Service request under the framework contract No ENV.G.4 ...ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pdf/POP_Waste_2011.pdf · 9 Low POP concentration limit and maximum POP concentration

Service request under the framework contract

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066

FINAL REPORT

Study on waste related issues of newly listed POPs and candidate POPs

25 March 2011

(Update 13 April 2011)

Consortium ESWI

Expert Team to Support Waste Implementation

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 ii

European Commission ESWI Final Report Study on waste related issues of newly listed POPs and candidate POPs

Content

1 Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 31

2 Background and objectives..................................................................................................... 39

3 Sources of Information ........................................................................................................... 44

3.1 Structure of required information .................................................................................................... 44

3.2 Questionnaire survey ........................................................................................................................ 44

3.3 European Commission ...................................................................................................................... 47

3.4 Expert meeting with Member States ................................................................................................ 47

3.5 Stakeholder consultation on the interim results .............................................................................. 47

3.6 Statistics, data bases and literature .................................................................................................. 48

4 Legal Situation ....................................................................................................................... 50

4.1 Legal Background at international and at EU level ........................................................................... 50

4.2 Additional regulation at Member States level .................................................................................. 59

5 Overview of mass flows of new POPs and candidate POPs ...................................................... 60

5.1 Objectives and methodology ............................................................................................................ 60

5.2 Sources of new POPs and candidate POPs entering articles, waste and the environment .............. 63

5.3 Investigated sectors .......................................................................................................................... 68

5.4 Overview of the substance flows ...................................................................................................... 71

5.5 Evaluation of the data quality and uncertainties ............................................................................ 119

6 Detailed mass flow analyses ................................................................................................. 122

6.1 C-PentaBDE flows ............................................................................................................................ 122

6.2 C-OctaBDE flows .............................................................................................................................. 161

6.3 PFOS flows ....................................................................................................................................... 187

6.4 PeCB flows ....................................................................................................................................... 251

6.5 SCCP flows ....................................................................................................................................... 302

6.6 HBCD flows ...................................................................................................................................... 356

6.7 PCP flows ......................................................................................................................................... 418

6.8 HCBD flows ...................................................................................................................................... 442

6.9 PCN flows ........................................................................................................................................ 474

6.10 Remediation methods for contaminated sites ............................................................................... 532

7 Measurement methods ........................................................................................................ 534

7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 534

7.2 Problem of matrix inhomogeneity for measurement of POPs in waste matrices .......................... 535

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 iii


7.3 Basic principles of standard development ...................................................................................... 537

7.4 International Overview of Measurement Methods for new POPs and candidate POPs ................ 538

7.5 References ....................................................................................................................................... 580

8 Scenarios and Prognosis on future Development .................................................................. 593

8.1 Function of Limit Values under the EU POP Regulation ................................................................. 593

8.2 General Implications of Limit Values .............................................................................................. 594

8.3 Waste and Mass Flow Scenarios in Relation to Limit Values .......................................................... 595

8.4 Prognosis on future development .................................................................................................. 623

9 Low POP concentration limit and maximum POP concentration limit for POP waste .............. 634

9.1 Methodology to assess and suggest low POP concentration limit and maximum POP concentration limits ........................................................................................................................ 634

9.2 Proposals for low POP concentration limits .................................................................................... 650

9.3 Proposals for maximum POP content levels ................................................................................... 729

9.4 Impacts and Implications on Product and Waste Legislation ......................................................... 740

9.5 Impacts of proposed limit values on current recycling activities.................................................... 744

9.6 Possible implications of concentration limits for PBDEs in new articles produced from recycled materials above which the articles cannot be placed on the market ............................................. 756

9.7 Disposal and recovery operations for new and candidate POPs .................................................... 759

9.8 References ....................................................................................................................................... 769

10 Conclusions and recommendations ...................................................................................... 773

10.1 Low and Maximum POP Concentration Limits ............................................................................... 773

10.2 Relevance of Low and Maximum POP content levels for waste flows ........................................... 774

10.3 Proposed LPCLs and related impacts .............................................................................................. 776

10.4 Proposed measures and related impacts ........................................................................................ 796

10.5 Impacts of proposed limit values on current recycling activities.................................................... 798

10.6 Possible impacts on product and waste regulation ........................................................................ 800

10.7 Possible implications of concentration limits for PBDEs in new articles produced from recycled materials above which the articles cannot be placed on the market ............................................. 802

10.8 Measurement Methods .................................................................................................................. 803

11 General References .............................................................................................................. 804

12 Annex .................................................................................................................................. 806

12.1 Annex 1: Questionnaire .................................................................................................................. 807

12.2 Annex 2: Evaluation Questionnaire ................................................................................................. 819

12.3 Annex 3: Evaluation Questionnaire for submission of information on New POPs in accordance with SC-4/19 .................................................................................................................................... 828

12.4 Annex IV: Physico-chemical properties of POPs ............................................................................. 835

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12.5 Annex V: Number and capacity of treatment facilities in 2004 and 2006 at country level ............ 838

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 v


List of Tables

Table 1-1: Overview of preferred proposals (LPCL 1) and alternative transitional or restricted

proposals (LPCL 2) for Low POP Concentration Limits (LPCLs) referred to in Article

7(4)(a) and to be specified in Annex IV of the POP Regulation. ....................................... 35

Table 1-2: Overview of preferred proposals (MPCL 1) and alternative transitional proposals

(MPCL 2) for Maximum POP Concentration Limits (MPCLs) to be specified in

Annex V, Para 2 of the POP Regulation ............................................................................ 35

Table 2-1: List of new and candidate POPs ........................................................................................ 41

Table 3-1: Overview of contacted stakeholders ................................................................................ 46

Table 4-1: Overview of relevant legal documents addressing the selected substances ................... 58

Table 5-1: Relative importance of waste treatment options for MSW and similar waste

(based on [E-STAT 2010] data for the year 2008) ............................................................. 62

Table 5-2: Overview of sectors and their relevance in the scope of the present study .................... 69

Table 5-3: Overview of the contribution to the waste flow of the relevant congener groups to

the amount of C-PentaBDE in automotive and upholstery applications .......................... 72

Table 5-4: Emissions and discharge of C-PentaBDE from investigated sources in the EU ................ 73

Table 5-5: Quantitative contribution of C-PentaBDE from different sectors to currently used

disposal/recovery operations in the EU............................................................................ 74

