SERIES & PARALLEL PUMP TEST

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LAB REPORT Subject Code BFC 21201

Code & Experiment Title MKA – 04 ; SERIES AND PARALLEL PUMP TEST

Course Code 2 BFF/1

Date 5 DECEMBER 2011

Section / Group 5/2

Name MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN (DF100018)

Members of Group 1. AFANDI BIN ABD WAHID (DF100122)

2.MOHD HASIF BIN AZMAN (DF100079)

3.MUHAMMAD HUZAIR BIN ZULKIFLI (DF100040)

Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor CIK AMNANI BIN ABU BAKAR

EN JAMILULLAIL BIN AHMAD TAIB

Received Date 12 DECEMBER 2011

Comment by examiner

Received

STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE

(SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also

declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and

make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN

MATRIC NO. : DF100018

DATE : 11 DECEMBER 2011


(SEC)


ENGINEERING


ENGINEERING


BATU PAHAT, JOHOR




……………………………………….

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : AFANDI BIN ABD WAHID




(SEC)


ENGINEERING


ENGINEERING


BATU PAHAT, JOHOR




……………………………………….

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : MOHD HASIF BIN AZMAN




(SEC)


ENGINEERING


ENGINEERING


BATU PAHAT, JOHOR




……………………………………….

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : MUHAMMAD HUZAIR BIN ZULKIFLI



1.0 INTRODUCTION

Pumps can be arranged in serial or parallel to provide additional

head or flow rate capacity.

i) Pumps in Serial - Heads Added

When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial, their resulting pump

performance curve is obtained by adding their heads at same flow rate as indicated

in the figure below.

Figure 1 - Pumps in Serial - Heads Added

Centrifugal pump in series are used to overcome larger system head loss

than one pump can handle alone. For two identical pumps in series the head will

be twice the head of a single pump at the same flow rate. With constant flowrates

the combined head moves from 1 to 2. In practice the combined head and flow

rated moved along the system curve to 3. If one of the pumps stops, the operation

point moves along the system resistance curve from point 1 to point 2 - head and

flow rate are decreased. Series operation of single stage pumps is seldom

encountered - more often multistage centrifugal pumps are used.

ii) Pumps in Parallel - Flow Rate Added

When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their resulting

performance curve is obtained by adding their flowrates at the same head as

indicated in the figure below.

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pump-system-curves-d_635.html


http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/static-pressure-head-d_610.html


http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/static-pressure-head-d_610.html

Figure 2 - Pumps in Parallel - Flow Rate Added

Centrifugal pumps in parallel are used to overcome larger volume flows

than one pump can handle alone. For two identical pumps in parallel the flowrate

will double (moving from 1 to 2) compared to a single pump if head is kept

constant. In practice the combined head and volume flow moves along the system

curve as indicated from 1 to 3. If one of the pumps in parallel or series stops, the

operation point moves along the system resistance curve from point 3 to point 1 -

the head and flow rate are decreased.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the pump characteristics and performance of single two pumps in series and

two pumps in parallel at a fixed speed.

3.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they

have learned to:

a. Understand the concept of pump operations

b. Understand the pump performances

c. Understand the factors which influence the performance of the pump

4.0 THEORY

1. Atmospheric pressure or barometer pressure can be indicated by the absolute pressure

minus gauge pressure, Pb = 1013 – 0.1055EL where EL is the elevation above mean

seas level at the point to be measured.

2. Pressure head, Hp = P/ (m) where P is the pressure (N/m2) and is the specific

weight (kg/m3).

3. Velocity Head, Hv = V2/2g (m) where V is liquid velocity.

4. Static Head, Hs. Height of liquid column above pump centerline on the discharge side

of the pump is called Static Discharge Head. Head of liquid column above pump

centerline on the pump suction side is called Static Suction Head. If the liquid level on

the pump suction side is lower than pump centerline, then height is called Static

Suction Lift. Total Static Head is the algebraic difference between Static Discharge

Head and Static Suction Head.

5. Friction Head, (Hf) is the small head loss due to friction between liquid and passage

wall (from the suction side of the pump to the discharge side). The value of loses

depend on the flow. The higher the flow rate, the higher is the friction loss.

