Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Research ArticleSerological Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants inEast Shewa and Arsi Zones Oromia Region Ethiopia
Getachew Gari1 Biressaw Serda2 Dejene Negesa2 Fethu Lemma2 and Hagos Asgedom1
1National Animal Health Diagnosis and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia2College of Veterinary Medicine Haramaya University PO Box 138 Dire Dawa Ethiopia
Correspondence should be addressed to Biressaw Serda biressawserda2011gmailcom
Received 31 July 2017 Accepted 5 November 2017 Published 14 December 2017
Academic Editor Hans J Nauwynck
Copyright copy 2017 Getachew Gari et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important disease of small ruminants with a rapidly expanding geographicaldistribution There are fragmented reports to the occurrence and distribution of the disease in Ethiopia A total of 700 serumsampleswere collected fromgoats and sheep to detect the presence of antibody against PPRvirus usingCompetitive Enzyme-LinkedImmunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA) An overall PPR seropositivity was reported to be 4843 in the area There is no statisticallysignificant difference in the seroprevalence of the disease between sheep and goats (5085 and 4668) respectively Howeverthere was statistically significant variation (119875 lt 005) in the seroprevalence of the disease in young (339) and adult (558) agecategories The seroprevalence in male and female was 4207 and 5009 respectively where the variation was statistically notsignificant (119875 gt 005) High seroprevalence of Peste des petites ruminants in the study area indicated the virus circulation andendemicity of the disease The disease causes substantial economic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmers Thereforecontrol measures should be put in place to minimize the loss associated with the disease
1 Introduction
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an acute highly contagiousand frequently fatal viral disease of sheep goats and wildsmall ruminants It is characterized by fever mucopuru-lent ocular and nasal discharges necrotizing and erosivestomatitis severe enteritis and pneumonia leading to death[1 2] PPR is a transboundary animal disease of significanteconomic importance ranking among the top ten diseasesaffecting small ruminants [3 4] Sheep and goat populationsare estimated to be 255 million and 2643 million respec-tively in Ethiopia and this is the largest population in Africa[5]
The causal agent PPR virus (PPRV) is an envelopedribonucleic acid virus of the genus Morbillivirus of familyParamyxoviridae [6] The disease was first reported in CotedrsquoIvoire in 1942 [2] and it has spread across the Sub-SaharanAfrica Morocco Arabian Peninsula Middle East TurkeyIran Iraq Pakistan India Bangladesh Nepal Tajikistan andKazakhstan Tibet and China [7ndash10]
PPR was clinically suspected for the first time in Ethiopiain 1977 in a goat herd from Afar region eastern part ofthe country [11] Clinical and serological evidence of itspresence has been reported by Taylor (1984) [12] and laterconfirmed in 1991 with cDNA probe in lymph nodes andspleen specimens collected from an outbreak in a holdingnear Addis Ababa [13] Abraham et al (2005) reported theoverall seroprevalence of 9 in goats and 13 in sheep indifferent parts of Ethiopia [14] It was also reported that 146of sheep sampled along 4 roads from Debre Berhan to AddisAbaba were seropositive [15] In 1999 national serosurveil-lance of PPR conducted in Ethiopia the overall seropreva-lence of 64 (95 CI 60ndash68) in both goats and sheepranging from 0 to 525 was estimated [15]
In 1997 one study revealed up to 100 of seropositiveindividuals in groups of adult male sheep and animals thatsurvived suspected outbreaks [13] Based on the reportedmorbidity and mortality of the infection and the size andstructure of the small ruminant sector it is likely that PPRbecame one of the most economically important livestockdiseases in the country [16]
HindawiVeterinary Medicine InternationalVolume 2017 Article ID 9769071 5 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520179769071
2 Veterinary Medicine International
N
(km) Coordinate system GCS WGS 1984Datum WGS 1984Units degree
Oromia region
40∘14
50
39
∘34
40
38
∘54
30
38
∘14
20
40∘14
50
39
∘34
40
38
∘54
30
38
∘14
20
8∘00
8∘4050
9∘2140
7∘1910
10∘230
8∘00
8∘4050
9∘2140
7∘1910
10∘230
9060300
46∘21
30
41
∘12
25
36
∘320
46∘21
30
41
∘12
25
36
∘320
41∘12
25
36
∘320
41∘12
25
36
∘320
5∘2715
10∘3620
3∘2025
6∘030
8∘4035
3∘2025
6∘030
8∘4035
15∘4525
5∘2715
10∘3620
15∘4525
Figure 1 Map of study area
Studies so far conducted provide historical informationabout the frequency and distribution of PPR in Ethiopiaand yet suggest extensive circulation of PPR virus amongthe small ruminant population Therefore the objective ofcurrent study was to estimate the seroprevalence of peste despetits ruminants in sheep and goats using serological tests
2 Materials and Method
21 Study Area The study was conducted in eight Kebeles(the lowest administrative level in Ethiopia) distributed inthree districts (Dugda and Adami Tullu Districts) in EasternShowaAdministrative Zone andDodotaDistrict inArsi Zoneof Oromia regional state Ethiopia Arsi is one of the zonesof Oromia Region and 186 km from Addis Ababa It has alatitude of 7∘451015840010158401015840N and longitude of 39∘301015840010158401015840E Arsi hasannual rain fall range from 700 to 950mm Dodota is partof Arsi Zone district Dodota is located in Great Rift ValleyThe altitude of the district ranges from 140 to 250m abovesea level On the other hand Dugda and Adami Tullu areDistricts in the eastern Showa Zone ofOromia Regional stateAdami Tullu has latitude of 7∘521015840010158401015840 North and longitudeof 38∘421015840010158401015840 East with elevation of 1643 meters above sealevel Dugda has a latitude of 8∘471015840010158401015840 North and longitude
of 38∘181015840010158401015840 East with elevation of 1636 meters above sea level(Figure 1)
22 Study Design and Animal Population Cross-sectionalstudy was conducted from November 2014 to March 2015to determine the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminantsThe animals were reared in a mixed crop-livestock farmingsystembut have not been vaccinated before sample collectionEpidemiological data related to risk factors associated withPPR occurrence such as sex and age of sheep and goats werecollected by using a checklist All age groups of goats andsheep were sampled but young age greater than six monthswas considered for sampling to rule out maternal antibodyIn this study young age groups are animals from 6 monthsto 18 months and adult age is defined as animals morethan 18 months per example There was no historyrecord ofvaccination against PPR in the study so far
23 Sampling Strategy and Sample Collection The studyinvolved multistage random sampling where districts layingin the Great Rift Valley segment of Ethiopia were selectedpurposely for their high small ruminant population buteach kebele was first randomly selected and animal unit wasselected randomly at last The blood samples were collected
Veterinary Medicine International 3
