is greatly affected by the

user. The proximity of hand and head deteriorates the total efficiency because of

power absorption in human tissue. In addition, user proximity causes a dielectric

loading, which in turn may have an impact on the antenna’s input impedance.

This may degrade the impedance matching and detune the resonant frequency

(Boyle et al. 2007a).

Owing to a potential health risk from the power absorption in body,

governmental regulating agencies have standardized mandatory safety regulations

that set maximum limits for RF power exposure. The parameter used to measure

an amount of the power a mobile phone radiates to the human body is called

Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). It is defined as SAR = σ|E2|/р, where σ is

conductivity of body tissue, E is electric field strength, and р is density of body

tissue. SAR has unit W/kg. In the US, the SAR limit set according the IEEE is

SAR < 1.6 W/Kg averaged over volume corresponding 1g of tissue (ANSI/IEEE

1999). In EU the limit is set according International Commission on Non-Ionizing

Radiation (ICNIRP) and, it is SAR < 2.0 W/Kg averaged over volume equal to 10

g of tissue (ICNIRP 1999). The SAR measurement procedures are also

standardized (European Std. 2001. IEEE Std 2003, IEC and CENELEC 2005).

1.4 Objectives and outline of the thesis

The objective of this thesis is to develop and research bandwidth enhanced

antennas for mobile terminals and multilayer ceramic packages. Special attention

has been paid to electrically frequency-tunable mobile terminal antennas (chapter

2) and multilayer ceramic package integrated microwave antennas (chapter 3).

The mobile terminal antennas in the chapter 2 are application driven and operate

at frequency bands allocated to existing telecommunication standards. The main

purpose of the antennas in chapter 3 is to demonstrate the technologies rather than

be specific for any individual application. The impedance BW of antennas

operating at the cellular bands (GSM850 (824–894 MHz), GMS900 (880–960

MHz), GSM1800 (1710–1880 MHz), GSM1900 (1850–1990 MHz) and UMTS

(1920–2170 MHz) is given against 3 dB and 6 dB return loss matching criteria.

Otherwise 10 dB matching criteria is used.

The antennas presented were designed and optimized with commercial EM

simulation software and empirical procedures and measured in free space.

Measurements accounting for the mobile phone user interactions or SAR values

are considered being out of the scope of the thesis. The antenna design and

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optimization are thought to be generic information. Thus, detailed descriptions of

these processes, such as the simulation results, are left beyond the scope of the

thesis or are given only to a brief extent. The research topic of small antennas has

been the subject of intensive research in recent years. Relevant literature studies

are included in the beginning of each section and the results are discussed at the

end of both chapters.

Section 2.1 deals with frequency-tunable planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs).

Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 present two frequency tuning schemes for a dual-band

PIFA switched to operate in four frequency bands. In section 2.1.3, these tuning

methods are combined within a single dual-band antenna structure, which can be

switched to operate in eight frequency bands. All PIFAs operate at frequency

ranges appropriate to the five cellular bands. Section 2.2 deals with frequency-

tunable monopole antennas. Section 2.2.1 presents an implementation of a

compact varactor-tuned meander line monopole antenna for DVB-H signal

reception (470-702 MHz). The last section of the chapter, 2.2.2, describes the

tuning of a dual-band planar monopole antenna for operating in four cellular

bands.

In section 3.1, the use of a laser micro-machined embedded air cavity is

proposed to enable a size to bandwidth trade off for a 10 GHz microwave

microstrip antenna on a multilayer LTCC substrate. Section 3.2 describes the

implementation of an X-band surface mountable LTCC BGA antenna package, a

stacked patch microstrip antenna designed for optimal BW performance and

integrated into the package substrate. Besides the electrical design optimization, a

circuit model describing the antenna structure is presented. Section 3.3 presents a

frequency-tunable folded slot antenna utilizing an integrated BST varactor. The

antenna operates near 3 GHz and can be fabricated with a standard screen printing

process with silver conductors.

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2 Frequency-tunable antennas for mobile terminals

In present mobile terminals, the volume reserved for the antenna is often

commercially restricted. According the fundamental physical limitations it is a

major challenge to make an antenna in the small available volume that covers a

single very wide frequency band or multiple frequency bands with high total

antenna efficiency. To some extent, the problem of covering wide bandwidths can

be overcome through the use of multiple antennas, but then, more space and

interconnections are required for the antennas, and mutual coupling between the

individual antennas may cause severe problems (Boyle & Massey 2006, Diallo et

al. 2006).

The current mobile terminal antennas are mainly of wide-band and multiple

band type. State-of-the-art cellular antennas may have a quad-band or penta-band

operation (Bhatti & Park 2007, Tzortzakakis & Langley 2007, Villanen et al.

2007, online 2008a, online 2008b). However, in many of these antennas, the

multiple band operation is achieved at the expense of increased antenna size

(Wong 2003, Mak et al. 2007). In addition, compromises in impedance matching

and/or radiation efficiency between the bands are often necessitated. This is

especially true for antennas of small devices that have a multiband operation at

lower frequencies, for example in the GSM850, GSM900 and DVB-H (470–702

MHz) bands. These antennas often utilize at least two relatively long quarter

wave resonators to create adjacent resonances and the maximum obtainable

impedance bandwidth is greatly reduced because of the small size of the chassis.

Antennas that have an electrically tunable operating frequency, together with

frequency-invariant radiation characteristics, would have clear technical benefits.

This kind of antenna will not cover all the frequency bands simultaneously, it may

provide several dynamically selectable narrow frequency bands and, within these

bands, exhibit higher efficiency than is achievable with conventional wide-band

and multiple band antenna solutions (Aberle et al. 2003). This approach may be

used to downsize the antennas while maintaining the operating bandwidth, or,

alternatively, to increase the usable bandwidth of the antenna without increasing

the physical size. In addition, antenna tuning can be used to compensate for

effects that occur when the operating frequencies of handset antennas are detuned

by the proximity of the user or by changes in the operating environment, such as

occur when opening and closing a clamshell or a swivel type mobile phone

(Sjoblom & Sjoland 2005, Boyle & Massey 2006, Jae-Hyoung Park et al. 2007).

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In a wider context, reconfigurable antennas are used in space and military

applications and are proposed as one of the key enablers for the software defined

radios of the future (Aberle et al. 2003, Luo & Dillinger 2003, Yang & Rahmat-

Samii 2005 Christodoulou et al. 2006).

However, there are some conceivable drawbacks to frequency-tunable

antennas, which exhibit high RF power loss, poor linearity and high DC power

consumption of active tuning circuit components. It should also be noted that

these antennas are often complicated structures to design and implement, which

may have cost, reliability and RF front-end compatibility implications.

Withstanding these limitations, frequency tunable antennas provide significant

technical and economic advantages over their conventional counterparts.

2.1 Frequency- tunable dual-band planar inverted-F antennas

Planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) are among the most widely used antennas in

mobile terminals. This is due to their small size, low cost and ease of design and

manufacturing. Additionally, PIFAs can be easily modified for multiband

operation and concealed in mobile phone housings (Wong 2003). The PIFA

concept has been researched over decades (King et al. 1960, Taga Tsunekawa

1987, Tsunekawa 1989). Recently, PIFA structures covering the frequency range

of five and six telecommunication standards have been reported for applications

in mobile terminals and base stations. (Park et al. 2006, Sanz-Izquierdo et al.

2006, online 2008a, online 2008b).

A common approach for tuning the operating frequency of a PIFA is to

electrically reconfigure a short circuit connection with an external tuning circuit.

This has been used for single-band and dual-band antennas (Louhos & Pankinaho

1999, Karmakar et al. 2003, Karmakar 2004). Other previously reported tuning

methods include the use of an adjustable reactive component between a PIFA

patch and a ground plane (Louhos & Pankinaho 1999, Okabe & Takei 2001,

Panayi et al. 2001, Mak et al. 2007), or switched tuning stubs / reactive loads,

which have been applied in both single-band and dual-band PIFAs (Kivekäs et al.

2002, Ollikainen et al. 2002, Boyle & Steeneken 2007b). In addition, a dual-band

PIFA has been tuned to operate in three frequency bands by changing the feed

position using a RF switch (Mak et al. 2007).

However, in these tuning methods, the tuning circuit is separated from the

antenna and built either next to, or under, the antenna element. Tunable antennas

implemented in this way utilize separate DC wiring for controlling the state of the

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RF switches or variable capacitors. These wires, like any metal objects in close

proximity of an antenna, may cause severe performance degradation, such as

deformation of the radiation pattern and undesired detrimental resonances

(Anagnostou et al. 2006). Furthermore, external tuning circuits increase the

overall size of antennas.

2.1.1 A frequency tuning method for a planar inverted-F antenna

The tuning method proposed in Paper I and (Komulainen et al. 2006) is based on

inserting a RF switch into an antenna element. Unlike the situations proposed by

Panaia et al. (2004) and Karmakar (2005), no separate DC control circuit for the

switch is used. The tuning circuit is integrated using reactive passive components

that form separate paths for the RF signal and DC control voltage. The DC

voltage is carried to the switch simultaneously with the RF signal. The proposed

tuning method has been demonstrated with a single-feed dual-band PIFA

operating in four distinct frequency bands (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Dual-band PIFA with an integrated tuning circuit. Dimensions are in mm.

[Paper I]

The antenna is a well-known PIFA type (Tarvas & Isohatala 2000, Kivekäs et al.

2002, Lindberg & Ojefors 2006,). The rectangular patch is slit to form two

separate paths for resonating currents, and this leads to dual-band operation. The

antenna element is built on a 0.8 mm thick R4003C printed circuit board

(εr = 3.38, tan δ = 0.0027 at 10 GHz) with 35 μm thick copper metallization. It

has a 9.2 mm thick air substrate and it is placed on top of a 45 mm × 110 mm

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reverse side grounded R4003C PCB. This PCB mimics the chassis of a mobile

phone.