Table 5-6: Annual amounts of C-PentaBDE containing residues and the ranges of

contamination with C-PentaBDE and corresponding C-PentaBDE amount in

investigated sectors in the EU; * ea = estimated average ................................................ 76

Table 5-7: Overview of the contribution of the relevant congener groups to the amount C-

OctaBDE for the EEE sector ............................................................................................... 78

Table 5-8: Emissions and discharge of C-OctaBDE from the investigated source in the EU ............. 78

Table 5-9: Quantitative contribution of C-OctaBDE to currently used disposal/recovery

operations in the EU ......................................................................................................... 78

Table 5-10: Annual amounts of C-OctaBDE containing residues and the ranges of

contamination with C-OctaBDE and corresponding C-OctaBDE amount in the EU;

*ea = estimated average ................................................................................................... 79

Table 5-11: Contribution of the relevant sectors in the EU 27 to PFOS in emissions, products

and waste .......................................................................................................................... 81

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 vi


Table 5-12: Quantitative contribution of PFOS from the different sectors to currently used

disposal/recovery operations in EU 27 ............................................................................. 83

Table 5-13: Annual amounts of PFOS containing residues (wastes) and PFOS contamination

ranges................................................................................................................................ 85

Table 5-14: Contribution of the relevant sectors in the EU 27 to PeCB in emissions, products

and waste .......................................................................................................................... 89

Table 5-15: Quantitative contribution of PeCB from the different sectors to currently used

disposal/recovery operations in EU 27 ............................................................................. 91

Table 5-16: Annual amounts of PeCB containing residues (wastes) and PeCB contamination

ranges................................................................................................................................ 93

Table 5-17: Quantitative contribution of SCCP from different sectors to currently used

disposal/recovery operations in the EU 27 ....................................................................... 97

Table 5-18: Annual amounts of SCCP containing residues (waste and products) and the ranges

of contamination with SCCP and corresponding SCCP amount in investigated

sectors in the EU ............................................................................................................... 99

Table 5-19: Emissions and discharge of HBCD from investigated sources in the EU (2010) ............. 101

Table 5-20: Distribution of HBCD emissions to air, waste water and surface water ......................... 101

Table 5-21: Quantitative contribution of HBCD from different sectors to currently used

disposal/recovery operations in the EU (2010) .............................................................. 103

Table 5-22: Annual amounts of HBCD containing residues (waste and products) and the

ranges of contamination with HBCD and corresponding HBCD amount in

investigated sectors in the EU; *ea = estimated average (used for calculations) ........ 104

Table 5-23: Contribution of the relevant sectors in the EU 27 to PFOS in emissions, products

and waste ........................................................................................................................ 107

Table 5-24: Quantitative contribution of PCP from the different sectors to currently used

disposal/recovery operations in EU 27. .......................................................................... 108

Table 5-25: Annual amounts of PCP containing residues (wastes) and PFOS contamination

ranges.............................................................................................................................. 110

Table 5-26: Contribution of the relevant sectors in the EU 27 to PCN in emissions, products

and waste ........................................................................................................................ 114

Table 5-27: Quantitative contribution of PCNs from the different sectors to currently used

disposal/recovery operations in EU 27 ........................................................................... 116

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 vii


Table 5-28: Annual amounts of PCN containing residues (wastes) and PCN contamination

ranges.............................................................................................................................. 118

Table 5-29: Indicative assessment of the data quality for new and candidate POPs for relevant

applications ..................................................................................................................... 120

Table 6-1: Composition of C-PentaBDE [Canada 2006; SFT 2009] .................................................. 123

Table 6-2: Levels of PentaBDE (BDE-99) in sediment and soil (DW: dry weight) [Penta_UNEP

2006] ............................................................................................................................... 123

Table 6-3: Hot spot levels of BDEs (total BDEs including BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100) in soil

and sediment collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing facility, levels

cited by [Watson et al. 2010] .......................................................................................... 123

Table 6-4: C-PentaBDE overview of use and imports for the EU ..................................................... 130

Table 6-5: C-PentaBDE concentrations in PUR foams ..................................................................... 134

Table 6-6: Share of exported new cars and ELVs [EUROSTAT 2010] ............................................... 141

Table 6-7: Estimated amount of C-PentaBDE in automotive applications in the EU ...................... 141

Table 6-8: Estimated accumulated consumption of C-PentaBDE in upholstery products .............. 151

Table 6-9: Composition of C-OctaBDE [Octa_UNEP 2008] .............................................................. 162

Table 6-10: Levels of C-OctaBDE* and its congeners in sediment and soil (DW: dry weight)

[Octa_UNEP 2007] .......................................................................................................... 162

Table 6-11: Levels of C-OctaBDE* and its congeners in sludges and coastal sediments receiving

industrial and municipal effluents (DW: dry weight) [Octa_UNEP 2007] ....................... 163

Table 6-12: Concentrations of OctaBDE in WEEE [Swiss 2003; CreaSolv 2004] ................................ 174

Table 6-13: Summary of Waste Management Options [SC-4/19: BG, DE, SE, AT and LT 2010] ........ 179

Table 6-14: Levels of PFOS in sediment and soil (DW: dry weight; ww: wet weight; ND: not

detected) [UNEP 2006b]; [HelsinkiComission_2009] ..................................................... 189

Table 6-15: Levels of PFOS in sewage sludge including hot spot levels (DW: dry weight);

[NRW_2009]; [BLU_2010]; [Weber et al. 2010]; [OECD_2002] ...................................... 189

Table 6-16: PFOS amounts currently used in the relevant industry sectors ..................................... 196

Table 6-17: Production amounts of relevant products containing PFOS in 2000 [UBA_2001] ......... 208

Table 6-18: Overview of PFOS quantities contained in products from the photographic

industry ........................................................................................................................... 210

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 viii


Table 6-19: PFOS used in the different sections of the photographic industry between 2000

and 2010. ........................................................................................................................ 211

Table 6-20: Estimated quantities of PFOS containing fire fighting foams stored in EU and

estimated use quantities from 2004 to 2012 ................................................................. 224

Table 6-21: Corrected estimated quantities of PFOS containing fire fighting foams stored in EU

and estimated use quantities from 2004 to 2012 .......................................................... 225

Table 6-22: Overview of fire fighting foam quantities, related PFOS concentrations and

resulting PFOS amount in some Member States [CARACAL_2008] ............................... 226