6. Total Head of Fluid (HT) is the total head at any point of the liquid is the sum of all

heads at that particular point, HT = Hp + Hv + HS or HT = P/ + V2/2g + z.

7. Power is the amount of work done per unit time. Power output of pump, Wo = 1.635QP

(watts) where Q is flow rate (lt/min) and P is pressure (kg/cm2). Power input to the

pump, Wi =1.0277Frn (watts) where F is the dynamometer turning force (watt), r is

the dynamometer arm length (m) and n is the prime mover speed (RPM); or Wi =

0.10476Tn (watt) where torque, T = Fr (Nm).

8. Pump efficiency, p = W0/W1 where Wo is the power that pump delivers to liquid and

W1 is the input power.

4.1 Centrifugal Pump

The principle theory of the centrifugal pump is as follows:

1. Flow rate is directly proportional to the impeller speed and to the third

power of the impeller diameter.

2. Total head is directly proportional to the square power of the impeller

diameter.

3. Power is directly proportional to the third power of the impeller speed and

to the fifth power of the impeller diameter.

4. All the interaction occurs within the pump volute housing creating the

Total Dynnamic Head (HTDH). The direction of pump discharge flow is at

90 degree angle to the pump suction flow.

5. 2

1

Q

Q=

3

22

3

11

Dn

Dn;

2

1

H

H=

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

1

Dn

Dn;

2

1

p

p=

5

2

3

2

5

1

2

1

Dn

Dn where D is impeller diameter, Q

is flow rate, p is shaft brake horsepower, n is impeller speed, H is total

dynamic head, 1 is pump no. 1 and 2 is pump no.2.

6. Typical performance characteristic of centrifugal pump are shown.

4.2 Operational Of Pumps Connected In Series And Parallel

Each individual pump has different operating performances characteristics

1. Series Operation

In case of two pumps connected for a series operation, the flow rates of

pump no. 1 and pump no. 2 will be equal; and the combined Total Head of

2 pump will be equal to the sum of the Total Heads of pump no.1 and no.

2: QT = Q1 + Q2 , Htotal = HT1 + HT2. However in actual practice, the

combination Total Head will be slightly lower that HT1 + HT2 due to the

additional loss of power in the system as shown in figure (a).

2. Parallel Operation

In case of two pumps connected of parallel operation, the pump suction and

discharge pressure head will be equal and the combined Total Flow Rate of

the system will be the sum of the Flow Rate of Pump no. 1 and pump no. 2,

Htotal = HT1 + HT2 and QT = Q1 + Q2 as shown in figure (b).

Figure 3 – Series Operation (a) and Parallel Operation (b)

5.0 EQUIPMENTS

This is a self contained bench top unit consisting of two independent sets of centrifugal

pump. By manipulating flow control valves, each pump can be operated individually or

both pumps connected in series or parallel for measurement of flow rate, head at three

different speeds.

Figure 4 – Series and Parallel Pump Equipment

Figure 5 – Stopwatch

Main Power

Pump

Water

Meter

Suction Gauge

Discharge

Gauge

Valve

6.0 PROCEDURES

1. Hydraulics Bench storage tank fill water up to a nearly full level

(5-10cm from the top).

2. Make sure that all pressure gauges both in the suction and discharge sides should read

“0”. If not, disconnect pressure tube (white plastic tube) at either side to release the

pressure and then reconnect it.

3. The schematic piping system of the test set show on a figure below.

4. Turn off both pumps and close the main power of the control board respectively after

completion of the test.

5. Record the values of series and parallel.

Figure 6 – Schematic Piping System

6.1 Performance Test of Pump No. 1

1. Close valves V2, V3, and open valves V1, V4 and V5

2. Turn on pump no. 1 and set the speed at high speed

3. Record the following data:

i. Suction Pressure =………………kg/cm2

ii. Discharge Pressure =……………kg/cm2

iii. Flow Volume =…………………...liter

iv. Time Period =…………………….sec.