The short circuit point is separated from the rest of the antenna element

metallization by a narrow L-shaped slit. In order to generate a DC potential

difference across the diode, two capacitors (C = 100 pF) and an inductor

(L = 150 nH) are connected in parallel with the slit. The components form a

simple bias-T circuit. The capacitors, with low impedances at RF, act essentially

as a DC block and an RF short, and thus allow RF currents to flow freely in the

antenna element. The inductor with high RF impedance blocks the RF signal and

passes the DC. The DC voltage can be brought to the diode with the RF signal, so

that there is a DC potential difference between the feed and the short circuit pins.

Consequently, changing the polarity of the DC voltage to produce either a

forward bias (switch ON) or a reverse bias (switch OFF) condition for the diode

will control the switch impedance. The two capacitors were used in order to

minimize the impact of the bias-T circuit on the antennas resonant frequencies.

However, the antenna can be probably implemented also using a single capacitor.

The simultaneous frequency shift of both frequency bands can be explained

by using the simulator (Ansoft HFSS v. 10) to show the surface currents on the

antenna (Fig. 4). In the lower frequency band, a larger amount of current flows

through the diode in the ON state, and almost no current passes through the diode

in the OFF state. Hence, frequency tuning of the lower band is simply based on

modifying the length of the current path. The amount of current through the diode

is smaller in the upper band than in the lower band. This indicates that the

function of the switch is to load the antenna by changing the coupling between the

two resonators separated by the narrow slit. When the switch is ON, strong

surface currents occupy a larger area compared with that for the OFF state, thus,

the resonant frequency is lower in the ON state. The frequency shifts can also be

understood by the manner in which the switch is used for cutting the G-shaped slit

at the pre-defined position.

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Fig. 4. Simulated surface current distribution plots: (a) in the lower band when the

switch is ON (890 MHz); (b) in the lower band when the switch is OFF (930 MHz); (c) in

the upper band when the switch is ON (1770 MHz); (d) in the upper band when the

switch is OFF (1960MHz). [Paper I]

An external bias-T component provided the DC control voltage for the switch

during the measurements. A Satimo Starlab near-field chamber was used for the

radiation pattern and total antenna efficiency measurements (Iversen et al. 2001).

The ON and OFF conditions for the switch were obtained using ±1 V (with a 20

mA forward current), respectively. The measured return losses of the tunable

antenna are presented in Fig. 5. When the switch is ON, the resonances are at 854

MHz and 1770 MHz. The antenna covers the frequency ranges of the GSM850

and GSM1800 bands within at least a 3 dB impedance bandwidth. The BWs for

the lower band in this state is 80 MHz (3 dB) and 45 MHz (6 dB). The

corresponding values for the upper band are 354 MHz (3 dB BW) and 198 MHz

(6 dB BW). When the switch is OFF, the resonant frequencies are 931 MHz and

2025 MHz. The GSM900 and UMTS bands are thus covered. The PCS1900 band

is between the operating frequencies, so that the RX and TX portions are

separated. The lower band has 3 dB and 6 dB BWs of 146 MHz and 85 MHz, and

corresponding values for the upper band are 418 MHz and 216 MHz, respectively.

The measured return loss of the reference antenna, not incorporating the

tuning circuit and additional slits at the component positions, showed well

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impedance matched (the peak S11 better than 13 dB) resonances at 815 MHz and

1800 MHz. The lower band of the reference antenna showed 3 dB impedance BW

of 64 MHz and 6 dB impedance BW of 35 MHz. The corresponding values at

upper band were 380 MHz and 205 MHz, respectively.

Fig. 5. Measured return losses of the PIFA with the integrated tuning circuit. [Paper I]

The measured total efficiencies of the tunable antenna are presented in Fig. 6. The

results show peak values of 68% and 88% in the switched ON state and 65% and

85% in the OFF state. Thus, the antenna covers the frequency bands of GSM1800,

PCS1900 and UMTS with a 65% total efficiency margin. The total efficiency

coverage for the GSM900 and GSM850 bands were 50% and 40%, respectively.

The measured peak return loss values show that all the bands of the antenna

exhibit a good impedance match, with peak return losses better than 16 dB. Thus,

the maximum total antenna efficiencies are nearly equal to the maximum

radiation efficiencies, which are 69% and 88% in the switched ON state, and 65%

and 87% in the OFF state. No appreciable difference in the efficiencies between

the switched ON state and the switched OFF state was observed.

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Fig. 6. Measured total antenna efficiencies of the PIFA with the integrated tuning

circuit. [Paper I]

The reference antenna showed peak radiation efficiency values of 84% and 95%

for the lower and upper bands, respectively. Radiation efficiency deterioration

caused by the tuning circuit can be estimated at less than 20% for the lower bands

and less than 10% for the upper bands. In addition, slight downward frequency

shifts of 40 MHz and 30 MHz were observed for the lower and upper resonant

frequencies compared with the tunable antenna in the ON state. Probable the

reason for the slight frequency shifts is related to the loading caused by the tuning

circuit components and the additional slit that separates the short circuit pin from

the rest of the antenna element metallization.

The measured far-field radiation patterns at the center operating frequencies

of both antennas are presented in Fig. 7. The patterns of the lower frequency

bands are near omni-directional and exhibit similarities with the pattern of a Z-

directed dipole antenna. The maximum lower band gain values of the tunable

antenna are 1.8 dBi in the ON state and 2.2 dBi in the OFF state. The

corresponding value for the reference antenna was 2.5 dBi. The antenna is able to

maintain the shape of the patterns despite the presence and use of the tuning

circuit. The patterns of the upper bands were found to be more directional, with

maximum gains of 4 dBi (switch ON), 3.6 dBi (switch OFF) and 4.3 dBi

(reference antenna). The upper band radiation patterns for the reference antenna

and the switched ON tunable antenna are quite similar. The use of the tuning

circuit, however, slightly tilts the pattern in the OFF state. This can be seen best

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from the radiation plot in the XY plane. Nevertheless, the antenna is able to

maintain its efficiency and there is little degradation in the direction of radiation.

The essentially constant, dipole-like radiation patterns in the lower frequency

bands can be attributed to the dominant radiation contribution of the chassis wave

mode. At frequencies near 2 GHz, more radiation originates from the antenna

element, and thus the antenna is more directional, and a slight tilt in the upper

band patterns tends to occur when the antenna is tuned.

Fig. 7. Measured far-field radiation patterns at the center operating frequencies of the

PIFA with the integrated tuning and the reference PIFA without the tuning circuit.

[Paper I]

2.1.2 Use of a switchable parasitic antenna element

A similar dual-band PIFA can be tuned for a quad-band operation using a

switchable parasitic antenna element [II]. The principle has been previously

proposed for tuning the operating frequency of a PIFA mechanically by adjusting

the height of the parasitic element with a screw (Chiu et al. 2007). Furthermore, a

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similar principle for tuning a dual band PIFA with a SPDT type of switch has

been patented (Milosavljevic 2005).

The dual-band PIFA (Fig. 8.) is similar to the one presented in the previous

section, except a parasitic antenna element is placed between the main element

and the ground plane. The parasitic element consists of vertical and horizontal

parts made of the R4003C PCB and a 0.3 mm thick copper plate, respectively.

Fig. 8. Frequency-tunable PIFA based on a switchable parasitic antenna element.

Dimensions are in mm. [Paper II]

The main antenna element is coupled electromagnetically to the parasitic patch

and the ground plane. Changing this coupling provides the basis for electrically

controlled frequency tuning. When the parasitic element is connected to the

ground potential, it loads the antenna capacitively. This loading shifts the resonant

frequencies downwards. It has been shown that the capacitive loading effect also

reduces the impedance BW (Rowell & Murch 1997, Chiu et al. 2007). When the

element is disconnected from the ground, the loading occurs more weakly and the

resonant frequencies are shifted upwards towards their initial positions. Both

resonant frequencies can be simultaneously tuned by either connecting or

disconnecting the parasitic element to the ground plane. A practical

implementation of the frequency tuning is made with two parallel RF PIN diode

switches. The switches are situated on the vertical parasitic element part. A

control voltage for the diodes is supplied through a thin (400 μm) DC line. The

line is connected to the upper part of the vertical PCB metallization through a 220

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nH inductor. The lower end of the PCB is grounded. The inductor works as a RF

block and a DC short, and hence forces the RF signal to flow along the intended

route in the parasitic element.

BAR50-02V RF PIN diode switches and standard 0805-packaged passive

components were used in the fabricated antenna structure. The forward current of

the diodes was limited to 20 mA. The measured return losses of the tunable PIFA

are presented in Fig. 9. When the switch is ON, the resonances are at 845 MHz,

1765 MHz, and 2660 MHz. The 3 dB impedance BWs are (6 dB BW in brackets)

81 MHz (42 MHz), 182 MHz (105 MHz), and 194 MHz (not available) in the

switched ON state. The antenna thus covers the frequency ranges of GSM850 and

GSM1800 with a 3 dB impedance BW. The third band does not cover any specific

frequency range but, however, it is rather close to the 2.4 GHz WLAN band

(2400–2484 MHz). This resonance occurs when the parasitic element is shorted,

i.e., a quarter wave length resonator. While the switch is OFF, the resonances are

at 905 MHz and 1920 MHz. 106 MHz (61 MHz) and 353 MHz (191 MHz).The

antenna almost covers the GSM900, PCS1900, and UMTS bands with 3 dB

return loss margin.

Fig. 9. Measured return losses of the frequency-tunable PIFA based on the switchable

parasitic antenna element.