Table 1 Seroprevalence of PPR in sheep and goats from study area
Factors Number tested Number positive () 1198832 119875 valueDistrict
Dodota 164 90 (5488)370 016Adami Tullu 353 162 (4590)
Dugda 183 87 (4754)Species
Sheep 293 149 (5085) 119 0276Goat 407 190 (4668)
AgeYoung 236 80 (3390) 3010 0000Adult 464 259 (5582)
SexFemale 555 278 (5009) 296 009Male 145 61 (4207)
Total 700 339 (4843)
from the jugular vein using sterile vacutainer tubes and keptat room temperature to clot down for 12 hrs The serum wasextracted using centrifuge spun at 2000 rpm and stored in icepacks +4∘C until transported to the National Animal HealthDiagnosis and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia Thesamples were stored at minus20∘C deep freeze in the laboratoryuntil the test is conducted
24 Sample Size Determination The sample size was deter-mined usingThrusfield [17] formula Since there was no priorsimilar study conducted in the area expected seroprevalenceof 50 was assumed to get the maximum number of samplessizes required The absolute precisions were decided to be5 and 95 confidence level Thus sample size estimationformula is shown below
119899 =1962119875exp (1 minus 119875exp)
1198892 (1)
where 119899 is the required sample size119875exp is the expected seroprevalence
1198892 is the desired absolute precision
Accordingly a sample size of 384 was estimated using theformula However the sample size was increased to 700samples sizes to increase the statistical efficiency and toconsider the clustering effect in multistage sampling designOut of 700 samples 407 samples were collected from goatsand 293 from sheep
25 Serological Test for PPRV Specific Antibody CompetitiveEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA) was runto test the serum samples as prescribed by the manufacturerand theOffice International des Epizooties TerrestrialManual[18] The laboratory test was conducted in National AnimalHealth Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC) Thec-ELISA kit comprised PPR antigen (75I) strain anti-PPRV
monoclonal antibody anti-mouse conjugate control serasubstrate and chromogen The ELISA test result was read at492 nm wave length and the percentage inhibition (PI) valuewas calculated [19]
26 Data Management The data collected were entered intoEpi-Data version 30 and analyzed using SPSS version 160For statistical significance 95CI and119875 value of 005 and forexistence of difference among different categories chi-squarevalues were considered
3 Results
The overall seroprevalence of PPR in sheep and goats was4843 (95 CI 3227ndash5632) The seroprevalence across thegeographical location in each district was 5488 4590and 4754 in Dodota Adami Tullu and Dugda respectively(Table 1)
The association of age and sex groups to PPR sero-prevalence occurrence showed that age factor was foundsignificantly associated risk factor (119875 lt 005) (Table 2)
4 Discussion
Serological result of this study showed an overall seropreva-lence of 4843 in two species in selected area of EasternShowa and Arsi Zones of Oromia Regional state which wasclose to the reportsmade fromNigeria with seroprevalence of55 [20] from Uganda 552 [21] fromMaychew district ofTigray regional state Ethiopia 436 [22] The comparableseroprevalence 50 in Adigudam and Chercher of TigrayEthiopia was reported [22] The seroprevalence across sexvariation in Tigray showed that 475 and 437 in femaleand male respectively [22] were comparable to our findingwith 5009 in female and 4207 in male However theseroprevalence in this study was lower than 67 in goat atAfar [23] and 618 in Sudan [24] maybe due to differencein agroecology The result observed in the current study was
4 Veterinary Medicine International
Table 2 Seroprevalence of PPR occurrence in sheep and goats for different sex and age groups
Species Number tested Number positive () X2 119875 valueSheep
AgeYoung 84 32 (381) 767 0006Adult 209 117 (560)
SexFemale 235 121 (515) 019 066Male 58 28 (483)
GoatsAge
Young 152 48 (316) 2224 0000Adult 255 190 (745)
SexFemale 320 157 (490) 341 007Male 87 33 (379)
Total 700 339 (4843)
higher than the report of 146 from Debra Berhan to AddisAbaba road Ethiopia [25]Thedifference in agroclimatic con-ditions cultural and social practice and different productionsystems could be the reason for the variations between thecurrent report and the previous reports
In the current study seroprevalence of the disease amongthe study districts was observed There was no statisticalsignificant variation in seroprevalence between the studyareas with 5488 4754 and 4590 in Dodota Dugdaand Adami Tullu respectively The seroprevalence of PPRbetween sex groups showed that it was 5009 in femaleand 4207 in male but there was no statistically significantvariation between sex groups This is in agreement withprevious finding [19]
In Ethiopia goats are affected more severely to PPR virusexposure compared to sheep and they exhibit striking clinicalsign while sheep undergo mild form of the disease [26]The seroprevalence in sheep (4668) was approximately thesame with that of goats (5085) which may resulted fromequal exposure of sheep and goat because they are herdedtogether and communal grazing Similar observation wasreported with seroprevalence of 9 in goats and 13 in sheep[14] in pastoral production system of Ethiopia due to equalexposure
In previous studies of PPRV isolates originating fromPunjab Pakistan a higher affinity of the virus for the ovinespecies over the caprine species has been observed [11] Anoutbreak with a high mortality in sheep was also reportedthat sheep possessed an innate resistance to the clinical effectsof disease but occasional field strains could overcome thisresistance and produce high mortality [26]
In conclusion high seroprevalence of PPR in the studyarea and the high level of seroprevalence in adult smallruminants indicated the occurrence of virus circulation andthe endemicity of the disease The disease causes substantialeconomic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmersTherefore control measures should be put in place to min-imize the loss associated with the disease
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank farmers in the study forpresenting and handling their animals at a time of samplecollectionThe technical and financial assistance of NAHDICis appreciated for kind cooperation during sample processingin the laboratory
References
[1] C W Furley W P Taylor and T U Obi ldquoAn outbreak of pestedes petits ruminants in a zoological collectionrdquo VeterinaryRecord vol 121 no 19 pp 443ndash447 1987
[2] L Gargadennec andA Lalanne ldquoLa peste des petits ruminantsrdquoinBulletin des Services Zoo Technique et des Epizootie de lAfriqueOccidentale Francaise vol 5 pp 16ndash21 1942
[3] A Diallo ldquoControl of peste des petits ruminants and povertyalleviationrdquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine vol 53 no 1 pp 11ndash13 2006
[4] BD Perry T F Randolph J JMcDermott K R Jones andPKThornton Investing in Animal Health Research to AlleviatePoverty ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute)Nairobi Kenya 2002
[5] Central statistical Authority (CSA) Central statistical AuthorityFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Agricultural sampleenumeration statistical Bulletien 2010