Table 6-23: Sales volume of one fire fighting foam producer in the Netherlands [RIVM_2009] ...... 226

Table 6-24: Estimated sales volume between 1991 and 2006 using mean values. .......................... 227

Table 6-25: Comparison of worst case scenario mean value and best case. .................................... 227

Table 6-26: Information on fire fighting foam quantities, related PFOS concentrations and

resulting PFOS amounts for some Member States according to the UNEP

questionnaire .................................................................................................................. 228

Table 6-27: Annual European leather production from 1997 to 2002 [Euroleather_2010] ............. 233

Table 6-28: Reduction of PFOS contained in upholstery in households ............................................ 234

Table 6-29: Overview of tuft carpets ................................................................................................. 239

Table 6-30: measured PFOS concentration of sewage sludges exceeding 100 g/kg

[NRW_2007c] .................................................................................................................. 243

Table 6-31: Annual sewage sludge production in Europe [EUROSTAT 2010] .................................... 244

Table 6-32: Levels of PeCB in sediment and soil including hot spots (DW: dry weight)

([UNEP/POP/POPRC.3/20/Add.7]; [UNEP/POP/POPRC.3/INF/21]) ................................ 253

Table 6-33: Overview of quintozene production and use in the EU before its ban in 2002 ............. 259

Table 6-34: Overview of estimated annual global and Canadian emissions of PeCB [Bailey et al.

2009; Environment Canada 2005] .................................................................................. 261

Table 6-35: Quantities of MSW generated in EU 27 and amounts of MSW incinerated in EU 27

in 2008 ............................................................................................................................ 271

Table 6-36: PeCB mass flow for MSWI in EU 27 ................................................................................ 273

Table 6-37: Amount of hazardous waste incinerated in EU 27 in 2006 ............................................ 277

Table 6-38: PeCB mass flow from hazardous waste incineration (HWI) in EU 27 in 2006 ................ 278

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 ix


Table 6-39: Annual consumption of solid fuels for power production in the EU in 2008 ................. 283

Table 6-40: Treatment of solid residues from power production in EU 15 in 1999 [BREF LPC

2004] ............................................................................................................................... 284

Table 6-41: PeCB mass flow from power production via coal, lignite and derivates in EU 27 in

2008 ................................................................................................................................ 284

Table 6-42: Annual amount of sewage sludge in the EU 27 .............................................................. 288

Table 6-43: Treatment of urban sewage sludge in Member States (PT, DK: no data; MT: no

production) ..................................................................................................................... 289

Table 6-44: PeCB mass flow for sewage sludge in EU 27 ................................................................... 289

Table 6-45: Annual consumption of solid fuels, wood and mixed solid fuels for domestic

burning in EU 27 in 2008 ................................................................................................. 293

Table 6-46: PeCB mass flow for domestic burning of wood and solid fuels in EU 27 ....................... 294

Table 6-47: Levels of SCCP in sediment and soil (DW: dry weight; ww: wet weight; ND: not

detected) [SCCP OSPAR 2001], [SCCP POPRC 6/11] ....................................................... 304

Table 6-48: Levels of SCCP in sewage sludge including hot spot levels (DW: dry weight) [SCCP

OSPAR 2001] [SCCP POPRC 6/11], [SCCP UBA 2006], [SCCP BUWAL 2003] ................... 305

Table 6-49: Implementation of PARCOM Decision 95/1 (t/y) [SCCP OSPAR 2006] ........................... 307

Table 6-50: Estimated tonnage of SCCPs used in the EU (t/y) ([SCCP ECHA 2008]; [SCCP RPA

2010]) .............................................................................................................................. 312

Table 6-51: Overview of the extrapolated SCCP consumption for EU 27 in the rubber industry

in the last decades. ......................................................................................................... 312

Table 6-52: Estimated tonnage of SCCP used for the production of conveyor belts in the EU

(t/y) ................................................................................................................................. 316

Table 6-53: Estimated tonnage of SCCP used in the EU (t/y) [SCCP ECHA 2008] .............................. 320

Table 6-54: Overview of SCCP and waste amounts in the EU 27 within the last 17 years ................ 321

Table 6-55: End-use market share of sealants and adhesive in the EU 27 in 2009 [SCCP RPA

2010] ............................................................................................................................... 323


Table 6-57: Overview of SCCP and waste amounts in the EU 27 within the last 17 years ................ 327

Table 6-58: Overview of the content of SCCPs in SCCP containing paints (t/y) [SCCP ECHA

2008] ............................................................................................................................... 329

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Table 6-59: Annually used amount of SCCP containing paint in the EU 27 ....................................... 332

Table 6-60: Estimated tonnage of SCCP used in the EU (t/y) for textiles ([SCCP ECHA 2008],

[SCCP RPA 2010]) ............................................................................................................ 334

Table 6-61: Overview of SCCP consumption and losses during production and life time within

the last 17 years. ............................................................................................................. 337

Table 6-62: Levels of SCCP in sewage sludge including hot spot levels (DW: dry weight) ................ 340

Table 6-63: Annual sewage sludge production in EU 27 [EUROSTAT 2010] ...................................... 342


Table 6-65: Overview of the use of SCCP in the leather industry since 1994 .................................... 347

Table 6-66: Possible quantities of SCCPs as impurities in MCCPs in different industry sectors if

former SCCP uses have been replaced by the use of MCCPs containing 1% SCCPs ....... 351

Table 6-67: Possible contributions to the use of SCCPs by impurities in MCCPs in different

industry sectors if former SCCP uses have been replaced by the use of MCCPs

containing 1% SCCPs ....................................................................................................... 352

Table 6-68: HBCD concentrations measured in the ambient environment: compartments

sediment and soil (source: [UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/INF/25]). Unless otherwise

stated concentrations are indicated in ng/g dry weight (= ppb dry weight). ................. 360

Table 6-69: Product types, products and the relevance related to the use of HBCD in the EU

according to different sources ........................................................................................ 368

Table 6-70: Estimated consumption in tonnes of HBCD in the EU for the relevant applications

(based on data from [ECB 2008], [Nordic COM 2007], [IOM 2008], [PS foam 2011]) .... 369

Table 6-71: Lifetimes of relevant products ........................................................................................ 370

Table 6-72: Cumulated use, release and disposal of HBCD consumed from 1988 to 2010 (in

tonnes) ............................................................................................................................ 371