The measured return loss of the reference antenna not incorporating the parasitic

antenna element showed two bands at 935 MHz and 2040 MHz. The reference

antenna is otherwise similar to the tunable one, except that the parasitic element is

removed. The resonant frequencies are 90 MHz and 275 MHz higher compared

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with the switched ON tunable antenna and 30 MHz and 120 MHz higher than in

the switched OFF state. The 3dB (6 dB) BWs are 106 MHz (62 MHz) and 450

MHz (239 MHz). As expected, the presence of the parasitic antenna element

shifts all the frequencies downwards. This means that the reference antenna

operating at the same frequencies would result in a larger size.

It can be seen that when the switches are OFF, the capacitive loading is rather

weak. The resonant frequencies and the impedance BWs are only slightly lower

compared with the reference antenna. When the parasitic element is switched to

the ground (switches ON), the loading effect occurs more strongly. The resonant

frequencies and the BW are now significantly lower compared with those of the

reference antenna.

The measured total efficiencies of the tunable antenna are presented in Fig.

10. The results show peak values of 52%, 81% and 51% in the switched ON state.

The corresponding values in the switched OFF state are 52% and 85%. The

antenna covers the GSM850 and GSM900 bands with a 25% total efficiency

margin. The efficiency coverage of the GSM1800, GSM1900, and UMTS are

35%, 65% and 40%, respectively. Except for the one at 2660 MHz, all the

frequency bands are well impedance matched (peak S11 better than 12 dB), thus

the radiation efficiencies at the center frequencies are almost equal to the total

efficiencies. The radiation efficiencies are 56% and 81% for the switched ON

state and 52% and 86% for the switched OFF state. No significant differences

between the switched ON and switched OFF state are observed.

The reference antenna showed peak total efficiency values of 66% and 90%.

These values are also the maximum radiation efficiencies. The deterioration of

radiation efficiency caused by the switchable parasitic antenna element is

estimated to be less than 20% in the lower bands and less than 10% in the upper

bands. There is a clear lower band efficiency difference (~ 14%) between the

reference antennas presented in the current and the previous sections. In the upper

band, the difference is smaller (~ 5%). The probable reasons for the difference are

tolerances in the assembly height or measurement related tolerances. It should

also be noted that the sizes of the antenna elements and the size of the reverse side

grounded PCBs as well as the resonant frequencies are different thus the results

are not fully comparable.

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Fig. 10. Measured total antenna efficiency of the frequency-tunable PIFA based on the

switchable parasitic antenna element. [Paper II]

The measured radiation patterns of both antennas (Fig. 11.) are very similar to the

patterns of the antenna with the integrated tuning circuit. The antenna has

maximum lower band gain values of 0.7 dBi (switched ON), 0.9 dBi (switched

OFF) and 2.8 dBi (the reference antenna). The upper band pattern is more

directional. The maximum gain values are 3.9 dBi (switched ON), 4.1 dBi (switch

OFF) and 4.5 dBi (the reference antenna). The third frequency band in the

switched ON state (2660 MHz) showed a rather irregular pattern with a 1.4 dBi

maximum gain value. The maximum gain values at lower bands are about 1 dBi

lower when compared to the PIFA with the integrated tuning circuit presented in

the previous section. Since the pattern shapes at the lower bands are quite similar,

the gain difference can be explained with the lower total antenna efficiency

presented in this section. At the upper bands the maximum total antenna

efficiencies (80–90%) and maximum gain values (~ 4 dBi) are in similar

magnitude.

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Fig. 11. Measured far-field radiation patterns of the frequency-tunable PIFA based on

the switchable parasitic antenna element and the reference PIFA, excluding the

parasitic antenna element. [Paper II]

2.1.3 Switching a dual-band planar inverted-F antenna to operate in eight frequency bands

By combining the two previously presented tuning circuits, a dual-band PIFA can

be switched to operate in eight frequency bands [III]. The antenna structure is

depicted in Fig. 12. The antenna element (38 mm x 21 mm) is on a 45 mm x 110

mm groundplane. The operation principle is straightforward. The switch in the

dual-band antenna element is used to generate four frequency bands. These four

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bands can be further tuned by switching the parasitic antenna element. Antennas

of the two previous sections exhibited very similar frequency-tuning ratios. To

avoid overlapped bands in the eight band switchable antenna, modifications of the

structure were required. The height of the parasitic element was reduced by 0.5

mm and the diode position in the antenna element was changed in the manner that

larger frequency shifts in the lower and upper bands could be achieved. The size

and position of the parasitic antenna element were maintained.

Fig. 12. Eight band switchable dual-band PIFA. [Paper III]

The measured return losses are presented in Fig. 13. The results show four

separate lower frequency bands. In the upper frequency range, three separate

bands and one overlapping band are observed. The antenna covers the frequency

bands of 760–1075 MHz and 1530–2170 MHz with at least 3 dB return loss

margins. The frequency ranges of the GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, PCS1900

and UMTS telecommunication standards are within these frequency ranges. The

ON-ON-state shows the narrowest impedance 3dB (6dB) BWs that are 92 MHz

(50 MHz) for lower band and 216 MHz (117 MHz) for the upper band. The

widest BWs, 177 MHz (106 MHz) at the lower band and 342 MHz (178 MHz) at

the upper band are obtained in OFF-OFF-state. This correlates with the results of

the previous chapter, where the capacitive loading of the parasitic antenna

element narrowed the BWs. The parasitic antenna element generates a well-

radiating resonance near 2600 MHz. This resonance is very similar to the one

described in the previous section, and for the sake of clarity it is not graphically

presented here. The measured total antenna efficiencies are presented in Fig. 14. The

maximum total efficiencies of the lower and upper bands are around 50% and

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80% (excluding the overlapped band). The lower frequency limit of the

measurement system used was 800 MHz. Thus, it was not possible to properly

measure the efficiency of the lowest band. The overall total efficiency coverage in

the frequency range of ~ 750–1080 MHz is better than 25% and 1560–2120 MHz

is better than 50%. The size of the ground plane here is equal to the reference

antenna in section 2.1.1. The sizes of the antenna elements are also nearly equal.

The reference antenna showed well impedance matched resonances at 845 MHz

and 1900 MHz with corresponding peak radiation efficiencies of 82% and 93%.

The peak radiation efficiency deterioration caused by tuning can be estimated to

be approximately 35% in the lower bands and 15% in the upper bands.

Fig. 13. Measured return losses of the eight band switchable PIFA. [Paper III]

Fig. 14. Measured total efficiency of the eight band switchable PIFA. [Paper III]

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The radiation patterns (Fig. 15) are very similar to the ones presented in the two

previous sections. The peak gain values at the lower bands range from -0.15 dBi

to 0.95 dBi. Only minor variations in the patterns of the antenna’s operating

modes can be observed. The upper band patterns are more directed (max. gains

from 2.5 dBi to 3.6 dBi) and larger pattern variations compared with the lower

bands can be observed. Finally the main results presented in three previous

sections are summarized in Table 1.

Fig. 15. Measured far-field radiation patterns and maximum gain values of the eight

band switchable PIFA. [Paper III]

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Table 1. Result summary of the frequency-tunable dual-band PIFAs (Papers I-III).

Antenna,

Size [mm],

Gnd size

[mm]

Number of

tuning

states

BW lower

band 3dB

[MHz]

BW lower

band 6dB

[MHz]

BW upper

band 3dB

[MHz]

BW upper

band 6dB

[MHz]

Radiation

efficiency at

band center

LB*, UB**

Radiation

efficiency

drop vs. ref.

antenna***

LB,UB

Paper I

39.5×21×9.2

110×45

2

State 1

State 2

815-895

869-1015

831-876

893-978

1600-1954

1859-2283

1669-1867

1920-2145

69%, 88%

65%, 87%

-15%, -7%

-19%, -8%

Paper II

34×20×9.2

105×40

2

State 1

State 2

809-889

853-958

827-869

873-935

1678-1860

1770-2123

1714-1819

1834-2025

56%, 81%

52%, 86%

-10%, -9%

-14%, -4%

Paper III

21×38×9.2

110×45

4

State 1

State 2

State 3

State 4

764-856

790-898

844-1006

895-1072

780-830

810-876

884-966

927-1033

1534-1750

1595-1942

1753-1947

1825-2167

1580-1697

1666-1847

1783-1875

1877-2055

42%, 77 %

50%, 81%

49%, 61%

51%, 80%

-40%,-20%

-32%, -12%

-33%, -32%

-31%, -13%

* Lower band, ** Upper band, *** The reference antenna is described in text.

2.2 Frequency-tunable planar monopole antennas

Monopole antennas are widely used in mobile terminals. The first

implementations were of the whip type and protruded from the housing of the

device. Monopole antennas in a planar configuration have a low profile and can

be built into devices. Recently, planar monopole antennas capable of operations in

five and six bands have been presented (Freeman et al. 1992, Hyun-Jeong Lee et

al. 2007, Li et al. 2007, Thornell-Pers & Erlandsson 2007, Wu & Wong 2008).

From the frequency-tuning point of view, planar monopole antennas differ from

PIFAs. Planar monopoles do not have a ground plane beneath. Thus, a connection

to a ground cannot be done at an arbitrary position without using separate wires

like for ground plane antennas, such as PIFAs.

Frequency-tunable planar monopole antennas have been presented in the

literature. The most frequently used tuning approach is to switch between

different lengths of a monopole (Freeman et al. 1992, Zachou et al. 2006, Jung et

al. 2007, Thornell-Pers & Erlandsson 2007, Zhang et al. 2007). The tuning occurs

since the monopole length is approximately equal to a quarter wave length at the

operation frequency. Varactors have also been used between the antenna element

and the ground similarly as for PIFAs (Berg et al. 2007, Jung et al. 2007, Yoon et

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al. 2008). Tuning circuit biasing schemes based on both separate DC wiring and

external bias T have been used.