[6] E P J Gibbs W P Taylor M J P Lawman and J BryantldquoClassification of peste des petits ruminants virus as the fourthmember of the genus morbillivirusrdquo Intervirology vol 11 no 5pp 268ndash274 1979
[7] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of ppr virusrdquoPreventive Veterinary Medicine vol 2 pp 157ndash166 1984
[8] M S Shaila D Shamaki M A Forsyth et al ldquoGeographicaldistribution and epidemiology of PPRVrdquoVirus Research vol 43no 2 pp 149ndash153 1996
Veterinary Medicine International 5
[9] A C Banyard S Parida C Batten C Oura O Kwiatek and GLibeau ldquoGlobal distribution of peste des petits ruminants virusand prospects for improved diagnosis and controlrdquo Journal ofGeneral Virology vol 91 no 12 pp 2885ndash2897 2010
[10] Food and agricultural organization(FAO) EMPRESS Ed PPRMorocco 2009
[11] R Pegram and F Tereke ldquoObservation on the health of afarlivestockrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal vol 5 pp 11ndash14 1981
[12] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPRrdquoPreventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 2 no 1-4 pp 157ndash166 1984
[13] P L Roeder G Abraham G Kenfe and T Barrett ldquoPeste despetits ruminants in ethiopian goatsrdquoTropical AnimalHealth andProduction vol 26 no 2 pp 69ndash73 1994
[14] G Abraham A Sintayehu G Libeau et al ldquoAntibody sero-prevalences against peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus incamels cattle goats and sheep in ethiopiardquo Preventive Veteri-nary Medicine vol 70 no 1-2 pp 51ndash57 2005
[15] W-S Agnes R Francois C David et al ldquoPeste des petitsruminants analysis of a national serological surveyrdquo BMCVeterinary Research vol 4 no 34 2008
[16] G Abraham Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus inethiopia andmolecular studies on virulence [phd thesis] InstitutNational Polytechnique de Toulouse University of ToulouseToulouse France 2005
[17] MThrusfieldVeterinary Epidemiology BlackWell Science 2ndedition 2010
[18] Office International des Epizooties (OIE) OIE manual ofstandards for diagnostic tests and vaccines List A andBdiseasesof mammals birds and bees Paris The Office 2000
[19] G Libeau C Prehaud R Lancelot et al ldquoDevelopment of acompetitive elisa for detecting antibodies to the peste des petitsruminants virus using a recombinant nucleobroteinrdquo Researchin Veterinary Science vol 58 no 1 pp 50ndash55 1995
[20] A-D El-Yuguda S S Baba A G Ambali and G O EgwuldquoSeroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among domesticsmall and large ruminants in the semi-arid region of north-eastern nigeriardquo Veterinary World vol 6 no 10 pp 807ndash8112013
[21] M Bonny P R Simon A Chrisostom N M Frank MDennis and OWilliam ldquoPeste des petits ruminants serologicalsurvey in karamoja sub region of uganda by competitive-elisardquoVeterinary World vol 4 no 4 pp 149ndash152 2011
[22] B Afera H Daniel andA Kassaw Sero Sero-Prevalence of PPR-In Goats of South Parts of Tigray Region Mekelle UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine Mekelle Ethiopia 2014
[23] F Roger and Z Bereket ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumoniain Ethiopiardquo Tech Rep 1996 Laboratory investigation stationand field studies-19941994 Preliminary report
[24] A S Abdalla A AMajok andKH ElMalik ldquoSero-prevalenceof peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) in small ruminants inblue nile gadaref and north Kordofan States of Sudanrdquo Journalof Public Health and Epidemiology vol 4 no 3 2012
[25] A Gelagay Epidemiological and Serological Investigation ofMulti-Factorial Ovine Respiratory Disease and Vaccine Trial onthe High Land of North Shewa Doctor in Veterinary MedicineThesis DebreZeit Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 1996
[26] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPR viruspreventive veterinary medicinerdquo Transboundary Animal Dis-ease vol 4 pp 157ndash166 1984 Transboundary Animal Disease33 1-8
Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom
Veterinary MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AnimalsJournal of
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of Parasitology Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 201
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
InsectsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
VirusesJournal of
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
2 Veterinary Medicine International
N
(km) Coordinate system GCS WGS 1984Datum WGS 1984Units degree
Oromia region
40∘14
50
39
∘34
40
38
∘54
30
38
∘14
20
40∘14
50
39
∘34
40
38
∘54
30
38
∘14
20
8∘00
8∘4050
9∘2140
7∘1910
10∘230
8∘00
8∘4050
9∘2140
7∘1910
10∘230
9060300
46∘21
30
41
∘12
25
36
∘320
46∘21
30
41
∘12
25
36
∘320
41∘12
25
36
∘320
41∘12
25
36
∘320
5∘2715
10∘3620
3∘2025
6∘030
8∘4035
3∘2025
6∘030
8∘4035
15∘4525
5∘2715
10∘3620
15∘4525
Figure 1 Map of study area
Studies so far conducted provide historical informationabout the frequency and distribution of PPR in Ethiopiaand yet suggest extensive circulation of PPR virus amongthe small ruminant population Therefore the objective ofcurrent study was to estimate the seroprevalence of peste despetits ruminants in sheep and goats using serological tests
2 Materials and Method
21 Study Area The study was conducted in eight Kebeles(the lowest administrative level in Ethiopia) distributed inthree districts (Dugda and Adami Tullu Districts) in EasternShowaAdministrative Zone andDodotaDistrict inArsi Zoneof Oromia regional state Ethiopia Arsi is one of the zonesof Oromia Region and 186 km from Addis Ababa It has alatitude of 7∘451015840010158401015840N and longitude of 39∘301015840010158401015840E Arsi hasannual rain fall range from 700 to 950mm Dodota is partof Arsi Zone district Dodota is located in Great Rift ValleyThe altitude of the district ranges from 140 to 250m abovesea level On the other hand Dugda and Adami Tullu areDistricts in the eastern Showa Zone ofOromia Regional stateAdami Tullu has latitude of 7∘521015840010158401015840 North and longitudeof 38∘421015840010158401015840 East with elevation of 1643 meters above sealevel Dugda has a latitude of 8∘471015840010158401015840 North and longitude
of 38∘181015840010158401015840 East with elevation of 1636 meters above sea level(Figure 1)
22 Study Design and Animal Population Cross-sectionalstudy was conducted from November 2014 to March 2015to determine the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminantsThe animals were reared in a mixed crop-livestock farmingsystembut have not been vaccinated before sample collectionEpidemiological data related to risk factors associated withPPR occurrence such as sex and age of sheep and goats werecollected by using a checklist All age groups of goats andsheep were sampled but young age greater than six monthswas considered for sampling to rule out maternal antibodyIn this study young age groups are animals from 6 monthsto 18 months and adult age is defined as animals morethan 18 months per example There was no historyrecord ofvaccination against PPR in the study so far