4. Slightly close the discharge valve (V5) to further increase the outlet pressure

at an increment of 0.1kg/cm2 and repeat 3

5. Repeat 4 until discharge valved is closed

6. Repeat 2 to 5 for medium and low speed levels.

6.2 Performance Test of Pump No. 2

1. Close valves V1, V3, V4, and open valves V2 and V5

2. Turn on pump no. 2 and set the speed at high speed level

3. Record the same data as in 5.1(3)





6.3 Performance of Pump No. 1 and Pump No. 2 in Series Connection

1. Close valves V2, V4 and open valves V1, V3 and V5

2. Turn on both pumps and set the speed at high speed level


i. Suction Pressure, P1 =……...……..kg/cm2

ii. Discharge Pressure, P3 =……….....kg/cm2

iii. Flow Volume =……………………... liter

iv. Time Period =………………………..sec.





6.4 Performance of Pump No. 1 and Pump No. 2 In Parallel Connection

1. Close valves V3 and open valves V1, V2, V4 and V5

2. Turn on both pumps and set the speed at high speed level


i. Suction Pressure, P1 and P2 =…….....kg/cm2

ii. Discharge Pressure, P3 =………...…...kg/cm2

iii. Flow Volume =…………………...……..liter

iv. Time Period =……………………...…….sec.





7.0 RESULT

a) Pump No.1

SPEED 2 SPEED 3

PDIS

(kg/cm2)

PSUC

(kg/cm2)

Time

(s/30ltr)

Flowrate,

Q (ltr/min)

PTOTAL

(kg/m2)

PHEAD

(kg/m2)

PDIS

(kg/cm2)

PSUC

(kg/cm2)

Time

(s/30ltr)

Flowrate,

Q (ltr/min)

PTOTAL

(kg/m2)

PHEAD

(kg/m2)

0.15 0.08 21.28” 84.568 0.007 0.069 0.08 0.30 24.36” 73.89 0.022 0.216

0.25 0.08 25.31” 71.118 0.017 0.167 0.16 0.30 29.44” 61.14 0.006 0.137

0.35 0.08 32.91” 54.695 0.027 0.265 0.26 0.28 39.28” 45.28 0.002 0.020

0.45 0.08 49.31” 36.504 0.037 0.363 0.34 0.28 86.06” 20.92 0.006 0.059

0.54 0.08 70.13” 25.667 0.046 0.451 0.42 0.28 141.04” 12.76 0.014 0.137

b) Pump No.2

SPEED 2 SPEED 3

PDIS

(kg/cm2)

PSUC

(kg/cm2)

Time

(s/30ltr)

Flowrate,

Q (ltr/min)

PTOTAL

(kg/m2)

PHEAD

(kg/m2)

PDIS

(kg/cm2)

PSUC

(kg/cm2)

Time

(s/30ltr)

Flowrate,

Q (ltr/min)

PTOTAL

(kg/m2)

PHEAD

(kg/m2)

0.26 0.22 64.19” 28.042 0.004 0.039 0.12 0.34 28.44” 63.29 0.022 0.216

0.27 0.22 64.19” 28.042 0.005 0.049 0.16 0.34 30.37” 59.27 0.018 0.177

0.28 0.22 99.71” 18.052 0.006 0.059 0.22 0.32 33.78” 53.29 0.010 0.098

0.29 0.22 99.71” 18.052 0.007 0.069 0.26 0.32 37.22” 48.36 0.006 0.059

0.30 0.22 179.29” 10.040 0.008 0.078 0.30 0.32 40.00” 45.00 0.002 0.020

c) Pump No. 1 and No.2 in Series Operation

SPEED 2 SPEED 3

PDIS

(kg/cm2)

PSUC

(kg/cm2)

Time

(s/30ltr)

Flowrate,

Q (ltr/min)

PTOTAL

(kg/m2)

PHEAD

(kg/m2)

PDIS

(kg/cm2)

PSUC

(kg/cm2)

Time

(s/30ltr)

Flowrate,

Q (ltr/min)

PTOTAL

(kg/m2)

PHEAD

(kg/m2)