2.2.1 Compact varactor-tuned meander line monopole antenna for DVB-H signal reception

Digital television services have become present-day technology in handheld

devices. The Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld (DVB-H) standard utilizes the

frequency range of 470–702 MHz (ETSI 2005); hence, the reception antenna

should be able to cover a relative bandwidth of 40%. In addition, the free-space

wavelength at the lower end of the band is notably large (λ0 = 64 cm) compared

with the typical size of a handheld device. These facts form a major challenge to

the implementation of an internal DVB-H antenna in a small device.

In this frequency range, the chassis mode is the primary radiation mechanism.

The radiation properties, especially the impedance BW, depend strongly on the

size of the chassis. The use of non-resonant reactive coupling elements with

impedance matching circuits has been proposed for internal DVB-H antennas

(Holopainen et al. 2006, Wong et al. 2006). In this approach, the wave modes are

excited in the chassis without using a conventional resonating antenna element,

and the chassis acts as a wideband radiator. These solutions provide a compact

way to build internal DVB-H antennas. However, so far, they have been

implemented only in relatively large (75 mm x 130 mm and 40 mm x 200 mm)

bar or folder-type devices. It can be assumed that such wide-band radiators are

more difficult to implement in smaller devices.

DVB-H antennas for smaller devices have also been proposed. Choi et al.

(2006) presented a wide-band modified monopole antenna for an 85 mm x 40 mm

bar-type device. The size of the antenna element was 25 mm x 15 mm x 4 mm

(1.5 cm3) and according to the author’s best knowledge, it is the smallest self-

resonant DVB-H antenna presented in the literature.

The channel width in the DVB-H standard is only 8 MHz (ETSI 2005), and

therefore, a frequency-tunable narrowband antenna with a wide tuning range is

also usable. Such antennas have been implemented using RF switches and

variable capacitors (varactors) (Suzuki et al. 2006, Berg et al. 2007, Libo Huang

& Russer 2007, Milosavljevic 2007). However, these structures have larger

antenna elements compared the one presented by Choi et al. (2006).

In paper IV, a compact varactor-tuned meander line monopole antenna for the

DVB-H signal reception was presented. The antenna structure (Fig. 16) is built on

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a 0.8 mm thick reverse-side grounded R4003C printed circuit board with 35 μm

thick copper metallization.

Fig. 16. (A) compact varactor-tuned meander line monopole antenna; (B) detailed view

of the antenna element. Dimensions are in mm. [Paper IV]

A short circuited matching stub similar to the one proposed by Sung & Feng

(2006) is used to increase the inductance and thus improve impedance matching.

A microstrip feed line (Z0 = 50 Ω), the matching stub and two tuning circuit

components are situated on the PCB horizontally, while the uniform meander line

section of the antenna is built on a vertically extended PCB end. The size of the

horizontal part of the antenna element is 34 mm x 7 mm x 1.8 mm, including the

component height of 1 mm. The size of the vertical section is 34 mm x 0.8 mm x

10 mm, and thus the overall volume is 0.7 cm3. The physical length of the

meander line section is ~ 140 mm. The overall length of the resonator is ~160 mm

which is 0.37 λ0 at 700 MHz and 0.25 λ0 at 470 MHz.

The main idea of the tuning circuit implementation is similar to that used

previously in PIFAs. Separate RF and DC signal paths are created to the antenna

structure. The varactor is placed between the end of the meander line section and

a grounded pad. The purpose of the varactor is to load the antenna with a voltage-

controlled capacitance (0.2–1.2 pF) and, hence, it tunes the antenna’s resonant

frequency. In order to create a DC voltage across the varactor, a DC block

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capacitor is used as illustrated. The 100 pF capacitor acts as a DC block and an

RF short, isolating the DC ground potential of the short-circuited matching stub

from the rest of the antenna structure. Consequently, the DC voltage can be

supplied across the varactor with the RF signal.

A surface-mountable GaAs varactor (Metelics MVG-125-20-0805-2) and a

standard 0805-packaged capacitor were used in the fabricated antenna structure.

The measured return losses of the antenna with varactor reverse bias voltages

between 2.5 V and 17.5 V are presented in Fig. 17. The operating frequency was

continuously tuned over the DVB-H band. The narrowest 10 dB matching BW

(VSWR ≤ 2) was measured at 470 MHz, and it was 8 MHz. The widest measured

BW was 16 MHz, at 700 MHz. Thus, the antenna fulfils the required channel

width criteria (> 8 MHz).

The measured far-field radiation patterns in the XZ and XY planes at 470

MHz and 702 MHz are presented in Fig. 18. The patterns are omni-directional in

the XZ plane being similar to those of the Y-directed dipole antenna. The

essentially constant patterns can be attributed to the dominant radiation

contribution of the longitudinal dipole-like current distribution of the chassis

wave mode. This also explains that the radiation is linearly polarized along the Y

axis, and the cross polarization levels are significantly lower compared to the co-

polarization levels. The maximum gain as a function of frequency and the DVB-

H specification are presented in Fig. 19. The results show that the maximum gain

is -8.5 dBi and 0.5 dBi at 470 MHz and 702 MHz, respectively. These values are

1.5 dB and 7.5 dB better than required by the DVB-H standard.

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Fig. 17. Measured return losses of the frequency-tunable meander line monopole

antenna with varactor bias voltages ranging from 2.5 V to 17.5 V. [Paper IV]

Fig. 18. Measured radiation patterns of the varactor-tuned meander line monopole

antenna in the (A) XZ plane (B) XY plane. [Paper IV]

The observed decrease in gain toward the lower edge of the DVB-H band can be

explained by a deterioration of the radiation efficiency, since the directivity is not

substantially changed, despite the tuned operating frequency. The probable

reasons for this are a weaker coupling to the ground plane at the lower

frequencies and more power loss in the varactor component. For further

improvements one needs to research whether the coupling to the ground plane or

the loss of the varactor forms the main source of losses in this structure.

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Fig. 19. Measured maximum gain of the varactor-tuned meander line monopole

antenna and the DVB-H gain specification. [Paper IV]

2.2.2 Frequency-tunable planar monopole antenna for a quad-band operation

A frequency-tunable dual-band planar monopole antenna operating at cellular

frequencies is described in paper V. The antenna structure is similar to the DVB-H

antenna of the previous section. The antenna structure presented in Fig. 20 is built

on 40 mm x 100 mm x 0.8 mm R4003C PCB. The radiating element that

generates the upper band is a rectangular patch, while the lower bands utilize a

1.8 mm wide strip. Both resonators have two-dimensional forms achieved by

vertically extending the end of the PCB. In order to improve the impedance

matching of the lower band, a short-circuited stub with a length of 14 mm is used.

A BAR-50-02V RF PIN diode switch is placed on the longer resonator of the

antenna. The length of the resonator can be switched between 89 mm and 79 mm.

These values correspond to the free-space quarter-wavelengths at 850 MHz and

950 MHz.

The measured return losses of the antenna are presented in Fig. 21. The return

loss measured with the switch OFF shows resonances at 954 MHz and 1840 MHz.

The 3dB (and 6 dB) BW are 165 MHz (90 MHz) and 425 MHz (232 MHz) for

the lower and upper bands, respectively. In this state, the antenna covers the

frequency ranges of GSM900, GSM1800 and GSM1900 as is shown in Fig 21.

When the diode is switched ON, the antenna resonates at 855 MHz and 1815

MHz, covering the GSM850 (824–894 MHz) and GSM1800 bands. The 3 dB

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(and 6dB) BW are 86 MHz (49 MHz) for the lower band and 318 MHz (164

MHz). The results show that the frequency tuning of the lower band also has an

impact on the bandwidth of the upper band. A probable reason for this is that the

lower band tuning changes the coupling between the resonators.

Fig. 20. Frequency-tunable dual-band planar monopole antenna A) the antenna

element, B) top view, C) bottom view. [Paper V]

Fig. 21. Measured return losses of the frequency-tunable dual-band monopole antenna.

[Paper V]

The radiation patterns measured at the center frequencies of the bands are

presented in Fig. 22. The lower bands show omni-directional patterns (the chassis

mode) with maximum gains of 2.2 dBi for the switched OFF state, and 0.9 dBi

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for the switched ON state. The patterns of the upper bands prove to be more

directional, with a maximum gain of around 3 dBi for both states of the switch.

Despite the use of the tuning circuit, the upper band patterns maintain nearly

similar shapes and gain levels. The lower band maintains the pattern shape, but

systematic gain level deterioration of 1–1.5 dB can be observed between the

states. This can be attributed to the lowered radiation efficiency of the GSM850

band when the diode is ON. A probable reason for this is the increased power loss

in the diode that occurs in the ON state. This problem might be reduced by using

a RF diode switch with a lower on-state resistance. There is no measured

efficiency data available for this antenna structure.

Fig. 22. Measured radiation patterns of the lower bands of the frequency-tunable dual-

band planar monopole antenna in A) the YZ-plane, B) the XY-plane, and C) the XZ-

plane, and of the upper bands of the antenna in D) the YZ-plane, E) the XY-plane, and F)

the XZ-plane. [Paper V]

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2.3 Discussions

The frequency tuning method proposed for PIFAs in paper I has several beneficial

features. The integrated tuning circuit allows more independent designs of the

antenna and the rest of the device when compared with external tuning circuit

techniques. This is because no parts of the tuning circuit, except for the bias-T for

combining RF and DC, are situated outside the antenna element. Moreover, the

method enables simultaneous tuning of several frequency bands. To some extent,

the amount of the simultaneous frequency-tuning of two or more bands can be

controlled by means of conventional antenna design and varying the switch

position in the antenna element. Besides, an inductor with a proper inductance

value can be added to the antenna element to control the tuning of bands more

independently. The inductor should act as a block (high impedance) at the higher

band and a short (low impedance) at the lower band (Yeh & Wong 2002). This

would be a particularly useful solution for antennas having a clear separation

between the bands, for example, for an antenna operating at the lower and upper

GSM bands.