23 Sampling Strategy and Sample Collection The studyinvolved multistage random sampling where districts layingin the Great Rift Valley segment of Ethiopia were selectedpurposely for their high small ruminant population buteach kebele was first randomly selected and animal unit wasselected randomly at last The blood samples were collected
Veterinary Medicine International 3
Table 1 Seroprevalence of PPR in sheep and goats from study area
Factors Number tested Number positive () 1198832 119875 valueDistrict
Dodota 164 90 (5488)370 016Adami Tullu 353 162 (4590)
Dugda 183 87 (4754)Species
Sheep 293 149 (5085) 119 0276Goat 407 190 (4668)
AgeYoung 236 80 (3390) 3010 0000Adult 464 259 (5582)
SexFemale 555 278 (5009) 296 009Male 145 61 (4207)
Total 700 339 (4843)
from the jugular vein using sterile vacutainer tubes and keptat room temperature to clot down for 12 hrs The serum wasextracted using centrifuge spun at 2000 rpm and stored in icepacks +4∘C until transported to the National Animal HealthDiagnosis and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia Thesamples were stored at minus20∘C deep freeze in the laboratoryuntil the test is conducted
24 Sample Size Determination The sample size was deter-mined usingThrusfield [17] formula Since there was no priorsimilar study conducted in the area expected seroprevalenceof 50 was assumed to get the maximum number of samplessizes required The absolute precisions were decided to be5 and 95 confidence level Thus sample size estimationformula is shown below
119899 =1962119875exp (1 minus 119875exp)
1198892 (1)
where 119899 is the required sample size119875exp is the expected seroprevalence
1198892 is the desired absolute precision
Accordingly a sample size of 384 was estimated using theformula However the sample size was increased to 700samples sizes to increase the statistical efficiency and toconsider the clustering effect in multistage sampling designOut of 700 samples 407 samples were collected from goatsand 293 from sheep
25 Serological Test for PPRV Specific Antibody CompetitiveEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA) was runto test the serum samples as prescribed by the manufacturerand theOffice International des Epizooties TerrestrialManual[18] The laboratory test was conducted in National AnimalHealth Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC) Thec-ELISA kit comprised PPR antigen (75I) strain anti-PPRV
monoclonal antibody anti-mouse conjugate control serasubstrate and chromogen The ELISA test result was read at492 nm wave length and the percentage inhibition (PI) valuewas calculated [19]
26 Data Management The data collected were entered intoEpi-Data version 30 and analyzed using SPSS version 160For statistical significance 95CI and119875 value of 005 and forexistence of difference among different categories chi-squarevalues were considered
3 Results
The overall seroprevalence of PPR in sheep and goats was4843 (95 CI 3227ndash5632) The seroprevalence across thegeographical location in each district was 5488 4590and 4754 in Dodota Adami Tullu and Dugda respectively(Table 1)
The association of age and sex groups to PPR sero-prevalence occurrence showed that age factor was foundsignificantly associated risk factor (119875 lt 005) (Table 2)
4 Discussion
Serological result of this study showed an overall seropreva-lence of 4843 in two species in selected area of EasternShowa and Arsi Zones of Oromia Regional state which wasclose to the reportsmade fromNigeria with seroprevalence of55 [20] from Uganda 552 [21] fromMaychew district ofTigray regional state Ethiopia 436 [22] The comparableseroprevalence 50 in Adigudam and Chercher of TigrayEthiopia was reported [22] The seroprevalence across sexvariation in Tigray showed that 475 and 437 in femaleand male respectively [22] were comparable to our findingwith 5009 in female and 4207 in male However theseroprevalence in this study was lower than 67 in goat atAfar [23] and 618 in Sudan [24] maybe due to differencein agroecology The result observed in the current study was
4 Veterinary Medicine International
Table 2 Seroprevalence of PPR occurrence in sheep and goats for different sex and age groups
Species Number tested Number positive () X2 119875 valueSheep
AgeYoung 84 32 (381) 767 0006Adult 209 117 (560)
SexFemale 235 121 (515) 019 066Male 58 28 (483)
GoatsAge
Young 152 48 (316) 2224 0000Adult 255 190 (745)
SexFemale 320 157 (490) 341 007Male 87 33 (379)
Total 700 339 (4843)
higher than the report of 146 from Debra Berhan to AddisAbaba road Ethiopia [25]Thedifference in agroclimatic con-ditions cultural and social practice and different productionsystems could be the reason for the variations between thecurrent report and the previous reports
In the current study seroprevalence of the disease amongthe study districts was observed There was no statisticalsignificant variation in seroprevalence between the studyareas with 5488 4754 and 4590 in Dodota Dugdaand Adami Tullu respectively The seroprevalence of PPRbetween sex groups showed that it was 5009 in femaleand 4207 in male but there was no statistically significantvariation between sex groups This is in agreement withprevious finding [19]
In Ethiopia goats are affected more severely to PPR virusexposure compared to sheep and they exhibit striking clinicalsign while sheep undergo mild form of the disease [26]The seroprevalence in sheep (4668) was approximately thesame with that of goats (5085) which may resulted fromequal exposure of sheep and goat because they are herdedtogether and communal grazing Similar observation wasreported with seroprevalence of 9 in goats and 13 in sheep[14] in pastoral production system of Ethiopia due to equalexposure
In previous studies of PPRV isolates originating fromPunjab Pakistan a higher affinity of the virus for the ovinespecies over the caprine species has been observed [11] Anoutbreak with a high mortality in sheep was also reportedthat sheep possessed an innate resistance to the clinical effectsof disease but occasional field strains could overcome thisresistance and produce high mortality [26]
In conclusion high seroprevalence of PPR in the studyarea and the high level of seroprevalence in adult smallruminants indicated the occurrence of virus circulation andthe endemicity of the disease The disease causes substantialeconomic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmersTherefore control measures should be put in place to min-imize the loss associated with the disease
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank farmers in the study forpresenting and handling their animals at a time of samplecollectionThe technical and financial assistance of NAHDICis appreciated for kind cooperation during sample processingin the laboratory
References
[1] C W Furley W P Taylor and T U Obi ldquoAn outbreak of pestedes petits ruminants in a zoological collectionrdquo VeterinaryRecord vol 121 no 19 pp 443ndash447 1987
[2] L Gargadennec andA Lalanne ldquoLa peste des petits ruminantsrdquoinBulletin des Services Zoo Technique et des Epizootie de lAfriqueOccidentale Francaise vol 5 pp 16ndash21 1942
[3] A Diallo ldquoControl of peste des petits ruminants and povertyalleviationrdquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine vol 53 no 1 pp 11ndash13 2006