Table 6-73: Cumulated HBCD quantities in waste from estimated use from 1988 to 2017 (in

tonnes) ............................................................................................................................ 372

Table 6-74: HBCD content for different product categories according to several sources ............... 372

Table 6-75: Cumulated quantities of waste containing HBCD from estimated use of HBCD from

1988 to 2017 ................................................................................................................... 373

Table 6-76: Waste categories and EWC numbers and description for waste from HIPS end-

products .......................................................................................................................... 405

Table 6-77: Physico-chemical properties of PCP ([UNECE 2010], [LfU 1996], [IEP 2002]) ................ 420

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xi


Table 6-78: Levels of PCP in sediment and soil (DW: dry weight; ww: wet weight; ND: not

detected) [LfU 1996] ....................................................................................................... 421

Table 6-79: Levels of PCP in sewage sludge including hot spot levels (DW: dry weight) .................. 422

Table 6-80: PCP production and import in the EU 27 ........................................................................ 431

Table 6-81: Annual disposal of PCP in production and remaining amount for future disposal in

the EU 27 ......................................................................................................................... 432

Table 6-82: PCPL production and import in the EU 27 ...................................................................... 437

Table 6-83: Annual disposal of PCPL in production and remaining amount for future disposal

in the EU 27 ..................................................................................................................... 438

Table 6-84: Levels of HCBD in sediment and soil including hot spots (DW: dry weight) ([Euro

Chlor 2004]; [IPCS 1993, IPCS 1994]; [CEPA 1999]) ........................................................ 444

Table 6-85: Overview of magnesium production quantities in European Countries [IMA 2009] ..... 455

Table 6-86: Production sites of tri- (TrCE), tetrachloroethylene (TeCE) and tetrachloromethane

(TCM) in Europe [ESIS 2010] ........................................................................................... 461

Table 6-87: HCBD amounts resulting considering different recycling/incineration ratios (1, 10

and 50%) and different destruction efficiencies for incineration (99.90, 99.95 and

99.99 %) .......................................................................................................................... 463

Table 6-88: Annual amount of urban sewage sludge generated in the EU 27 with relevance for

the HCBD mass- and waste flow ..................................................................................... 466


production) ..................................................................................................................... 467

Table 6-90: HCBD mass flow for sewage sludge in EU 27 .................................................................. 468

Table 6-91: Names and CAS numbers for PCN groups ...................................................................... 475

Table 6-92: Chemical and physical properties of polychlorinated naphthalenes [NICNAS 2002] ..... 476

Table 6-93: Levels of PCNs in sediment and soil including hot spots (DW: dry weight) ([GRL

2004]; [Haskoning 2002]; [IPCS 2001]; [ITM 1991]; [Bidleman et al. 2010]; [Brack

2001, 2008]; [Castells 2008]; [Krauss and Wilcke 2003]; [Bogdal et al. 2006];

[Wyrzykowska 2007]) ...................................................................................................... 478

Table 6-94: Estimated production of PCNs from Technical PCB mixtures based on [Yamashita

et al. 2000] and [Taniyasu et al. 2003] ............................................................................ 482

Table 6-95: Quantities of MSW generated in EU 27 and amounts of MSW incinerated in EU 27

in 2008 ............................................................................................................................ 492

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Table 6-96: PCN mass flow for MSWI in EU 27 .................................................................................. 493

Table 6-97: Health care waste, including biological waste, generated and treated by

incineration in the EU 27 in 2008 [EUROSTAT 2010] ...................................................... 499

Table 6-98: PCN mass flow from hospital waste incineration (HospWI) in EU 27 ............................. 500

Table 6-99: Annual consumption of solid fuels, wood and mixed solid fuels for domestic

burning in EU 27 in 2008 ................................................................................................. 503

Table 6-100: PCN mass flow for domestic burning of wood and solid fuels in EU 27 .................... 505

Table 6-101: Annual amount of sewage sludge in the EU 27 ......................................................... 509


production) ..................................................................................................................... 510

Table 6-103: PCN mass flow for sewage sludge in EU 27 .................................................................... 510

Table 6-104: European production of secondary copper for 1997 [BREF NFM 2001]. ....................... 516

Table 6-105: PCN mass flow for secondary copper production in EU ................................................. 517

Table 6-106: European production of secondary aluminium (reference years: [BREF NFM 2001]

for 1997 and EUROSTAT, annual PRODCOM for 2001) .................................................. 521

Table 6-107: PCN mass flow for secondary aluminium production in EU 27 ...................................... 522

Table 6-108: Production of crude steel in EU 27 ................................................................................. 526

Table 6-109: PCN mass flow for iron sintering in EU 27 (average values between 2004 and

2010) ............................................................................................................................... 527

Table 6-110: Selected innovative remediation methods considered to be appropriate for the

remediation of sites contaminated with POPs (based on [ITVA 2010] .......................... 533

Table 7-1: Comparison of screening methods [WRAP 2005]........................................................... 543

Table 7-2: Standard substances used in reviewed analytical methods as Indicator isomers ...... 545

Table 7-3: Summary of the results of a survey on analytical methods to be considered for

PBDE analysis reported in literature ............................................................................... 547

Table 7-4: Certified reference materials commercially available from IRMM. Values in

brackets are not certified. Uncertainties are expanded uncertainties

corresponding to a level of confidence of about 95 %. .................................................. 548

Table 7-5: Summary of the results of a survey on standardised analytical methods to be

considered for PBDE analysis. ......................................................................................... 550

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Table 7-6: First assessment of the suitability of the different analytical methods to detect

PBDEs .............................................................................................................................. 552

Table 7-7: Summary of the results of a survey on standardised analytical methods and

methods reported in literature to be considered for PFOS analysis. ............................. 557

Table 7-8: Summary of the results of a survey on standardised analytical methods to be

considered for PeCB analysis. ......................................................................................... 561

Table 7-9: Summary of the results of a survey on standardised analytical methods and

methods reported in literature to be considered for SCCP analysis. ............................. 575

Table 8-1: Overview of the waste amounts concerned at different potential low POP content

limits (LPCL) ..................................................................................................................... 602

Table 8-2: Overview of contribution of waste amounts contaminated with PFOS from specific

sectors at different LPCL set ........................................................................................... 605

Table 8-3: Overview of contribution of waste amounts contaminated with PFOS from specific

sectors at different LPCL set ........................................................................................... 612