In principle, the proposed concept can be extended to any kind of PIFA

structure. Replacing the RF diode with a very low loss RF MEMS switch may

further improve the electrical performance. In addition, RF varactors are potential

candidates for providing continuous frequency tuning over the desired frequency

band. The use of multiple switches or varactors in the same antenna element may

also be considered for yielding more versatile functions, such as a greater sub-

division of the overall frequency band, and also independent tuning of one or

more sub-bands in a multi-band antenna.

The frequency-tunable dual-band PIFA based on the switchable parasitic

antenna element in paper II was also implemented without increasing the overall

volume of the antenna. However, in many practical applications, the volume

beneath the antenna element is reserved for other functions, such as speakers. The

capacitive loading effect generated by the parasitic antenna element significantly

lowered both resonant frequencies. Thus, it can be used for downsizing the

antenna at the expense of a narrower impedance bandwidth. A radiating resonance

is excited on the parasitic antenna element. The resonant frequency is dependent

mainly on the element size. This resonance might be used for covering some

specific frequency band or used as an adjacent resonance to an already existing

band to improve bandwidth. This kind of adjustment would be very difficult to

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properly implement, since it would have a significant effect on the frequency

tuning of the other bands.

In paper III, a combination of these two tuning methods was used to switch a

dual-band PIFA to operate in eight frequency bands (including one overlapped

band). The antenna covered 760–1075 MHz and 1530–2170 MHz effective

bandwidths with at least 3 dB return loss margins. The five cellular bands fall in

this range with a clear margin. This indicates an existing potential for downsizing

the antenna with a maintained operation in the cellular bands. Alternatively, the

covered bandwidth might be used for compensating detuning caused by the

proximity of a user or situations that occur when opening or closing a device of

clamshell or swivel type.

A valid performance comparison of different tuning methods for PIFAs is

difficult, because quite a limited amount of efficiency data is available. It should

also be noted, that in order to perform a useful frequency-tuning operation, an

antenna’s total efficiencies within the bands should be clearly separated. No

significant overlapping should occur. Nevertheless, by using switchable tuning

stubs, radiation efficiencies between 80–95% have been achieved (Kivekäs et al.

2002, Ollikainen et al. 2002). By using switchable feed position and switchable

ground connection, peak total efficiencies were achieved in the range of 40–60%

and 60–80% for the lower and upper GSM bands, respectively (Mak et al. 2007a).

Also, significant 50–60% drops in radiation efficiency, caused by the tuning

circuits, have been reported for different tuning methods (Louhos & Pankinaho

1999).

Frequency-tunable planar monopole antennas have not been researched as

much as PIFAs. An RF PIN diode tunable dual-band planar monopole operating

at both upper and lower cellular bands has been presented (Thornell-Pers &

Erlandsson 2007). The antenna consisted of two resonating strips. The tuning

circuit is arranged at the antenna’s feed in such a manner that the length of both

strips can vary with a single switch and the DC control voltage is supplied with

the RF signal, similarly as in paper V. The antenna provided penta-band operation

with peak total efficiency values of ~ 60% in the lower bands and 65–80% in the

upper bands.

DVB-H antennas in terminal devices are used for signal reception only.

Owing to its multiple narrow channels (8 MHz) over a wide frequency range at

rather low frequencies (470–702 MHz) and rather low gain specifications (-10 to -

7 dBi), a frequency-tunable antenna makes a very attractive solution for this

application. The reception antenna deals with inherently lower power levels as

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compared with transmitter antennas, thus the requirements for the power handling

capability and linearity of the active tuning circuit are obviously lower than for

the ones used in transmitters. The antenna presented in paper IV is compact. The

antenna element occupies only a 0.7 cm3 volume. The antenna elements of both

frequency-tunable antennas and passive antennas proposed for DVB-H signal

reception are at least slightly larger than 0.7 cm3. However, in many of these

antennas, the BW and gain specification are fulfilled with clearer margins (Choi

et al. 2006, Holopainen et al. 2006, Wong et al. 2006, Milosavljevic 2007).

The frequency-tunable PIFAs in papers I–III showed equal radiation

efficiency deterioration compared with the corresponding reference antennas in

both the ON and OFF states of the switches. However, the planar monopole

antenna operating at the same frequency ranges in paper V showed a clear

radiation efficiency drop in the lower band between the switched ON (max. gain

0.9 dBi) and OFF (max. gain 2.2 dBi) states. This indicates that the RF PIN diode

switch exhibited an equal amount of loss for PIFAs in both states, whereas in the

planar monopole antenna, the amount of loss is significantly higher in switched

the ON state than in the switched OFF state.

General drawbacks for PIN diode switches are a reasonably high ON state

DC power consumption. The main reason for the use of diodes was a very limited

availability of commercial MEMS switches. More or less successful tunable-

antenna experiments, using RF MEMS switches have been reported (Panaia et al.

2004, Anagnostou et al. 2006, Boyle & Steeneken 2007b, Jae-Hyoung Park et al.

2007). In these experiments mostly unpackaged in-house prototype components

are used. Mak et al. (2007a, 2007b) compared a RF PIN diode switch, single pole

double throw (SPDT) GaAs switch and SPDT RF MEMS switch through an

implementation in two dual-band frequency-tunable antenna structures operating

at the cellular frequencies. Both antenna efficiency and high power properties

were studied. No significant differences between the switches were reported. In

fact, both papers concluded that the RF PIN diode switch was the most preferred

option for these applications. It should be emphasized that the purpose of these

studies was to compare three individual components, not the aforementioned

technologies. Nonetheless, these papers provide very useful information.

Essential system-level requirements, such as linearity, switching speed,

reliability, cost and front-end compatibility have to be also considered when

dealing with electrically tunable antennas. All of these issues are highly

dependent on the system specifications and the properties of the selected active

tuning circuit components.

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3 Ceramic package integrated microwave antennas

Among the most often used constituent of SiP platforms for microwave and

millimeter-wave wireless communication applications is Low Temperature Co-

fired Ceramics (LTCC). The basic building block of the LTCC technology is a

ceramic green sheet. The process flow begins with via drilling and filling.

Individual sheets are then patterned with conductor, dielectric and resistive pastes

using the screen printing technique. The patterned sheets are stacked and

laminated. Following process steps are co-firing, inspecting and dicing. After co-

firing, the green sheets form a monolithic ceramic structure. The sintering

temperature of most of the material systems is near 900 °C enabling the use of

highly conductive metals, such as silver and gold as conductors.

The screen printing technology associated with the standard LTCC process

has traditionally been used to integrate various types of common passive

components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, into packages. Critical

system-level microwave components such as power dividers, baluns, filters, and

antennas, can also be integrated into this type of structure (Heyen et al. 2003,

Seki et al. 2005, Jong-Hoon Lee et al. 2005a, Jong-Hoon Lee et al. 2005, Young

Chul Lee et al. 2005 b, Byoung Hwa Lee et al. 2006, Kangasvieri et al. 2006,

Dong Yun Jung et al. 2007). The typical way to integrate an antenna is to screen

print a microstrip antenna, or antenna array, onto the topmost layer of a multilayer

LTCC package. Besides these highly integrated packages, LTCC components and

sub-system packages are used in a traditional packaging approach, in which

passive components, single packaged ICs and sub-system packages are mounted

and reflow-soldered onto a common system board (PCB) using standard surface

mount device (SMD) assembly processes (Oppermann 2001, van Heijningen &

Gauthier 2004, Kangasvieri et al. 2007).

Most commercial LTCC green tape systems have a moderate relative

permittivity in the range of 5 to 20 (Sebastian & Jantunen 2008). Since the

substrate wavelength is proportional to εr-0.5, the use of ceramic substrate material

will reduce the antenna size when compared with implementing the antenna on

PCB or air dielectrics. However, at the same time, the radiation properties of

microstrip antennas, such as impedance BW and radiation efficiency are

adversely affected as the permittivity of the substrate increases (Pozar 1992).

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3.1 Embedded air cavity backed microstrip antenna on an LTCC substrate

The effective dielectric constant seen by an antenna can be reduced by fabricating

an embedded air cavity in the substrate, beneath the radiating element [VI]

(Panther et al. 2005). This could be a particularly useful solution for antennas in

monolithic ceramic media operating at higher microwave and millimeter-wave

frequencies, where the resonant type antennas will naturally have a small physical

size. For such structures, the BW and ηrad could be traded for antenna size, which

would still retain dimensions of the order of millimetres. In this way, a multilayer

package could still contain integrated passive components that utilize the

moderate relative permittivity of the ceramic substrate, while providing a low

effective permittivity in the locality of the antenna radiating elements. A similar

technique is also adopted for improving the radiation properties of on-chip

antennas (Papapolymerou et al. 1998, Ojefors et al. 2007).

The rectangular microstrip patch antenna studied here incorporating an air

cavity in the substrate is illustrated in Fig. 23. An aperture coupled microstrip

antenna utilizes three layers of metallization and two dielectric substrates, making

it feasible for implementation using multilayer technology. A microstrip

transmission line on the bottom of the lower substrate is electromagnetically

coupled through an aperture in the common ground plane to the patch on top of

the upper substrate. The feed line is terminated by a quarter-wavelength open-

ended stub to maximize the amount of power coupled to the antenna.

Two aperture coupled microstrip patch antennas were designed to operate in

the fundamental TM01 mode at 10 GHz. To form a uniform monolithic structure, a

1 mm (0.03 λ0) thick DuPont 951 with material parameters εr = 7.8, and tan δ =

0.006 at 3 GHz, was selected as the material for both the upper and lower

substrates for both antennas. At 10 GHz εr can be assumed to be about the same,

and tan δ slightly higher than the values given by the manufacturer at 3 GHz. In

the first antenna, an air cavity with a height of 0.5 mm was positioned at the

bottom of the upper substrate. The second antenna without the air cavity was

fabricated on a bulk ceramic substrate, which resulted in similar geometrical

dimensions except for Px = 6.5, Py = 4.1, Ax = 3.5, and Ay = 0.4 (cf. fig. 23). The

fabricated cavity antenna was an assembly of two fired monolithic substrates

glued together. Altogether, the antenna was formed of 10 layers of DP951AX tape,

and the final thickness of the assembly was 2060 μm. A cross-section of the

antenna is shown in Fig. 24.