[4] BD Perry T F Randolph J JMcDermott K R Jones andPKThornton Investing in Animal Health Research to AlleviatePoverty ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute)Nairobi Kenya 2002
[5] Central statistical Authority (CSA) Central statistical AuthorityFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Agricultural sampleenumeration statistical Bulletien 2010
[6] E P J Gibbs W P Taylor M J P Lawman and J BryantldquoClassification of peste des petits ruminants virus as the fourthmember of the genus morbillivirusrdquo Intervirology vol 11 no 5pp 268ndash274 1979
[7] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of ppr virusrdquoPreventive Veterinary Medicine vol 2 pp 157ndash166 1984
[8] M S Shaila D Shamaki M A Forsyth et al ldquoGeographicaldistribution and epidemiology of PPRVrdquoVirus Research vol 43no 2 pp 149ndash153 1996
Veterinary Medicine International 5
[9] A C Banyard S Parida C Batten C Oura O Kwiatek and GLibeau ldquoGlobal distribution of peste des petits ruminants virusand prospects for improved diagnosis and controlrdquo Journal ofGeneral Virology vol 91 no 12 pp 2885ndash2897 2010
[10] Food and agricultural organization(FAO) EMPRESS Ed PPRMorocco 2009
[11] R Pegram and F Tereke ldquoObservation on the health of afarlivestockrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal vol 5 pp 11ndash14 1981
[12] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPRrdquoPreventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 2 no 1-4 pp 157ndash166 1984
[13] P L Roeder G Abraham G Kenfe and T Barrett ldquoPeste despetits ruminants in ethiopian goatsrdquoTropical AnimalHealth andProduction vol 26 no 2 pp 69ndash73 1994
[14] G Abraham A Sintayehu G Libeau et al ldquoAntibody sero-prevalences against peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus incamels cattle goats and sheep in ethiopiardquo Preventive Veteri-nary Medicine vol 70 no 1-2 pp 51ndash57 2005
[15] W-S Agnes R Francois C David et al ldquoPeste des petitsruminants analysis of a national serological surveyrdquo BMCVeterinary Research vol 4 no 34 2008
[16] G Abraham Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus inethiopia andmolecular studies on virulence [phd thesis] InstitutNational Polytechnique de Toulouse University of ToulouseToulouse France 2005
[17] MThrusfieldVeterinary Epidemiology BlackWell Science 2ndedition 2010
[18] Office International des Epizooties (OIE) OIE manual ofstandards for diagnostic tests and vaccines List A andBdiseasesof mammals birds and bees Paris The Office 2000
[19] G Libeau C Prehaud R Lancelot et al ldquoDevelopment of acompetitive elisa for detecting antibodies to the peste des petitsruminants virus using a recombinant nucleobroteinrdquo Researchin Veterinary Science vol 58 no 1 pp 50ndash55 1995
[20] A-D El-Yuguda S S Baba A G Ambali and G O EgwuldquoSeroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among domesticsmall and large ruminants in the semi-arid region of north-eastern nigeriardquo Veterinary World vol 6 no 10 pp 807ndash8112013
[21] M Bonny P R Simon A Chrisostom N M Frank MDennis and OWilliam ldquoPeste des petits ruminants serologicalsurvey in karamoja sub region of uganda by competitive-elisardquoVeterinary World vol 4 no 4 pp 149ndash152 2011
[22] B Afera H Daniel andA Kassaw Sero Sero-Prevalence of PPR-In Goats of South Parts of Tigray Region Mekelle UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine Mekelle Ethiopia 2014
[23] F Roger and Z Bereket ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumoniain Ethiopiardquo Tech Rep 1996 Laboratory investigation stationand field studies-19941994 Preliminary report
[24] A S Abdalla A AMajok andKH ElMalik ldquoSero-prevalenceof peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) in small ruminants inblue nile gadaref and north Kordofan States of Sudanrdquo Journalof Public Health and Epidemiology vol 4 no 3 2012
[25] A Gelagay Epidemiological and Serological Investigation ofMulti-Factorial Ovine Respiratory Disease and Vaccine Trial onthe High Land of North Shewa Doctor in Veterinary MedicineThesis DebreZeit Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 1996
[26] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPR viruspreventive veterinary medicinerdquo Transboundary Animal Dis-ease vol 4 pp 157ndash166 1984 Transboundary Animal Disease33 1-8
Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom
Veterinary MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AnimalsJournal of
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of Parasitology Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 201
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
InsectsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
VirusesJournal of
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Medicine International 3
Table 1 Seroprevalence of PPR in sheep and goats from study area
Factors Number tested Number positive () 1198832 119875 valueDistrict
Dodota 164 90 (5488)370 016Adami Tullu 353 162 (4590)
Dugda 183 87 (4754)Species
Sheep 293 149 (5085) 119 0276Goat 407 190 (4668)
AgeYoung 236 80 (3390) 3010 0000Adult 464 259 (5582)
SexFemale 555 278 (5009) 296 009Male 145 61 (4207)
Total 700 339 (4843)
from the jugular vein using sterile vacutainer tubes and keptat room temperature to clot down for 12 hrs The serum wasextracted using centrifuge spun at 2000 rpm and stored in icepacks +4∘C until transported to the National Animal HealthDiagnosis and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia Thesamples were stored at minus20∘C deep freeze in the laboratoryuntil the test is conducted
24 Sample Size Determination The sample size was deter-mined usingThrusfield [17] formula Since there was no priorsimilar study conducted in the area expected seroprevalenceof 50 was assumed to get the maximum number of samplessizes required The absolute precisions were decided to be5 and 95 confidence level Thus sample size estimationformula is shown below
119899 =1962119875exp (1 minus 119875exp)
1198892 (1)
where 119899 is the required sample size119875exp is the expected seroprevalence
1198892 is the desired absolute precision
Accordingly a sample size of 384 was estimated using theformula However the sample size was increased to 700samples sizes to increase the statistical efficiency and toconsider the clustering effect in multistage sampling designOut of 700 samples 407 samples were collected from goatsand 293 from sheep
25 Serological Test for PPRV Specific Antibody CompetitiveEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA) was runto test the serum samples as prescribed by the manufacturerand theOffice International des Epizooties TerrestrialManual[18] The laboratory test was conducted in National AnimalHealth Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC) Thec-ELISA kit comprised PPR antigen (75I) strain anti-PPRV
monoclonal antibody anti-mouse conjugate control serasubstrate and chromogen The ELISA test result was read at492 nm wave length and the percentage inhibition (PI) valuewas calculated [19]
26 Data Management The data collected were entered intoEpi-Data version 30 and analyzed using SPSS version 160For statistical significance 95CI and119875 value of 005 and forexistence of difference among different categories chi-squarevalues were considered