0.04 0.32 24.44” 73.65 0.028 0.275 0.10 0.42 16.90” 106.51 0.032 0.314

0.31 0.26 31.31” 57.49 0.005 0.049 0.34 0.38 22.09” 81.48 0.004 0.034

0.57 0.26 40.60” 44.33 0.031 0.304 0.58 0.38 29.34” 61.35 0.020 0.196

0.84 0.26 55.78” 32.27 0.058 0.569 0.82 0.34 43.66” 41.23 0.048 0.471

1.10 0.26 66.09” 27.24 0.084 0.824 1.06 0.34 124.68” 14.44 0.072 0.706

d) Pump No. 1 and No.2 in Parallel Operation

SPEED 2 SPEED 3

PDIS

(kg/cm2)

PSUC

(kg/cm2)

Time

(s/30ltr)

Flowrate,

Q (ltr/min)

PTOTAL

(kg/m2)

PHEAD

(kg/m2)

PDIS

(kg/cm2)

PSUC

(kg/cm2)

Time

(s/30ltr)

Flowrate,

Q (ltr/min)

PTOTAL

(kg/m2)

PHEAD

(kg/m2)

0.04 0.49 22.78” 79.02 0.045 0.441 0.04 0.53 18.87” 95.39 0.049 0.481

0.19 0.49 36.32” 49.56 0.030 0.294 0.16 0.52 23.65” 76.11 0.036 0.353

0.33 0.49 57.94” 31.07 0.016 0.157 0.30 0.52 26.50” 67.92 0.022 0.216

0.48 0.49 88.78” 20.27 0.001 0.010 0.42 0.51 35.03” 51.38 0.009 0.088

0.62 0.49 190.41” 9.45 0.013 0.128 0.54 0.50 56.22” 32.12 0.004 0.039

8.0 ANALYSIS DATA

Calculation for Flowrate,Q (Ltr/min), PTOTAL (kg/m2) and PHEAD (kg/m

2)

a) Calculation for Speed 3, Pump No.1

PDIS Flowrate,Q (ltr/min) = 30 lt x 60s

time,s 1 min

PTOTAL (kg/m2) = (PDIS – PSUC) x 1000

1002

PHEAD (kg/m2) = (PTOTAL x 9.81)