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Fig. 23. Aperture coupled microstrip with an embedded air cavity. Px = 10.5, Py = 7, Cx =

14, Cy = 11, Ax = 5, Ay = 0.6, Lx = Ly =Ux = Uy = Gx = Gy = 30, Uz = Lz = 1, and Mx = 1.1, all

in mm. [Paper VI]

Fig. 24. A cross section image of the antenna showing the laser-micromachined cavity.

[Paper VI]

The measured return loss of the cavity antenna and the reference antenna are

presented in Fig. 25. The cavity antenna showed a 10% upward frequency shift to

an intended 10 GHz operation frequency. The shift was probably caused by the

somewhat cambered cavity roof on the electrically measured samples. The

measured 10 dB return loss BWs of the cavity antenna and the reference antenna

were 6.8% and 3.2%, respectively.

The measured far field radiation patterns (Fig. 26) showed maximum gains at

the corresponding center frequencies of 5.4 dBi for the cavity antenna and 3.2 dBi

for the bulk ceramic antenna. The significantly higher maximum gain value of the

cavity antenna suggests that the use of the cavity also improves radiation

efficiency by decreasing the dielectric losses and the radiation quality factor.

However, it should be noted that the radiation patterns (directivities) of the

antennas were not notably different and the amount of the radiation efficiency

increase cannot be accurately estimated from the maximum gain values.

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Fig. 25. Measured return losses of aperture coupled microstrip antennas with and

without an embedded air cavity. [Paper VI]

Fig. 26. (A) Measured E-plane (YZ-plane) and (B) H-plane (XZ-plane) radiation patterns

for the antenna with the embedded air cavity. (C) Measured E-plane (YZ-plane) and (D)

H-plane (XZ-plane) radiation patterns for the bulk ceramic antenna. [Paper VI]

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3.2 Surface-mountable LTCC-BGA antenna package

Paper VII described the design, modelling and implementation of a compact

surface mountable antenna package for applications in X-band wireless

communications. The passive antenna package consists of a stacked patch

microstrip antenna and a wideband vertical BGA-via transition path starting from

an organic motherboard and ending at the antenna element in the LTCC package.

A stacked patch configuration was selected to enhance the impedance BW of

a microstrip antenna (Waterhouse 2003) compared with a similar single patch

implementation. This is based on an excitation of two adjacent resonances. The

antenna here (Fig. 27a) consists of a driven lower patch embedded in the LTCC

and a parasitically coupled upper patch on the top of the package. The antenna is

fed by a vertical via transition, which connects a 50 Ω grounded co-planar

waveguide transmission line (GCPW) on the bottom surface of the package to the

lower patch through a circular opening in the ground plane.

The design and optimization of this kind of antenna is fairly straightforward

(Li et al. 2004). The feed position can be selected at the edge of the lower patch.

Both square patches share an equal size, which is half of the guided wavelength

(λg /2) at 10 GHz, and the same horizontal alignment. The design is mainly done

by optimizing the coupling between the patches. The vertical distance between

the ground plane and the lower patch (h1) is fixed and the distance between the

lower and upper patches (h2) is adjusted by selecting proper dielectric tape counts

and thicknesses. The commercial EM software Ansoft HFFS was used to find the

thicknesses, h1= 0.2 mm and h2 = 0.5 mm, which optimize 10-dB (VSWR=1.92)

BW.

Fig. 27b shows the equivalent circuit model of the GCPW-via transition-fed

stacked patch microstrip antenna. The circuit model has two parallel resonant

circuits, which describe the lower patch (L1, C1, and R1) and the upper parasitic

patch (L2, C2, and R2). The electromagnetic coupling between the patches is

modelled with a coupling capacitance (Cc) and a mutual inductance (M) (Anguera

et al. 2001, Li et al. 2004). Lp1 and Lp2 represent the distributed inductance and Rp

the resistance associated with the feeding via. Co and Cpad describe the

capacitances of the circular ground plane opening and a pad at the lower end of

the via (Wang et al. 2005). Finally, a universal transmission line block (Z0,

attenuation, phase) is used to model the GCPW line on the bottom surface of the

substrate. This block is not necessarily required in the antenna’s circuit model, but

it was used to link the presented circuit model with a model of a BGA transition.

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Fig. 27. (a) Cross-sectional view of the GCPW-via transition-fed stacked patch

microstrip antenna; (b) circuit model of the structure. The GCPW line and gap widths

are 0.44 and 0.203. Dimensions are in mm. [Paper VII]

First-order approximations of the circuit model component values of the lower

patch, assuming an absence of the upper patch, were calculated using the

equations given in (Abboud et al. 1988, Wang et al. 2005). These values, L1=58

pH, C1=4.35 pF, R1=215 Ω, fr1=10 GHz (fr =1/2п√LC), Q1=59 (Q= 2пfrRC), and

Lp2=97 pH, were used as a starting point for optimization of the circuit model

component values. The subsequent fitting of the model response to the EM-

simulated S-parameter data was done with a RF circuit simulator (Ansoft

Designer). The best correspondence between the responses of the circuit model

and the EM simulation for the antenna structure was found with the values; Lp1=

225 pH, Lp2=90 pH, Rp=1 Ω, Co=75 fF, Cpad=30 fF, Cc=135 fF, M=3.6 pH, L1= 49

pH, C1= 5 pF, R1= 170 Ω, L2= 50 pH, C2= 4.85 pF, and R2=110 Ω. The

parameters for the transmission line block were defined to be 50 Ω, 0.15 dB/cm

and 45 deg. These values correspond to a physical line length of 1.75 mm at 10

GHz. In addition, resonant frequencies and quality factors, fr1=10.17 GHz, fr2=

10.22 GHz, Q1=54.3, and Q2=34.3 are thus obtained.

The EM-simulated and circuit-modelled input impedance loci of the GCPW-

via transition-fed stacked patch microstrip antenna are presented in Fig. 28.

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Fig. 28. EM-simulated and circuit-modelled input impedance loci of the GCPW-via

transition-fed stacked patch microstrip antenna. [Paper VII]

It can be seen that the correspondence is good. The constant VSWR=1.92 circle

on the Smith chart shows that the BW is nearly optimized. In optimal BW

response, the locus should be at the center of the chart and as large as possible,

yet remaining inside the constant VSWR circle (Ollikainen & Vainikainen 2002).

The optimal relative bandwidth (BWopt) of dual-resonant patch antennas can be

estimated using Equation 5 (Ollikainen & Vainikainen 2002).

2

2212

12

22 111

4

11

QQQQS

SSBWopt ++⋅−−= (5)

Here, S denotes the maximum allowed VSWR value. By substituting the Q values

of the circuit model and S=1.92, a fractional BW of 0.062 is obtained.

Corresponding values obtained with the EM simulations and circuit model are

0.052 and 0.053, respectively. This proves that the deductions based on the

impedance loci on the Smith chart, as well as the magnitude of the circuit model

quality factors, are consistent. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the main factor

limiting the BW optimization of an antenna of this kind is that the dielectric tape

thicknesses usually have 100 μm increments, and thus, cannot be arbitrary

selected when dealing with commercial LTCC materials.

The fabricated and measured antenna package showed a 10 dB BW of 5.8%.

However, the measured return loss slightly exceeded the 10 dB margin, being 9

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dB in the middle of the band. The radiation patterns at the two resonant

frequencies were almost identical and typical for a microstrip patch antenna. The

maximum gain of the antenna was about 4 dBi and the cross polarization level

was about 15 dB below the co-polarization level. It should also be noted that the

gain also accounts for the losses of the whole signal path of the package (~ 0.5

dB).

The impedance BW optimized stacked patch microstrip antenna presented in

this section was part of a surface mountable package assembly. The circuit model

with appropriate component values provided deeper insight into the electrical

behaviour of the modular structure and might also be used in the co-design of

antenna packages and complete transceiver systems with, e.g., SPICE-based

circuit simulation tools. A valid comparison between the aperture coupled

microstrip patches used in embedded air cavity experiments and the surface

mountable antenna package cannot be done. In spite of the same materials being

used, the horizontal sizes, the vertical profiles of the antennas as well as the

feeding techniques are different. Panther et al. (2005) showed that by using an

embedded air cavity between the patches of a stacked patch microstrip antenna, a

10 dB impedance BW close to 20% at 30 GHz can be achieved.

3.3 Integrated BST thick film varactor-tuned folded slot antenna

Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) based materials belongs to a well-studied non-

linear dielectric ceramics, which polarization properties, and thus their relative

permittivity, can be adjusted by a static external electric field. The BST materials

have two main phases, ferroelectric phase and paraelectric phase. The phase of

the material is depended on its characteristic Curie temperature (Tc), in which the

phase translation occurs. For RF- and microwave application BSTs are used in

their paraelectric phase (T > Tc). The reason for this is that in the ferroelectric

state (T < Tc) the material exhibits significantly higher loss because of its

hysteresis behaviour not existing in its paraelectric state (Gevorgian & Kollberg

2001).

BST in paraelectric state have found a wide range of applications in

tunable/reconfigurable RF and microwave components, such as filters, phase

shifters, varactors and frequency-selective surfaces (Gevorgian et al. 1998,

Miranda et al. 2000, Gevorgian & Kollberg 2001, Scheele et al. 2006, Scheele et

al. 2007). However, so far these materials have not been intensively used for

applications in small antennas. Jose et al. (1999) proposed a frequency-tunable

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microstrip antenna based on BST substrates. In addition, a frequency-tunable

folded slot antenna based on a BST thin film layer has been proposed and

theoretically studied (Castro-Vilaro & Solis 2003). However, the antennas

presented lack a proper biasing and a characterization of radiation properties.