3 Results
The overall seroprevalence of PPR in sheep and goats was4843 (95 CI 3227ndash5632) The seroprevalence across thegeographical location in each district was 5488 4590and 4754 in Dodota Adami Tullu and Dugda respectively(Table 1)
The association of age and sex groups to PPR sero-prevalence occurrence showed that age factor was foundsignificantly associated risk factor (119875 lt 005) (Table 2)
4 Discussion
Serological result of this study showed an overall seropreva-lence of 4843 in two species in selected area of EasternShowa and Arsi Zones of Oromia Regional state which wasclose to the reportsmade fromNigeria with seroprevalence of55 [20] from Uganda 552 [21] fromMaychew district ofTigray regional state Ethiopia 436 [22] The comparableseroprevalence 50 in Adigudam and Chercher of TigrayEthiopia was reported [22] The seroprevalence across sexvariation in Tigray showed that 475 and 437 in femaleand male respectively [22] were comparable to our findingwith 5009 in female and 4207 in male However theseroprevalence in this study was lower than 67 in goat atAfar [23] and 618 in Sudan [24] maybe due to differencein agroecology The result observed in the current study was
4 Veterinary Medicine International
Table 2 Seroprevalence of PPR occurrence in sheep and goats for different sex and age groups
Species Number tested Number positive () X2 119875 valueSheep
AgeYoung 84 32 (381) 767 0006Adult 209 117 (560)
SexFemale 235 121 (515) 019 066Male 58 28 (483)
GoatsAge
Young 152 48 (316) 2224 0000Adult 255 190 (745)
SexFemale 320 157 (490) 341 007Male 87 33 (379)
Total 700 339 (4843)
higher than the report of 146 from Debra Berhan to AddisAbaba road Ethiopia [25]Thedifference in agroclimatic con-ditions cultural and social practice and different productionsystems could be the reason for the variations between thecurrent report and the previous reports
In the current study seroprevalence of the disease amongthe study districts was observed There was no statisticalsignificant variation in seroprevalence between the studyareas with 5488 4754 and 4590 in Dodota Dugdaand Adami Tullu respectively The seroprevalence of PPRbetween sex groups showed that it was 5009 in femaleand 4207 in male but there was no statistically significantvariation between sex groups This is in agreement withprevious finding [19]
In Ethiopia goats are affected more severely to PPR virusexposure compared to sheep and they exhibit striking clinicalsign while sheep undergo mild form of the disease [26]The seroprevalence in sheep (4668) was approximately thesame with that of goats (5085) which may resulted fromequal exposure of sheep and goat because they are herdedtogether and communal grazing Similar observation wasreported with seroprevalence of 9 in goats and 13 in sheep[14] in pastoral production system of Ethiopia due to equalexposure
In previous studies of PPRV isolates originating fromPunjab Pakistan a higher affinity of the virus for the ovinespecies over the caprine species has been observed [11] Anoutbreak with a high mortality in sheep was also reportedthat sheep possessed an innate resistance to the clinical effectsof disease but occasional field strains could overcome thisresistance and produce high mortality [26]
In conclusion high seroprevalence of PPR in the studyarea and the high level of seroprevalence in adult smallruminants indicated the occurrence of virus circulation andthe endemicity of the disease The disease causes substantialeconomic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmersTherefore control measures should be put in place to min-imize the loss associated with the disease
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank farmers in the study forpresenting and handling their animals at a time of samplecollectionThe technical and financial assistance of NAHDICis appreciated for kind cooperation during sample processingin the laboratory
References
[1] C W Furley W P Taylor and T U Obi ldquoAn outbreak of pestedes petits ruminants in a zoological collectionrdquo VeterinaryRecord vol 121 no 19 pp 443ndash447 1987
[2] L Gargadennec andA Lalanne ldquoLa peste des petits ruminantsrdquoinBulletin des Services Zoo Technique et des Epizootie de lAfriqueOccidentale Francaise vol 5 pp 16ndash21 1942
[3] A Diallo ldquoControl of peste des petits ruminants and povertyalleviationrdquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine vol 53 no 1 pp 11ndash13 2006
[4] BD Perry T F Randolph J JMcDermott K R Jones andPKThornton Investing in Animal Health Research to AlleviatePoverty ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute)Nairobi Kenya 2002
[5] Central statistical Authority (CSA) Central statistical AuthorityFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Agricultural sampleenumeration statistical Bulletien 2010
[6] E P J Gibbs W P Taylor M J P Lawman and J BryantldquoClassification of peste des petits ruminants virus as the fourthmember of the genus morbillivirusrdquo Intervirology vol 11 no 5pp 268ndash274 1979
[7] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of ppr virusrdquoPreventive Veterinary Medicine vol 2 pp 157ndash166 1984
[8] M S Shaila D Shamaki M A Forsyth et al ldquoGeographicaldistribution and epidemiology of PPRVrdquoVirus Research vol 43no 2 pp 149ndash153 1996
Veterinary Medicine International 5
[9] A C Banyard S Parida C Batten C Oura O Kwiatek and GLibeau ldquoGlobal distribution of peste des petits ruminants virusand prospects for improved diagnosis and controlrdquo Journal ofGeneral Virology vol 91 no 12 pp 2885ndash2897 2010
[10] Food and agricultural organization(FAO) EMPRESS Ed PPRMorocco 2009
[11] R Pegram and F Tereke ldquoObservation on the health of afarlivestockrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal vol 5 pp 11ndash14 1981
[12] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPRrdquoPreventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 2 no 1-4 pp 157ndash166 1984
[13] P L Roeder G Abraham G Kenfe and T Barrett ldquoPeste despetits ruminants in ethiopian goatsrdquoTropical AnimalHealth andProduction vol 26 no 2 pp 69ndash73 1994
[14] G Abraham A Sintayehu G Libeau et al ldquoAntibody sero-prevalences against peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus incamels cattle goats and sheep in ethiopiardquo Preventive Veteri-nary Medicine vol 70 no 1-2 pp 51ndash57 2005
[15] W-S Agnes R Francois C David et al ldquoPeste des petitsruminants analysis of a national serological surveyrdquo BMCVeterinary Research vol 4 no 34 2008
[16] G Abraham Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus inethiopia andmolecular studies on virulence [phd thesis] InstitutNational Polytechnique de Toulouse University of ToulouseToulouse France 2005
[17] MThrusfieldVeterinary Epidemiology BlackWell Science 2ndedition 2010
[18] Office International des Epizooties (OIE) OIE manual ofstandards for diagnostic tests and vaccines List A andBdiseasesof mammals birds and bees Paris The Office 2000
[19] G Libeau C Prehaud R Lancelot et al ldquoDevelopment of acompetitive elisa for detecting antibodies to the peste des petitsruminants virus using a recombinant nucleobroteinrdquo Researchin Veterinary Science vol 58 no 1 pp 50ndash55 1995