Table 8-4: Waste covered by different low POP concentration limits (*min: EPS and XPS C&D

waste and EPS/XPS other than C&D waste is separately treated; *max: EPS and

XPS C&D waste and EPS/XPS other than C&D waste is treated together with non-

contaminated waste fractions) ....................................................................................... 614

Table 8-5: Prognosis HBCD waste flows for 2015, 2020, 2030 and 2040 ........................................ 631

Table 9-1: Limits of quantification for new POPs and candidate POPs in most unfavourable

relevant matrices ............................................................................................................ 651

Table 9-2: Results for limitation criterion B ..................................................................................... 659

Table 9-3: Correlation of low POP concentration limit quantities of POP waste ............................ 665

Table 9-4: Overview of current waste management options (status quo)...................................... 666

Table 9-5: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for TetraBDE ............ 667

Table 9-6: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for PentaBDE ........... 668

Table 9-7: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for HexaBDE ............ 669

Table 9-8: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for HeptaBDE .......... 670

Table 9-9: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for PFOS .................. 672

Table 9-10: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for PeCB .................. 673

Table 9-11: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for SCCP ................... 674

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xiv


Table 9-12: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for HBCD.................. 675

Table 9-13: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for PCP .................... 676

Table 9-14: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for HCBD.................. 677

Table 9-15: Overview of new status quo on waste amounts for specific LPCL for PCNs .................... 677

Table 9-16: Summary overview of capacity needs in incineration/energy recovery at LPCL in

the dimension of ppm ..................................................................................................... 678

Table 9-17: Summary overview of PeCB and PCNs containing waste on capacity needs in

incineration and landfilling at LPCL in the dimension of ppb. ........................................ 679

Table 9-18: Overview of affected waste amounts for other treatment by setting the LPCL. ........... 679

Table 9-19: Capacity of treatment facilities in 2004 and 2006 in EU 27 (source: EUROSTAT) .......... 680

Table 9-20: Correlation of capacity needs and available capacity..................................................... 680

Table 9-21: Costs for relevant waste management option in the UK ............................................... 685

Table 9-22: Costs for relevant waste management options .............................................................. 686

Table 9-23: Waste requiring additional incineration or other treatment at set LPCL (t/y) and

related cost estimates .................................................................................................... 686

Table 9-24: Significant LPCL values for criterion D ............................................................................ 689

Table 9-25: Relevant European legislation (PBDEs) ........................................................................... 690

Table 9-26: Relevant national legislation (PBDEs) ............................................................................. 691

Table 9-27: Relevant European legislation (PFOS) ............................................................................. 691

Table 9-28: Relevant national legislation (PFOS) ............................................................................... 691

Table 9-29: Relevant European legislation (PeCB) ............................................................................. 693

Table 9-30: Relevant national legislation (PeCB) ............................................................................... 693

Table 9-31: Relevant European legislation (SCCP) ............................................................................. 693

Table 9-32: Relevant national legislation (SCCP) ............................................................................... 693

Table 9-33: Relevant European legislation (HBCD) ............................................................................ 693

Table 9-34: Relevant European legislation (PCP) ............................................................................... 694

Table 9-35: Relevant national legislation (PCP) ................................................................................. 694

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Table 9-36: Relevant national legislation (HCBD) .............................................................................. 694

Table 9-37: Overview of most relevant exposure pathways of new and candidate POP

substances ...................................................................................................................... 696

Table 9-38: Overview of most relevant information on occupational exposure ............................... 698

Table 9-39: Overview of occupational exposure and/or emission limit values (OEL) ....................... 699

Table 9-40: Overview of tolerable daily intake (TDI), estimated daily intakes and minimal risk

levels (MRL) for new POPs and candidate POPs ............................................................. 700

Table 9-41: Overview of lower limitations for LPCLs for new POPs .................................................. 708

Table 9-42: Overview of upper limitations for LPCLs for new POPs .................................................. 708

Table 9-43: Conclusions for LPCLs for new POPs based on results from upper and lower

limitation criteria ............................................................................................................ 709

Table 9-44: Quantity of waste considered as POP waste at different LPCL (TetraBDE) .................... 711

Table 9-45: Quantity of waste considered as POP waste at different LPCL (PentaBDE) ................... 711

Table 9-46: Quantity of waste considered as POP waste at different LPCL (HexaBDE) .................... 712

Table 9-47: Quantity of waste considered as POP waste at different LPCL (HeptaBDE) ................... 712


proposals (LPCL 2) for LPCLs ........................................................................................... 728

Table 9-49: Recommendations for the surface sealing of landfills according to 1999/31/EC .......... 731

Table 9-50: Overview of target concentrations in surface water, effluent limit concentration,

lowest observed environmental concentration ............................................................. 732

Table 9-51: Examples for wastes that may exhibit concentrations above the proposed MPCL

limit ................................................................................................................................. 738

Table 9-52: Overview of relevant recycling activities, proposed measures and assessment of

corresponding impacts ................................................................................................... 744

Table 9-53: Compilation of limit values proposed in the interim report for PDBE congener

groups relevant for C-OctaBDE and of limit values theoretically derived from limit

values established under RoHS. ...................................................................................... 748

Table 9-54: Evaluation of the appropriateness of disposal and recovery operation according to

Annex V, part 1 of the POP regulation for the new and candidate POPs ....................... 760

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xvi



proposals (LPCL 2) for Low POP Concentration Limits (LPCLs) referred to in Article

7(4)(a) and to be specified in Annex IV of the POP Regulation. ..................................... 773

Table 10-2: Overview of preferred proposals (MPCL 1) and alternative transitional proposals

(MPCL 2) for Maximum POP Concentration Limits (MPCLs) to be specified in

Annex V, Parat 2 of the POP Regulation ......................................................................... 774

Table 10-3: Waste quantities concerned by the proposed LPCLs ..................................................... 774

Table 10-4: Impacts of the proposed limit values for PBDEs in terms of POP substance

quantities, related waste quantities, costs for changes in waste management,

possible effectiveness to eliminate the POP substance and impacts on the

elimination capacity (Reference year: 2010) .................................................................. 778

Table 10-5: Impacts of the proposed limit values for PFOS in terms of POP substance




Table 10-6: Impacts of the proposed limit values for PeCB in terms of POP substance




Table 10-7: Impacts of the proposed limit values for SCCP in terms of POP substance




Table 10-8: Impacts of the proposed limit values for HBCD in terms of POP substance