0.08 = 30 lt x 60s

24.36s 1 min

= 73.89 lt/min

= (0.08 – 0.30) x 1000

1002

= 0.022 kg/m2

= 0.022 x 9.81

= 0.216 kg/m2

0.16 = 30 lt x 60s

29.44s 1 min

= 61.14 lt/min

= (0.16 – 0.30) x 1000

1002

= 0.014 kg/m2

= 0.014 x 9.81

= 0.137 kg/m2

0.26 = 30 lt x 60s

39.28s 1 min

= 45.28 lt/min

= (0.26 – 0.28) x 1000

1002

= 0.002 kg/m2

= 0.002 x 9.81

= 0.020 kg/m2

0.34 = 30 lt x 60s

86.06s 1 min

= 20.92 lt/min

= (0.34 – 0.28) x 1000

1002

= 0.006 kg/m2

= 0.006 x 9.81

= 0.059 kg/m2

0.42 = 30 lt x 60s

141.04s 1 min

= 12.76 lt/min

= (0.42 – 0.28) x 1000

1002

= 0.014 kg/m2

= 0.014 x 9.81

= 0.137 kg/m2

b) Calculation for Speed 3, Pump No.2


time,s 1 min


1002


0.08 = 30 lt x 60s

28.44s 1 min

= 63.29 lt/min

= (0.12 – 0.34) x 1000

1002

= 0.022 kg/m2

= 0.022 x 9.81

= 0.216 kg/m2

0.16 = 30 lt x 60s

30.37s 1 min

= 59.27 lt/min

= (0.16 – 0.34) x 1000

1002

= 0.018 kg/m2

= 0.018 x 9.81

= 0.177 kg/m2

0.26 = 30 lt x 60s

33.78s 1 min

= 53.29 lt/min

= (0.22 – 0.32) x 1000

1002

= 0.010 kg/m2

= 0.010 x 9.81

= 0.098 kg/m2

0.34 = 30 lt x 60s

37.22s 1 min

= 48.36 lt/min

= (0.26 – 0.32) x 1000

1002

= 0.006 kg/m2

= 0.006 x 9.81

= 0.059 kg/m2

0.42 = 30 lt x 60s

40.00s 1 min

= 45.00 lt/min

= (0.30 – 0.32) x 1000

1002

= 0.002 kg/m2

= 0.002 x 9.81

= 0.020 kg/m2

c) Calculation for Series Operation, Pump No.1 and No.2


time,s 1 min


1002


0.08 = 30 lt x 60s

16.90s 1 min

= 106.51 lt/min

= (0.10 – 0.42) x 1000

1002

= 0.032 kg/m2

= -0.032 x 9.81

= 0.314 kg/m2

0.16 = 30 lt x 60s

22.09s 1 min

= 81.48 lt/min

= (0.34 – 0.38) x 1000

1002

= 0.004 kg/m2

= 0.004 x 9.81

= 0.039 kg/m2

0.26 = 30 lt x 60s

29.34s 1 min

= 61.35 lt/min

= (0.58 – 0.38) x 1000

1002

= 0.020 kg/m2

= 0.020 x 9.81

= 0.196 kg/m2

0.34 = 30 lt x 60s

43.66s 1 min

= 41.23 lt/min

= (0.82 – 0.34) x 1000

1002

= 0.048 kg/m2

= 0.048 x 9.81

= 0.471 kg/m2

0.42 = 30 lt x 60s

124.68s 1 min

= 14.44 lt/min

= (1.06 – 0.34) x 1000

1002

= 0.072 kg/m2

= 0.072 x 9.81

= 0.706 kg/m2

d) Calculation for Parallel Operation, Pump No.1 and No.2


time,s 1 min


1002


0.08 = 30 lt x 60s

18.87s 1 min

= 95.39 lt/min

= (0.04 – 0.53) x 1000

1002

= 0.049 kg/m2

= 0.049 x 9.81

= 0.481 kg/m2

0.16 = 30 lt x 60s

23.65s 1 min

= 76.11 lt/min

= (0.16 – 0.52) x 1000

1002

= 0.036 kg/m2

= 0.036 x 9.81

= 0.353 kg/m2

0.26 = 30 lt x 60s

26.50s 1 min

= 67.92 lt/min

= (0.30 – 0.52) x 1000

1002

= 0.022 kg/m2

= 0.022 x 9.81

= 0.216 kg/m2

0.34 = 30 lt x 60s

35.03s 1 min

= 51.38 lt/min

= (0.42 – 0.51) x 1000

1002

= 0.009 kg/m2

= 0.009 x 9.81

= 0.088 kg/m2

0.42 = 30 lt x 60s

56.22s 1 min

= 32.12 lt/min

= (0.54 – 0.50) x 1000

1002

= 0.004 kg/m2

= 0.004 x 9.81

= 0.039 kg/m2

9.0 QUESTIONS

1. For pump no.1 and no.2 :

Plot curve showing flowrate on the Y-axis versus pressure (occasionally expressed in

metres of head) on the X-axis for a constant pump speed by drawing smooth curve

through points obtained from the calculations.

Graph flowrate versus pressure (speed 2)

Based on the graph, we show that the pressures are decrease when the flowrate are

increase. Compare between pump no. 1 and pump no. 2, the curve of pump 1 are

higher than pump 2.

Graph flowrate versus pressure (speed 3)

Based on the graph, the speed 3 is faster than speed 2, so, it has more flowrate with

less value of pressure head. Compare between pump no. 1 and pump no. 2, the curve

of pump 1 are higher than pump 2.

2. For both two pumps in series and parallel operation :

In this case of series and parallel operation, please compare the additional pressure and

flowrate according to the theory.

Graph flowrate versus pressure-series and parallel (speed 2)

From the graph, we show that have different curve between series and parallel

operation. The curve of parallel operation is higher than the curve of series

operation. The value flowrate of parallel are more than flowrate of series

operation.