[20] A-D El-Yuguda S S Baba A G Ambali and G O EgwuldquoSeroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among domesticsmall and large ruminants in the semi-arid region of north-eastern nigeriardquo Veterinary World vol 6 no 10 pp 807ndash8112013
[21] M Bonny P R Simon A Chrisostom N M Frank MDennis and OWilliam ldquoPeste des petits ruminants serologicalsurvey in karamoja sub region of uganda by competitive-elisardquoVeterinary World vol 4 no 4 pp 149ndash152 2011
[22] B Afera H Daniel andA Kassaw Sero Sero-Prevalence of PPR-In Goats of South Parts of Tigray Region Mekelle UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine Mekelle Ethiopia 2014
[23] F Roger and Z Bereket ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumoniain Ethiopiardquo Tech Rep 1996 Laboratory investigation stationand field studies-19941994 Preliminary report
[24] A S Abdalla A AMajok andKH ElMalik ldquoSero-prevalenceof peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) in small ruminants inblue nile gadaref and north Kordofan States of Sudanrdquo Journalof Public Health and Epidemiology vol 4 no 3 2012
[25] A Gelagay Epidemiological and Serological Investigation ofMulti-Factorial Ovine Respiratory Disease and Vaccine Trial onthe High Land of North Shewa Doctor in Veterinary MedicineThesis DebreZeit Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 1996
[26] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPR viruspreventive veterinary medicinerdquo Transboundary Animal Dis-ease vol 4 pp 157ndash166 1984 Transboundary Animal Disease33 1-8
Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom
Veterinary MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AnimalsJournal of
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of Parasitology Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 201
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
InsectsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
VirusesJournal of
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
4 Veterinary Medicine International
Table 2 Seroprevalence of PPR occurrence in sheep and goats for different sex and age groups
Species Number tested Number positive () X2 119875 valueSheep
AgeYoung 84 32 (381) 767 0006Adult 209 117 (560)
SexFemale 235 121 (515) 019 066Male 58 28 (483)
GoatsAge
Young 152 48 (316) 2224 0000Adult 255 190 (745)
SexFemale 320 157 (490) 341 007Male 87 33 (379)
Total 700 339 (4843)
higher than the report of 146 from Debra Berhan to AddisAbaba road Ethiopia [25]Thedifference in agroclimatic con-ditions cultural and social practice and different productionsystems could be the reason for the variations between thecurrent report and the previous reports
In the current study seroprevalence of the disease amongthe study districts was observed There was no statisticalsignificant variation in seroprevalence between the studyareas with 5488 4754 and 4590 in Dodota Dugdaand Adami Tullu respectively The seroprevalence of PPRbetween sex groups showed that it was 5009 in femaleand 4207 in male but there was no statistically significantvariation between sex groups This is in agreement withprevious finding [19]
In Ethiopia goats are affected more severely to PPR virusexposure compared to sheep and they exhibit striking clinicalsign while sheep undergo mild form of the disease [26]The seroprevalence in sheep (4668) was approximately thesame with that of goats (5085) which may resulted fromequal exposure of sheep and goat because they are herdedtogether and communal grazing Similar observation wasreported with seroprevalence of 9 in goats and 13 in sheep[14] in pastoral production system of Ethiopia due to equalexposure
In previous studies of PPRV isolates originating fromPunjab Pakistan a higher affinity of the virus for the ovinespecies over the caprine species has been observed [11] Anoutbreak with a high mortality in sheep was also reportedthat sheep possessed an innate resistance to the clinical effectsof disease but occasional field strains could overcome thisresistance and produce high mortality [26]
In conclusion high seroprevalence of PPR in the studyarea and the high level of seroprevalence in adult smallruminants indicated the occurrence of virus circulation andthe endemicity of the disease The disease causes substantialeconomic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmersTherefore control measures should be put in place to min-imize the loss associated with the disease
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank farmers in the study forpresenting and handling their animals at a time of samplecollectionThe technical and financial assistance of NAHDICis appreciated for kind cooperation during sample processingin the laboratory
References
[1] C W Furley W P Taylor and T U Obi ldquoAn outbreak of pestedes petits ruminants in a zoological collectionrdquo VeterinaryRecord vol 121 no 19 pp 443ndash447 1987
[2] L Gargadennec andA Lalanne ldquoLa peste des petits ruminantsrdquoinBulletin des Services Zoo Technique et des Epizootie de lAfriqueOccidentale Francaise vol 5 pp 16ndash21 1942
[3] A Diallo ldquoControl of peste des petits ruminants and povertyalleviationrdquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine vol 53 no 1 pp 11ndash13 2006
[4] BD Perry T F Randolph J JMcDermott K R Jones andPKThornton Investing in Animal Health Research to AlleviatePoverty ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute)Nairobi Kenya 2002
[5] Central statistical Authority (CSA) Central statistical AuthorityFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Agricultural sampleenumeration statistical Bulletien 2010
[6] E P J Gibbs W P Taylor M J P Lawman and J BryantldquoClassification of peste des petits ruminants virus as the fourthmember of the genus morbillivirusrdquo Intervirology vol 11 no 5pp 268ndash274 1979
[7] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of ppr virusrdquoPreventive Veterinary Medicine vol 2 pp 157ndash166 1984
[8] M S Shaila D Shamaki M A Forsyth et al ldquoGeographicaldistribution and epidemiology of PPRVrdquoVirus Research vol 43no 2 pp 149ndash153 1996
Veterinary Medicine International 5
[9] A C Banyard S Parida C Batten C Oura O Kwiatek and GLibeau ldquoGlobal distribution of peste des petits ruminants virusand prospects for improved diagnosis and controlrdquo Journal ofGeneral Virology vol 91 no 12 pp 2885ndash2897 2010
[10] Food and agricultural organization(FAO) EMPRESS Ed PPRMorocco 2009
[11] R Pegram and F Tereke ldquoObservation on the health of afarlivestockrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal vol 5 pp 11ndash14 1981
[12] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPRrdquoPreventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 2 no 1-4 pp 157ndash166 1984
[13] P L Roeder G Abraham G Kenfe and T Barrett ldquoPeste despetits ruminants in ethiopian goatsrdquoTropical AnimalHealth andProduction vol 26 no 2 pp 69ndash73 1994
[14] G Abraham A Sintayehu G Libeau et al ldquoAntibody sero-prevalences against peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus incamels cattle goats and sheep in ethiopiardquo Preventive Veteri-nary Medicine vol 70 no 1-2 pp 51ndash57 2005