Table 10-9: Impacts of the proposed limit values for PCP in terms of POP substance quantities,

related waste quantities, costs for changes in waste management, possible

effectiveness to eliminate the POP substance and impacts on the elimination

capacity (Reference year: 2010) ..................................................................................... 793

Table 10-10: Impacts of the proposed limit values for HCBD in terms of POP substance




Table 10-11: Impacts of the proposed limit values for PCN in terms of POP substance


No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xvii




Table 10-12: Overview of relevant waste management activities, proposed measures and

assessment of corresponding impacts............................................................................ 796

Table 10-13: Impact of proposed LPCLs and related measures on current recycling activity ............. 798

Table 12-1: Overview of information submitted by stakeholders on commercial PentaBDE,

OctaBDE, PFOS, its salts and PFOSF ................................................................................ 819

Table 12-2: Overview of information submitted by stakeholders on PeCB ...................................... 823

Table 12-3: Overview of information submitted by stakeholders on candidate POPs ..................... 825

Table 12-4: Overview of information submitted from the European Parties to the Stockholm

Convention (Questionnaire SC 4/19, Part II, Section A and B) on commercial

PentaBDE and commercial OctaBDE............................................................................... 828


Convention (Questionnaire SC 4/19, Part III, Section A and B) on Perfluorooctane

sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and perfluoroctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) .................. 831


Convention (Questionnaire SC 4/19, Part IV) on PeCB and other chemicals listed in

Annex A at the fourth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties .................................. 833

Table 12-7: Physico-chemical and toxicological properties of POPs ................................................. 835

Table 12-8: Overview of number and capacity of treatment facilities in 2004 and 2006 at

country level (source: EUROSTAT) .................................................................................. 838

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xviii


List of Figures

Figure 5-1: General structure of the mass flow (macro dimension) * including recovery

operation R1 (Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy) .................. 61

Figure 5-2: Example for process specific differentiation of residues and emissions in the mass

flow (micro dimension) ..................................................................................................... 62

Figure 5-3: Overall mass flow from C-PentaBDE from sources to current disposal/recovery


Figure 5-4: Relative distribution of environment emissions from investigated sectors in the EU ..... 73

Figure 5-5: Relative distribution of discharge of C-PentaBDE to waste from investigated

sectors in the EU ............................................................................................................... 74

Figure 5-6: Relative importance of different waste treatment options for the C-PentaBDE flow

in the EU ............................................................................................................................ 75

Figure 5-7: Overall mass flow from C-OctaBDE from sources to current disposal/recovery

operations in the EU (*Scenario 2: C-OctaBDE containing WEEE plastic successfully

separated and incinerated, R1/D10) ................................................................................ 77

Figure 5-8: Relative importance of different waste treatment options for the C-OctaBDE flow

in the EU (*C-OctaBDE containing WEEE successfully separated and incinerated,

R1/D10) (*Scenario 2: C-OctaBDE containing WEEE plastic successfully separated

and incinerated, R1/D10) .................................................................................................. 79

Figure 5-9: Overall mass flow from PFOS from sources to current disposal/recovery


Figure 5-10: Contribution of the relevant sectors to the EU 27 to PFOS emissions to

environment and discharge to waste ............................................................................... 81

Figure 5-11: Relative distribution of PFOS emissions to the environment from investigated

sectors in EU 27 ................................................................................................................ 82

Figure 5-12: Relative distribution to PFOS waste from investigated sectors in EU 27 ......................... 82

Figure 5-13: Relative importance of different waste treatment options and uses in products

with respect to the PFOS mass flow in EU 27 ................................................................... 84

Figure 5-14: Overview of PeCB substance flow .................................................................................... 88

Figure 5-15: Contribution of the relevant sectors to the EU 27 to PeCB emissions to

environment and discharge to waste ............................................................................... 89

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xix


Figure 5-16: Relative distribution of PeCB emissions to the environment from investigated

sectors in EU 27 ................................................................................................................ 90

Figure 5-17: Relative PeCB distribution to waste from investigated sectors in EU 27 ......................... 90

Figure 5-18: Relative importance of different waste treatment options with respect to the

PeCB mass flow in EU 27 ................................................................................................... 92

Figure 5-19: Means and ranges of recent PeCB contamination in different waste types in EU 27 ...... 93

Figure 5-20: Overall mass flow for SCCPs from relevant sources to current disposal/recovery

operations in the EU 27. ................................................................................................... 95

Figure 5-21: Relative distribution of environment emissions from investigated sectors in the EU

27 ...................................................................................................................................... 96

Figure 5-22: Relative distribution of discharge of SCCP to waste from investigated sectors in

the EU 27 ........................................................................................................................... 97

Figure 5-23: Relative importance of different waste treatment options for the SCCP flow in the

EU ...................................................................................................................................... 98

Figure 5-24: Overall substance flow of HBCD from relevant sources to current

disposal/recovery operations in the EU (*Scenario 2: HBCD containing waste not

separated from other plastic C&D waste or MSW) ........................................................ 100

Figure 5-25: Relative distribution of environment emissions from investigated sectors in the EU ... 101

Figure 5-26: Relative distribution of discharge of HBCD to waste from investigated sectors in

the EU.............................................................................................................................. 102

Figure 5-27: Contribution of the relevant sectors to the HBCD discharge to waste in the EU

(~2030 and ~2040) .......................................................................................................... 102

Figure 5-28: Relative importance of different waste treatment options for the HBCD flow in the

EU (*In case the HBCD containing waste is not separated)............................................ 104

Figure 5-29: Estimated average (ea) and ranges of HBCD contamination in relevant wastes ........... 105

Figure 5-30: Overall mass flow from PCP from sources to current disposal/recovery operations

in the EU .......................................................................................................................... 107

Figure 5-31: Contribution of the relevant sectors to the EU 27 to PCP emissions to environment

and discharge to waste ................................................................................................... 108

Figure 5-32: Relative importance of different waste treatment options with respect to the

PFOS mass flow in EU 27 ................................................................................................. 109

Figure 5-33: Overview of PCN substance flow .................................................................................... 113

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xx


Figure 5-34: Contribution of the relevant sectors to the EU 27 to PCN emissions to

environment and discharge to waste ............................................................................. 114

Figure 5-35: Relative distribution of PCN emissions to the environment from investigated

sectors in EU 27 .............................................................................................................. 115