Our research group at the Microelectronics and Materials Physics

Laboratories has recently developed a low sintering temperature (~ 900 °C)

Barium Strontium titanate (BST) based thick film material (Tick et al. 2008a).

Paper VIII presents the dielectric properties of the BST thick films (εr, tan δ) in

the frequency range of 1–6 GHz and demonstrates the utilization of the material

as an integrated varactor in a frequency-tunable folded slot antenna.

The relative permittivity of the un-biased BST film was about 400 across the

frequency range, with 25% tunability for an electric field strength of 2.5 V/μm.

Loss tangents were 0.05 and 0.03 at 3.5 GHz, corresponding to the electric field

strengths of 0 and 2.5 V/μm. It was also shown that a ~ 40% tunability could be

obtained by increasing the bias field to 10 V/μm.

To demonstrate the use of BST thick films in frequency-tunable antennas, the

concept proposed by Holland et al. (2006) was adopted. In this approach, the

resonant frequency of a slot/co-planar patch antenna is tuned using a discrete

varactor component which is placed over the radiating slot. The structure of a

frequency-tunable folded slot antenna is depicted in Fig. 29. It consists of a FSA

operating near 3 GHz, which is designed on an alumina substrate (εr = 9.4), and

an integrated BST varactor. Simulation results showed varactor capacitance

values of 1.5 pF and 1.05 pF with BST layer relative permittivies of 400 and 270,

respectively.

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Fig. 29. Schematic layout of (a) a folded slot antenna loaded with a BST varactor (b)

Side cross-sectional view of the BST varactor (c) Top view of the BST varactor (all

dimensions are in mm). [Paper VIII]

The tunable antenna and a reference antenna excluding the integrated varactor

were fabricated. An external coaxial bias T component was used to supply DC

bias voltage across the varactor with the RF signal. Far-field radiation patterns

were measured in an anechoic chamber using the same DC voltages. A Satimo

Starlab system was used for the total antenna efficiency measurements. However,

the DC bias was not used in the efficiency measurement.

The measured return losses of the antennas are presented in Fig. 30. The

center operating frequency of the unbiased tunable antenna is 3.18 GHz. When

200 V is applied, the center frequency shifts to 3.29 GHz (3.5%). The 10 dB BWs

are ~ 4% for all bias voltages. The reference antenna shows a center frequency of

3.73 GHz and a 5.5% 10 dB BW. Thus, the resonant frequency and BW of the

unbiased tunable antenna are 0.55 GHz and 1.5 % lower compared with those of

the reference antenna. The measured maximum total efficiencies (not graphically

presented) of the unbiased tunable antenna and the reference antenna were 44%

and 75%, respectively. Both antennas are well impedance-matched (peak return

loss better than 17 dB), thus, the maximum radiation efficiencies are nearly equal

to the maximum total efficiencies. Radiation efficiency deterioration caused by

the integrated varactor is about 30%. Slightly higher efficiencies may be expected

with increased DC voltage, since the εr and tan δ of the BST material decrease at

the same time.

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Fig. 30. Measured return losses of the integrated BST varactor-tuned FSA and the

reference FSA without the varactor. (Paper VIII).

The measured far-field radiation patterns of the tunable antenna and reference

antenna are presented in Fig. 31. The patterns are near omni-directional in the XY

plane and bidirectional in the XZ plane. The pattern shapes of the tunable antenna

and the reference antenna are almost identical. The peak gain values of the

antennas are 1.25 dBi (0V), 1.85 dBi (200V) and 3.7 dBi (reference antenna). The

presence and use of the varactor does not substantially change the shape of the

radiation pattern, but the efficiency deterioration is seen as a decrease in gain

levels. Similar effects were also obtained in (Holland et al. 2006), where a

discrete semiconductor varactor was used.

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Fig. 31. Measured far-field radiation patterns of the BST varactor-tuned FSA and the

reference FSA without the varactor; a) in the XZ plane; (b) in the XY plane; (c) in the YZ

plane. [Paper VIII]

3.4 Discussions

The 10 dB impedance bandwidth of an aperture coupled microstrip antenna

operating near 10 GHz was increased from 3.2% to 6.8% by fabricating an

embedded air cavity beneath the antenna. The cavity antenna still maintained a

low vertical profile (1 mm) and a reasonable small horizontal size (7 mm x 10.5

mm) for SoP assemblies. The work presented by Panther et. al. in (Panther et al.

2005) further validates the usefulness of the idea of using a substrate embedded

air cavity.

Laser-micromachining was chosen for the cavity preparation, since it enabled

cavities of arbitrary shapes and depths to be formed independently of the tape

thickness, while still providing a quick turnaround time between designs. The

cavity was laser-machined after lamination, thus avoiding the complicated

processing steps normally faced when laminating a green body with cavities

(Panther et al. 2005, Vaed et al. 2004). The antenna with the embedded air cavity

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was an assembly of two separately fired ceramic pieces. The laser micro-

machining has later been used for fabricating truly monolithic co-fired LTCC

substrate integrated waveguides operating at frequencies up to 150 GHz (Tick et

al. 2008a). It is evident that the advantages of using the embedded cavities will be

further emphasized if the operation frequencies of the components increase.

Low sintering temperature BST thick film material contains several beneficial

features. LTCC compatibility of the material has been proven by using the BST

paste as a via filling material to form a substrate embedded varactor (Tick et al.

2008c) and co-firing the material inside a LTCC substrate using pressure aided

sintering (Tick et al. 2008d). In this manner, the functionality of LTCC packages

can be increased. In the experiments, over 34% tunability of εr for an electric field

gradient of 4 V/μm electric field has been reported.

Although the tunability of the fabricated folded slot antenna with an

integrated BST varactor was only 3.5%, and despite the radiation efficiency

deterioration caused by the varactor (31%), the results give an idea of the key

advantages of this technology: Compatibility with silver metallization, ability to

produce 25 µm thin films, and potential for low-cost volume production.

Altogether, this is believed to be one of the very first frequency-tunable antennas

based on an integrated paraelectric material, including proper biasing and

characterization of the radiation properties.

However, there are some conceivable drawbacks with the use of non-linear

BST material in frequency-tunable antennas. A typical electric field gradient

required to adjust the permittivity up to 50% is in the range of 2–6 V/μm, thus,

reasonably high DC voltages are required for appropriated tuning when dealing

with thick films. Furthermore, moderate tunability, moderate to high dielectric

losses and a high temperature dependence of dielectric properties should also be

accounted for. However, the material might be used for some other applications,

e.g., sensors in low-cost highly integrated multifunctional ceramic packages.

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4 Conclusions

The main target of this thesis has been to develop and research bandwidth

enhanced antennas for mobile terminal and multilayer ceramic packages. The

research methods included the design, implementation and measurement of small

antennas. Literature surveys were given for each sub-topic of the thesis, and the

results were discussed with respect to the relevant data available in the open

literature.

The first part of the thesis was devoted to frequency-tunable mobile terminal

antennas based on discrete semiconductor components. The essential merits of the

work and the key results are concluded as follows:

– A novel frequency-tuning method for planar inverted-F antennas was

developed. In this method, the tuning circuit was built into the antenna

element by using discrete reactive passive components to form separate paths

for the RF signal and the DC voltage, the latter being used to control the state

of the active component. The DC voltage was applied to the antenna with the

RF signal, and the tuning circuit was completely integrated. The effectiveness

of the tuning method was demonstrated with a single-feed dual-band PIFA

tuned with a RF PIN diode switch to operate in four frequency bands. The

antenna was built on 45 mm x 110 mm grounded PCB and it covered the

frequency ranges of the GSM1800, PCS1900 and UMTS telecommunication

standards with a 65% total antenna efficiency margin. The total efficiency

coverage of the GSM900 and GSM850 bands were 50% and 40%,

respectively. The impact of the tuning circuit on the antenna’s radiation

pattern and efficiency was investigated by fabricating and measuring a

reference antenna without the tuning circuit. It was shown that the tuning

circuit reduces the radiation efficiency by less than 20% in the lower bands

and less than 10% in the upper bands. The radiation patterns of the lower

frequency bands remained essentially unchanged, despite the presence and

use of the tuning circuit. However, in the upper band, a slight tilt in the

pattern occurred when the antenna was tuned.

– A frequency-tunable dual-band planar inverted-F antenna based on a

switchable parasitic antenna element was presented. The antenna was built on

40 mm x 105 mm grounded PCB. The antenna covered the frequency ranges

of the GSM850 and GSM900 telecommunication standards with a 25% total

efficiency margin. The total efficiency coverage of the GSM1800, GSM1900,

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and UMTS were 35%, 65% and 40%, respectively. The impact of the

capacitive loading effect of the parasitic antenna element was experimentally

studied by comparison with a reference antenna that did not have the parasitic

element. The results proved that the effect shifted the resonant frequencies

clearly downwards, which can be used to miniaturize the antenna’s size.

Moreover, it was shown that the loading effect narrows the impedance BWs,

especially when the parasitic element was switched to the ground potential.

The decrease in radiation efficiency caused by the presence and the switching

of the parasitic element was found to be less than 20% in the lower bands and

less than 10% in the upper bands. It was also found that frequency tuning

does not substantially change the shape of the radiation patterns.

– A frequency-tunable dual-band planar inverted-F antenna capable of

operating in eight frequency bands was implemented. Two separately

controllable tuning circuits consisting of three RF PIN diode switches and

four discrete passive components were built on the main antenna element and

a parasitic antenna element, which was situated between the main antenna

element and the ground plane. By changing the state of the switches, four

different operating modes, resulting in altogether eight different frequency

bands for the antenna, were created. The antenna built on 45 mm x 110 mm

PCB covered the 750-1080 MHz band with 25% and the 1560-2270 MHz

with 50% total efficiency margins. It was shown that the tuning circuit

reduces the radiation efficiency by less than 35% in the lower bands and less

than 15% in the upper bands, compared with a reference antenna not

incorporating any tuning circuitry. Slight variations were observed in the

radiation patterns, especially for the upper frequency bands.