[15] W-S Agnes R Francois C David et al ldquoPeste des petitsruminants analysis of a national serological surveyrdquo BMCVeterinary Research vol 4 no 34 2008
[16] G Abraham Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus inethiopia andmolecular studies on virulence [phd thesis] InstitutNational Polytechnique de Toulouse University of ToulouseToulouse France 2005
[17] MThrusfieldVeterinary Epidemiology BlackWell Science 2ndedition 2010
[18] Office International des Epizooties (OIE) OIE manual ofstandards for diagnostic tests and vaccines List A andBdiseasesof mammals birds and bees Paris The Office 2000
[19] G Libeau C Prehaud R Lancelot et al ldquoDevelopment of acompetitive elisa for detecting antibodies to the peste des petitsruminants virus using a recombinant nucleobroteinrdquo Researchin Veterinary Science vol 58 no 1 pp 50ndash55 1995
[20] A-D El-Yuguda S S Baba A G Ambali and G O EgwuldquoSeroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among domesticsmall and large ruminants in the semi-arid region of north-eastern nigeriardquo Veterinary World vol 6 no 10 pp 807ndash8112013
[21] M Bonny P R Simon A Chrisostom N M Frank MDennis and OWilliam ldquoPeste des petits ruminants serologicalsurvey in karamoja sub region of uganda by competitive-elisardquoVeterinary World vol 4 no 4 pp 149ndash152 2011
[22] B Afera H Daniel andA Kassaw Sero Sero-Prevalence of PPR-In Goats of South Parts of Tigray Region Mekelle UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine Mekelle Ethiopia 2014
[23] F Roger and Z Bereket ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumoniain Ethiopiardquo Tech Rep 1996 Laboratory investigation stationand field studies-19941994 Preliminary report
[24] A S Abdalla A AMajok andKH ElMalik ldquoSero-prevalenceof peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) in small ruminants inblue nile gadaref and north Kordofan States of Sudanrdquo Journalof Public Health and Epidemiology vol 4 no 3 2012
[25] A Gelagay Epidemiological and Serological Investigation ofMulti-Factorial Ovine Respiratory Disease and Vaccine Trial onthe High Land of North Shewa Doctor in Veterinary MedicineThesis DebreZeit Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 1996
[26] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPR viruspreventive veterinary medicinerdquo Transboundary Animal Dis-ease vol 4 pp 157ndash166 1984 Transboundary Animal Disease33 1-8
Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom
Veterinary MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AnimalsJournal of
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of Parasitology Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 201
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
InsectsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
VirusesJournal of
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Medicine International 5
[9] A C Banyard S Parida C Batten C Oura O Kwiatek and GLibeau ldquoGlobal distribution of peste des petits ruminants virusand prospects for improved diagnosis and controlrdquo Journal ofGeneral Virology vol 91 no 12 pp 2885ndash2897 2010
[10] Food and agricultural organization(FAO) EMPRESS Ed PPRMorocco 2009
[11] R Pegram and F Tereke ldquoObservation on the health of afarlivestockrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal vol 5 pp 11ndash14 1981
[12] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPRrdquoPreventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 2 no 1-4 pp 157ndash166 1984
[13] P L Roeder G Abraham G Kenfe and T Barrett ldquoPeste despetits ruminants in ethiopian goatsrdquoTropical AnimalHealth andProduction vol 26 no 2 pp 69ndash73 1994
[14] G Abraham A Sintayehu G Libeau et al ldquoAntibody sero-prevalences against peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus incamels cattle goats and sheep in ethiopiardquo Preventive Veteri-nary Medicine vol 70 no 1-2 pp 51ndash57 2005
[15] W-S Agnes R Francois C David et al ldquoPeste des petitsruminants analysis of a national serological surveyrdquo BMCVeterinary Research vol 4 no 34 2008
[16] G Abraham Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus inethiopia andmolecular studies on virulence [phd thesis] InstitutNational Polytechnique de Toulouse University of ToulouseToulouse France 2005
[17] MThrusfieldVeterinary Epidemiology BlackWell Science 2ndedition 2010
[18] Office International des Epizooties (OIE) OIE manual ofstandards for diagnostic tests and vaccines List A andBdiseasesof mammals birds and bees Paris The Office 2000
[19] G Libeau C Prehaud R Lancelot et al ldquoDevelopment of acompetitive elisa for detecting antibodies to the peste des petitsruminants virus using a recombinant nucleobroteinrdquo Researchin Veterinary Science vol 58 no 1 pp 50ndash55 1995
[20] A-D El-Yuguda S S Baba A G Ambali and G O EgwuldquoSeroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among domesticsmall and large ruminants in the semi-arid region of north-eastern nigeriardquo Veterinary World vol 6 no 10 pp 807ndash8112013
[21] M Bonny P R Simon A Chrisostom N M Frank MDennis and OWilliam ldquoPeste des petits ruminants serologicalsurvey in karamoja sub region of uganda by competitive-elisardquoVeterinary World vol 4 no 4 pp 149ndash152 2011
[22] B Afera H Daniel andA Kassaw Sero Sero-Prevalence of PPR-In Goats of South Parts of Tigray Region Mekelle UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine Mekelle Ethiopia 2014
[23] F Roger and Z Bereket ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumoniain Ethiopiardquo Tech Rep 1996 Laboratory investigation stationand field studies-19941994 Preliminary report
[24] A S Abdalla A AMajok andKH ElMalik ldquoSero-prevalenceof peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) in small ruminants inblue nile gadaref and north Kordofan States of Sudanrdquo Journalof Public Health and Epidemiology vol 4 no 3 2012
[25] A Gelagay Epidemiological and Serological Investigation ofMulti-Factorial Ovine Respiratory Disease and Vaccine Trial onthe High Land of North Shewa Doctor in Veterinary MedicineThesis DebreZeit Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 1996
[26] W P Taylor ldquoThe distribution and epidemiology of PPR viruspreventive veterinary medicinerdquo Transboundary Animal Dis-ease vol 4 pp 157ndash166 1984 Transboundary Animal Disease33 1-8
Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom
Veterinary MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AnimalsJournal of
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of Parasitology Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 201
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
InsectsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
VirusesJournal of
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom
Veterinary MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AnimalsJournal of
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of Parasitology Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 201
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
InsectsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
VirusesJournal of
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