Figure 5-36: Relative PCN distribution to waste from investigated sectors in EU 27 ......................... 115

Figure 5-37: Relative importance of different waste treatment options with respect to the PCN

mass flow in EU 27 .......................................................................................................... 117

Figure 5-38: Means and ranges of recent H contamination in different waste types in EU 27 .......... 118

Figure 6-1: Comparison of congener patterns obtained from the sediment sample collected

5m downstream of the effluent discharge, and the effluent sample collected at

the discharge to the river [Eljarrat et al. 2007] .............................................................. 125

Figure 6-2: Overview of the amounts of C-PentaBDE used in the EU ............................................... 130

Figure 6-3: Overview of the amounts of C-PentaBDE imported in finished articles ......................... 131

Figure 6-4: Estimated consumption of C-PentaBDE in Europe [Prevedouros et al. 2004a] ............. 132

Figure 6-5: Overview of historic uses of C-PentaBDE and their relevance [inspired by SFT

2009] ............................................................................................................................... 135

Figure 6-6: Overview of the substance flow contributing to the sources of C-PentaBDE in the

EU .................................................................................................................................... 137

Figure 6-7: Relevant process inputs/outputs and products (automotive industry) ......................... 140

Figure 6-8: Number of cars and year of the first registration of cars, which were scrapped

within the German scrapping scheme in 2009 ............................................................... 142

Figure 6-9: Estimated accumulated amount of C-PentaBDE (automotive applications) .................. 143

Figure 6-10: ELV arising and treatment in the EU [GHK 2006] ........................................................... 144

Figure 6-11: C-PentaBDE flow in automotive applications ................................................................. 148

Figure 6-12: Waste flow for C-PentaBDE automotive applications .................................................... 149

Figure 6-13: Relevant process inputs/outputs and products (upholstery) ......................................... 150

Figure 6-14: Estimated accumulated amount of C-PentaBDE in upholstery applications .................. 152

Figure 6-15: C-PentaBDE flow in upholstery applications .................................................................. 154

Figure 6-16: Waste flow for C-PentaBDE in upholstery applications .................................................. 154

Figure 6-17: Summary of main historic uses of C-OctaBDE ................................................................ 170

file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457158file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457158file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457159file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457159file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457160file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457164file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457166file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457169file://biprofs01/bipro/aktuelle%20Projekte/EU%20Framework%20Waste%20Implementation/7_Service%20request%20waste%20pops/Reports/05%20Final%20update/FR_POP_Waste_2010_110413.docx%23_Toc290457170

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xxi


Figure 6-18: Overview of the substance flow contributing to the sources of C-OctaBDE in the

EU .................................................................................................................................... 171

Figure 6-19: Relevant process inputs/outputs and products (EEE) .................................................... 173

Figure 6-20: Estimated accumulated amount of C-OctaBDE in EEE ................................................... 178

Figure 6-21: C-OctaBDE flow (Scenario 1: C-OctaBDE containing WEEE treated together with

WEEE categories 3 and 4) ............................................................................................... 180

Figure 6-22: C-OctaBDE flow (*Scenario 2: C-OctaBDE containing WEEE successfully separated

and incinerated, R1/D10) ................................................................................................ 181

Figure 6-23: Waste flow for C-OctaBDE and relevant congener groups in WEEE plastics

(Scenario 1: C-OctaBDE containing WEEE plastics treated together with WEEE

plastics categories 3 and 4) ............................................................................................. 182

Figure 6-24: Waste flow for C-OctaBDE and relevant congener groups in WEEE plastics

(*Scenario 2: C-OctaBDE containing WEEE plastics successfully separated and

incinerated, R1/D10) ....................................................................................................... 182

Figure 6-25: Change in the use of PFOS in the semiconductor industry in the EU (annual

consumption of PFOS for the use in different applications from 2000 to 2010) ........... 195

Figure 6-26: Use of PFOS in the metal plating industry in Europe (estimation based on several

sources) ........................................................................................................................... 203

Figure 6-27: Substance flow PFOS from the sector of metal plating .................................................. 205

Figure 6-28: PFOS related waste flow related to the metal plating industry ..................................... 207

Figure 6-29: Illustration of the estimated use of PFOS in the photographic industry from 2000

to 2010 ............................................................................................................................ 213

Figure 6-30: Illustration of the PFOS flows from the photographic industry ...................................... 215

Figure 6-31: Substance flow PFOS from the photographic industry ................................................... 216

Figure 6-32: PFOS related waste flow from the photographic industry ............................................. 217

Figure 6-33: PFOS substance flow related to use in hydraulic fluid in the aviation industry ............. 221

Figure 6-34: Waste flow for hydraulic fluids for use in the aviation industry in EU 27 ...................... 221

Figure 6-35: Time trend of reduction of PFOS quantities stored in fire fighting foams from 2004

until 2012 in the EU ........................................................................................................ 224

Figure 6-36: Corrected time trend of reduction of PFOS quantities stored in fire fighting foams

from 2004 until 2012 in the EU ....................................................................................... 225

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xxii


Figure 6-37: Sales volume of PFOS containing fire fighting foams in the Netherlands from one

company ......................................................................................................................... 227

Figure 6-38: Assessment of the PFOS flow related to use in fire fighting foams estimated for

2010 in EU 27 .................................................................................................................. 229

Figure 6-39: Waste flow for fire fighting foams in EU 27 .................................................................... 230

Figure 6-40: Overview of the leather production of different EU Member states

[Euroleather_2010] ......................................................................................................... 233

Figure 6-41: Reduction of PFOS contained in upholstery in households ............................................ 235

Figure 6-42: Substance flow of PFOS in the leather industry. ............................................................ 236

Figure 6-43: Material flow of PFOS in the leather industry ................................................................ 237

Figure 6-44: Input/Output overview of PFOS use for carpets............................................................ 238

Figure 6-45: Substance flow of PFOS in the leather industry ............................................................. 241

Figure 6-46: Material flow of PFOS in the carpet industry ................................................................. 241

Figure 6-47: PFOS relevant Input/Output overview of sewage sludge .............................................. 242

Figure 6-48: Substance flow of PFOS in sewage sludge ...................................................................... 245

Figure 6-49: Material flow of PFOS in sewage sludge ......................................................................... 246

Figure 6-50: Overview of PeCB releases to water and soil from facilities in Europe in 2008

[PRTR 2008] ..................................................................................................................... 262