– A varactor-tuned meander line monopole antenna for digital television signal

reception was presented. The antenna has omni-directional radiation pattern

and covers the frequency range of the DVB-H standard with requisite

impedance bandwidth and gain level. The main advantage is that the antenna

element occupies a very small volume (0.7 cm3) and can be used in 40 mm x

100 mm x 10 mm devices.

– A frequency-reconfigurable dual-band monopole antenna covering the

GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800 and GSM1900 bands within a 3 dB

impedance bandwidth was presented. The antenna was built on 40 mm x 100

mm PCB. The lower band of the antenna could be switched between the two

lower cellular bands with a RF PIN diode switch, whereas the upper band

inherently covered the two upper bands. The tuning circuit was integrated

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directly into the antenna structure with no need for separate DC wiring. The

antenna provided maximum gain values of 2.2 dBi, 0.9 dBi, 3 dBi and 3 dBi,

corresponding with the GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, and GSM1900 bands,

respectively. The antenna presented was one of very few frequency-tunable

planar monopole antennas operating at practical frequency bands presented in

the literature.

The second part of the thesis focused on multilayer ceramic package integrated

antennas. The essential merits of the work and the key results are concluded as

follows:

– A method to enable a size to impedance BW trade-off of a microwave

microstrip patch antenna on multilayer ceramic substrate using an embedded

air cavity beneath the radiating element was investigated. This would be a

particularly useful solution for antennas in higher microwave and millimeter-

wave system in packages (SiPs) where the resonant type antennas will

naturally have a small physical size. In this way, a multilayer package could

still contain integrated passive components that utilize the moderate relative

permittivity of the ceramic substrate. Laser-micromachining was chosen for

the cavity preparation, since it enabled cavities of arbitrary shapes and depths

to be formed independently of the LTCC tape thickness, while still providing

a fast turnaround time between designs. The measured BWs of aperture

coupled rectangular microstrip patch antennas on a LTCC substrate, operating

at near 10 GHz with (7.5 mm x 11 mm x 1mm) and without the air cavity (4.1

mm x 6.5 mm x 1 mm) were 6.8 % and 3.2 %, respectively. The measured far

field radiation patterns showed maximum gains at the center frequency of 5.4

dBi for the cavity antenna and 3.2 dBi for the bulk ceramic antenna.

– An implementation of a compact surface-mountable LTCC-BGA antenna

package feasible for use in X-band wireless transceiver systems was

described. The package assembly, operating near 10 GHz, was composed of

an electromagnetically shielded vertical BGA-via transition path starting

from an organic mother board and ending at the BW optimized stacked patch

microstrip antenna. A circuit model describing the antenna was developed to

gain a deeper insight into its electrical behaviour. The fabricated package was

12 mm x 12 mm x 1.4 mm in size and provided 5.8 % of 10 dB impedance

BW and 4 dBi maximum gain. In addition, the circuit model developed

agreed well with the EM-simulations, demonstrating the validity of the model.

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– The properties of low-sintering-temperature BST thick films at the frequency

range of 1–6 GHz were reported and a frequency-tunable antenna

demonstrating this integration possibility was presented. In the range of 1–6

GHz, the film has a relative permittivity of 400 with 25% tunability using a

static electric field gradient of 2.5 V/μm. Depending on the biasing voltage,

the loss tangent value at 3.5 GHz is less than 0.05. The demonstrator selected

was a folded slot antenna operating near 3 GHz tuned with an integrated BST

varactor. Although the tunability of the fabricated folded slot antenna with an

integrated BST varactor was only 3.5%, and efficiency deterioration

compared to the reference antenna excluding the varactor was ~ 30%, the

results give an idea of the key advantages of this technology: compatibility

with silver metallization, the potential for LTCC compatibility, ability to

produce 25 μm thin films, and potential for low-cost volume production. This

is believed to be one of the very first frequency-tunable antennas based on an

integrated non-linear dielectric material including, a proper biasing and

characterization of radiation properties.

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References

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Original papers

I Komulainen M, Berg M, Jantunen H, Salonen E & Free C (2008) A Frequency Tuning Method for a Planar Inverted-F Antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation 56(4): 944–950.

II Komulainen M, Palukuru VK & Jantunen H (2007) Frequency-Tunable Dual-Band Planar Inverted-F Antenna Based on a Switchable Parasitic Antenna Element. Frequenz –Journal of RF engineering and telecommunications 61(9–10): 207–212.

III Komulainen M & Jantunen H (2008) Switching a dual-band planar inverted-F antenna to operate in eight frequency bands. Proceedings of Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference: 85–88.

IV Komulainen M, Berg M, Jantunen H & Salonen E (2007) Compact varactor-tuned meander line monopole antenna for DVB-H signal reception. IET Electronics Letters 43(24): 1324–1326.

V Komulainen M, Berg M, Palukuru VK, Jantunen H & Salonen E (2007) Frequency-Reconfigurable Dual-Band Monopole Antenna for Mobile Handsets. IEEE Antennas & Propagation International Symposium Digest: 3289–3292.

VI Komulainen M, Mähönen J, Tick T, Berg M, Jantunen H, Henry M, Free C & Salonen E (2007) Embedded air cavity backed microstrip antenna on an LTCC substrate. Journal of European Ceramic Society 27(8–9): 2881–2885.

VII Komulainen M, Kangasvieri T, Jäntti J & Jantunen H (2008) Compact Surface-Mountable LTCC-BGA Antenna Package for X-band Applications. International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology 3(4): 451–459.

VIII Palukuru V K, Komulainen M, Tick T, Peräntie J & Jantunen H (2008) Low Sintering-Temperature Ferroelectric-Thick films: RF Properties and an Application in a Frequency-Tunable Folded Slot Antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7: 461–464.

Reprinted with permission from IEEE (I, III, IV, V and VIII), Frequenz (II),

Elsevier B.V. (VI) and ISRAMT/IJMOT (VII).

Original publications are not included in the electronic version of the disserdation.

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S E R I E S C T E C H N I C A

303. Lahti, Markku (2008) Gravure offset printing for fabrication of electronic devicesand integrated components in LTCC modules

304. Popov, Alexey (2008) TiO2 nanoparticles as UV protectors in skin

305. Illikainen, Mirja (2008) Mechanisms of thermomechanical pulp refining

306. Borkowski, Maciej (2008) Digital Δ-Σ Modulation. Variable modulus and tonalbehaviour in a fixed-point digital environment

307. Kuismanen, Kimmo (2008) Climate-conscious architecture—design and windtesting method for climates in change

308. Kangasvieri, Tero (2008) Surface-mountable LTCC-SiP module approach forreliable RF and millimetre-wave packaging

309. Metsärinta, Maija-Leena (2008) Sinkkivälkkeen leijukerrospasutuksen stabiilisuus

310. Prokkola, Jarmo (2008) Enhancing the performance of ad hoc networking bylower layer design

311. Löytynoja, Mikko (2008) Digital rights management of audio distribution in mobilenetworks

312. El Harouny, Elisa (2008) Historiallinen puukaupunki suojelukohteena jaelinympäristönä. Esimerkkeinä Vanha Porvoo ja Vanha Raahe. Osa 1

312. El Harouny, Elisa (2008) Historiallinen puukaupunki suojelukohteena jaelinympäristönä. Esimerkkeinä Vanha Porvoo ja Vanha Raahe. Osa 2

313. Hannuksela, Jari (2008) Camera based motion estimation and recognition forhuman-computer interaction

314. Nieminen, Timo (2009) Detection of harmful microbes and their metaboliteswith novel methods in the agri-food production chain

315. Marjala, Pauliina (2009) Työhyvinvoinnin kokemukset kertomuksellisinaprosesseina–narratiivinen arviointitutkimus

316. Ahola, Juha (2009) Reaction kinetics and reactor modelling in the design ofcatalytic reactors for automotive exhaust gas abatement

317. Koskimäki, Heli (2009) Utilizing similarity information in industrial applications

318. Puska, Henri (2009) Code acquisition in direct sequence spread spectrumsystems using smart antennas

319. Saari, Seppo (2009) Knowledge transfer to product development processes. Amultiple case study in two small technology parks

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UNIVERS ITY OF OULU P.O.B . 7500 F I -90014 UNIVERS ITY OF OULU F INLAND

A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S O U L U E N S I S

S E R I E S E D I T O R S

SCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM

HUMANIORA

TECHNICA

MEDICA

SCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM

SCRIPTA ACADEMICA

OECONOMICA

EDITOR IN CHIEF

PUBLICATIONS EDITOR

Professor Mikko Siponen

University Lecturer Elise Kärkkäinen

Professor Hannu Heusala

Professor Olli Vuolteenaho

Senior Researcher Eila Estola

Information officer Tiina Pistokoski

University Lecturer Seppo Eriksson

Professor Olli Vuolteenaho

Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala

ISBN 978-951-42-9086-2 (Paperback)ISBN 978-951-42-9087-9 (PDF)ISSN 0355-3213 (Print)ISSN 1796-2226 (Online)

U N I V E R S I TAT I S O U L U E N S I SACTAC

TECHNICA

U N I V E R S I TAT I S O U L U E N S I SACTAC

TECHNICA

OULU 2009

C 320

Mikko Komulainen

BANDWIDTH ENHANCED ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE TERMINALS AND MULTILAYER CERAMIC PACKAGES

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY,DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING,UNIVERSITY OF OULU;INFOTECH OULU,UNIVERSITY OF OULU

C 320

ACTA

Mikko K

omulainen

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