Graph flowrate versus pressure-series and parallel (speed 3)

From the graph, there is also difference in curve between series and parallel

operation. The curve of parallel operation is lower than the curve of series

operation. The value flowrate of parallel are less than flowrate of series operation.

10.0 DISCUSSION

A pump is a device used to move liquids, or slurries. A pump moves liquids from

lower pressure to higher pressure, and overcomes this difference in pressure by adding

energy to the system (such as a water system). A gas pump is generally called a

compressor, except in very low pressure-rise applications, such as in heating, ventilating,

and air-conditioning, the equipment is known as fans or blowers.

Based on the result from the table, the increment of flow rate was influence to the

decreasing of pressure head of suction that give a negative sign. These two data was

influence to the pressure in discharge section which is controlled. So,

i. Manipulated variable shows by the pressure in discharge and speed of pump.

ii. Dependent variable shows by the pressure in suction and flow rate.

iii. Constant variable shows by the volume of water in the tank.

Discharge Cavitations

Discharge Cavitations occurs when the pump discharge is extremely high. It

normally occurs in a pump that is running at less than 10% of its best efficiency point.

The high discharge pressure causes the majority of the fluid to circulate inside the pump

instead of being allowed to flow out the discharge. As the liquid flows around the impeller

it must pass through the small clearance between the impeller and the pump cutwater at

extremely high velocity. This velocity causes a vacuum to develop at the cutwater similar

to what occurs in a venture and turns the liquid into a vapor. A pump that has been

operating under these conditions shows premature wear of the impeller vane tips and the

pump cutwater.

Suction Cavitations

Suction Cavitations occurs when the pump suction is under a low pressure/high

vacuum condition where the liquid turns into a vapor at the eye of the pump impeller.

This vapor is carried over to the discharge side of the pump where it no longer sees

vacuum and is compressed back into a liquid by the discharge pressure. This imploding

action occurs violently and attacks the face of the impeller. An impeller that has been

operating under a suction cavitations condition has large chunks of material removed from

its face causing premature failure of the pump.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC

Figure 7 – High Discharge Pressure Figure 8 – Low Pressure

From the table and graph, overall we can say that flow rate increase when the

pressure head in suction decrease to negative value. This sign shows that there are

vacuum conditions at the point after we placed the pump that allowing water to suck in

that point to make the water move in the pipe. This sign also tell that the point is in low

pressure than other point in the tank and before we placed the pump. So, the higher

pressure will be suck to the lower pressure because it is a concept of pressure.

This experiment didn’t give an exact value cause by some errors in the system and

other factors, such as:

Parallax error.

It happens while taking a reading using gauge meter and stop watch where the

reader didn’t use a proper way to get a right reading.

To prevent this problem, the reader should learn and practise by understand the

procedure to get reading otherwise get some help. Other than that, the reader

should have sharp eye because meter gauge don’t give a small scale to use. He or

she must estimate the value correctly or nearly for right value that can be used.

Systematic error.

This error cause by apparatus that are not perfect and have some problem such as

leaking or a big losses energy cause by friction in the pipe.

To prevent this error, the apparatus should be test before the experiment begins.

Random error.

There are many data that was taken and sometimes the data didn’t give a good

results cause by randomly results.

To reduce this, reader should take more than one reading and take the average.

Additionally, a person who takes the reading should not be changed.

11.0 CONCLUSION

According to the experiments, can evaluate the pump characteristics and

performances of single two pumps in series and two pumps in parallel at a fixed speed.

Pumps are used to convert mechanical energy into fluid energy and allow liquids to be

moved from one place to another. From this experiment, can understand fully the types of

pumps available and their different characteristics. Measurements of head, flow, speed

and torque allow the performance of each pump to be determined and compared.

Therefore, the experiments assumed success.

12.0 REFERENCES

Roberson, J.A, Cassidy, J.J & Chaudry, M.H. (1998) ‘Hydraulic Engineering’, Wiley.

Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Hidraulik, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam Dan Alam Sekitar,

Penerbit UTHM.

White Frank M.(1979). Fluid Mechanics. Mc Graw, Hill.University of Rhode Island.

United States of America, pg 636 - 642.

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SERIES & PARALLEL PUMP TEST