Figure 6-51: Overview of possibly relevant sources of PeCB in Europe ............................................. 262

Figure 6-52: Overview of initial PeCB substance flow ........................................................................ 266

Figure 6-53: Relevant input and output from municipal solid waste incineration ............................. 269

Figure 6-54: Assessment of PeCB flow related to MSWI .................................................................... 274

Figure 6-55: Detailed waste flow for MSWI in EU 27 .......................................................................... 275

Figure 6-56: Relevant input and output of hazardous waste incineration and relevance of other

hazardous waste management options (values [EUROSTAT 2010]) .............................. 276

Figure 6-57: Assessment of the PeCB flow related to hazardous waste incineration ........................ 279

Figure 6-58: Detailed waste flow for HWI in EU 27 ............................................................................ 280

Figure 6-59: Relevant input and output of power production ........................................................... 281

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xxiii


Figure 6-60: Assessment of the PeCB flow related to power production from coal and lignite ........ 285

Figure 6-61: Detailed waste flow for coal fired power plants in EU 27 in 2008 ................................. 286

Figure 6-62: Relevant input and output of waste water treatment ................................................... 287

Figure 6-63: Assessment of the PeCB flow related to sewage sludge ................................................ 290

Figure 6-64: Waste flow for sewage sludge in EU 27 .......................................................................... 291

Figure 6-65: Relevant input and output of domestic burning ............................................................ 292

Figure 6-66: Assessment of the PeCB flow related to domestic burning ........................................... 295

Figure 6-67: Detailed waste flow for domestic burning of wood, solid fossil fuels (coal and

derivates) and mixed wastes in EU 27 ............................................................................. 296

Figure 6-68: Total annual Sales of SCCP in the EU 1994-2009 [SCCP RPA 2010] (provided by

Eurochlor) ....................................................................................................................... 308

Figure 6-69: Trend of the use of SCCP in the rubber industry within the EU 27 ................................ 313

Figure 6-70: Input/Output of SCCP in the rubber industry ................................................................. 313

Figure 6-71: Substance flow of SCCP in the rubber industry .............................................................. 318

Figure 6-72: Material flow of SCCP in the rubber industry ................................................................. 319

Figure 6-73: Annual consumption of SCCP for sealant and adhesives from 1994 to 2010. ............... 321


Figure 6-75: Substance flow of SCCP in sealants and adhesives ......................................................... 325

Figure 6-76: Material flow of SCCP in sealants and adhesives ........................................................... 325

Figure 6-77: Annual consumption of SCCP for paint and varnishes. .................................................. 326


Figure 6-79: Substance flow of SCCP paint ......................................................................................... 331

Figure 6-80: Material flow of SCCP in paints and varnishes ............................................................... 333

Figure 6-81: Used amount of SCCP in the textile industry .................................................................. 335

Figure 6-82: Material flow of SCCP in the plastic industry .................................................................. 335



No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xxiv


Figure 6-85: SCCP relevant Input/Output overview of sewage sludge ............................................... 341

Figure 6-86: Substance flow of SCCP in sewage sludge ...................................................................... 343

Figure 6-87: Material flow of SCCP in sewage sludge ......................................................................... 344

Figure 6-88: Use of SCCP in the EU leather industry. .......................................................................... 346

Figure 6-89: Input/Output flow of SCCP in the leather industry. ........................................................ 346

Figure 6-90: Substance flow of SCCP used in the leather industry ..................................................... 349

Figure 6-91: Waste flow of SCCP containing products from the leather industry .............................. 350

Figure 6-92: Estimation of the consumption of HBCD in tonnes in Europe since the late

1980ies until 2010 (estimation based on data from [ECB 2008], [Nordic COM

2007], [IOM 2008], [PS foam 2011]) ............................................................................... 367

Figure 6-93: Modelled consumption of HBCD in Europe and comparison with data provided by

BSEF/CEFIC and the estimate in the EU risk draft [Morf 2007] ...................................... 367

Figure 6-94: Relevance of product types with respect to the HBCD consumption for the year

2009 (Figures indicate the HBCD content)...................................................................... 374

Figure 6-95: Relevance of product types with respect to the HBCD consumption for the year

2003 (Figures indicate the HBCD content)...................................................................... 375

Figure 6-96: Relevant process inputs/outputs and products (HBCD treated EPS) ............................. 377

Figure 6-97: Estimated annual quantity of HBCD in EPS waste from construction and

demolition that will be disposed of until 2060 (calculation based on the

consumption figures provided in Table 6-70; lifetime 50 +/- 25 years; 1% cut offs

becoming waste at the construction site taken into account) ....................................... 383

Figure 6-98: HBCD substance flow EPS products for construction (Scenario 1: HBCD containing

EPS waste separated) ...................................................................................................... 385

Figure 6-99: HBCD substance flow EPS products for construction (Scenario 2: HBCD containing

EPS waste not separated but treated with the plastic fraction of C&D waste) .............. 386

Figure 6-100: EPS waste flow (Scenario 1: HBCD containing EPS waste separated) ....................... 387

Figure 6-101: EPS waste flow (Scenario 2: HBCD containing EPS waste not separated but

treated with the plastic fraction of C&D waste) ............................................................. 387

Figure 6-102: Relevant process inputs/outputs and products in XPS manufacturing ..................... 390

Figure 6-103: Estimated annual quantity of HBCD in XPS waste from construction that will be

disposed of until 2060 (calculation based on the consumption figures provided

No ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066 xxv


inTable 6-70; lifetime 50 +/- 25 years; 1% cut offs becoming waste at the

construction site taken into account) ............................................................................. 392

Figure 6-104: HBCD substance flow XPS products for construction (Scenario 1: HBCD

containing XPS waste separated) .................................................................................... 393

Figure 6-105: HBCD substance flow XPS products for construction (Scenario 2: HBCD

containing XPS waste not separated but treated with the plastic fraction from

C&D waste) ..................................................................................................................... 394

Figure 6-106: HBCD treated XPS waste flow (Scenario 1: XPS waste separated) ............................ 395

Figure 6-107: XPS waste flow (Scenario 2: XPS waste not separated)............................................. 395

Figure 6-108: Relevant process inputs/outputs and products (EPS/XPS outside the

construction sector) ........................................................................................................ 397

Figure 6-109: Estimated annual quantity of HBCD in EPS/XPS waste from non-construction

uses that will be disposed of until around 2040 (calculation

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