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Spice K2 and OtherSpice K2 and OtherSpice, K2 and Other Spice, K2 and Other Synthetic Synthetic CannabinoidsCannabinoids
AADCP - Specialty Court Conference
Douglas Kramer – TASC, Inc
AADCP Specialty Court Conference
Herbal IncenseHerbal IncenseHerbal Incense Herbal Incense
Sold in head shops or online Sold in head shops or online as an incense product as an incense product
Herbs and botanicals Herbs and botanicals treated with synthetictreated with syntheticcannabinoid chemicalscannabinoid chemicalscannabinoid chemicalscannabinoid chemicals
Many varieties/scentsMany varieties/scents
Labeled “Not for Human Labeled “Not for Human Consumption”Consumption”
Herbal IncenseHerbal IncenseHerbal Incense Herbal Incense
Variety of Products AvailableVariety of Products Available
Spice, K2, Smoke, Yucatan Spice, K2, Smoke, Yucatan p , , ,p , , ,Fire, Hush, GenieFire, Hush, Genie
Single Use or Bulk ProductSingle Use or Bulk ProductSingle Use or Bulk ProductSingle Use or Bulk Product
Sold Loose or in joint formSold Loose or in joint form
Aromatic HerbsAromatic HerbsAromatic HerbsAromatic HerbsCanavaliaCanavalia maritimamaritima, , NymphaeaNymphaea caeruleacaerulea, , ScutellariaScutellaria nananana, ,
PedicularisPedicularis densifloradensiflora, , LeonotisLeonotis leonurusleonurus, , ZorniaZornia latifolialatifolia, , N l bN l b ifif LL ibi iibi i NelumboNelumbo nuciferanucifera , , LeonurusLeonurus sibiricussibiricus… many more.… many more.
Herbal EffectsHerbal EffectsHerbal EffectsHerbal Effects
Most of the herbal components have very little Most of the herbal components have very little psychoactive effects, although some traditional psychoactive effects, although some traditional herbalists may disagree. At most, they:herbalists may disagree. At most, they:herbalists may disagree. At most, they:herbalists may disagree. At most, they:
Add color and flavorAdd color and flavor May have mild relaxing propertiesMay have mild relaxing properties Decrease blood pressureDecrease blood pressure Reduce inflammationReduce inflammation Reduce inflammationReduce inflammation Induce mild euphoria Induce mild euphoria
S h i th hi h i f ?So where is the high coming from?
Drug DiscoveryDrug DiscoveryDrug DiscoveryDrug Discovery
Intense psychoactive properties were being Intense psychoactive properties were being reported, but with little verification.reported, but with little verification.
In late 2008, forensic analyses conducted in In late 2008, forensic analyses conducted in Europe identified JWHEurope identified JWH--018 as a psychoactive 018 as a psychoactive ing edient in man of these p od ctsing edient in man of these p od ctsingredient in many of these products.ingredient in many of these products.
JWHJWH--018: synthetic cannabinoid synthesized in 018: synthetic cannabinoid synthesized in y yy y1995 for experimental purposes.1995 for experimental purposes.
Cannabis OverviewCannabis OverviewCannabis OverviewCannabis Overview
Used for more than 4000 years for euphoric and Used for more than 4000 years for euphoric and therapeutic effectstherapeutic effects
Most commonly abused drug in the world. Most commonly abused drug in the world.
Roughly 4% of the world's adult population (162Roughly 4% of the world's adult population (162 million million people) use cannabis annually, and about 0.6% people) use cannabis annually, and about 0.6% (22.5(22.5 million) use it on a daily basismillion) use it on a daily basis(22.5(22.5 million) use it on a daily basismillion) use it on a daily basis
CannabisCannabisCannabisCannabis
Contains:Contains:
>450 chemicals >450 chemicals >60>60--90 different 90 different cannabinoidscannabinoids
99--Tetrathydrocannabinol (THC)Tetrathydrocannabinol (THC)Main psychoactive ingredient of marijuanaMain psychoactive ingredient of marijuanaMain psychoactive ingredient of marijuanaMain psychoactive ingredient of marijuana
CannabisCannabisCannabisCannabis
THC content in marijuana varies THC content in marijuana varies –– typically 2typically 2--5% 5% in cannabis, but much higher has been foundin cannabis, but much higher has been found
Marijuana users may experience stimulant, Marijuana users may experience stimulant, depressant, and/or hallucinogenic propertiesdepressant, and/or hallucinogenic propertiesdepressant, and/or hallucinogenic propertiesdepressant, and/or hallucinogenic properties
Most commonly used for hallucinogenic effectsMost commonly used for hallucinogenic effects
Most individuals sMost individuals selfelf--titratetitrate their THC intaketheir THC intake
CannabisCannabisCannabisCannabis
Most common Medicinal Uses:Most common Medicinal Uses:
R li f f d itiR li f f d iti Relief from nausea and vomitingRelief from nausea and vomiting
Stimulation of hunger Stimulation of hunger Stimulation of hunger Stimulation of hunger
General analgesic effects (pain reliever)General analgesic effects (pain reliever)
Lowered intraocular eye pressure Lowered intraocular eye pressure
What areWhat are CannabinoidsCannabinoids??What are What are CannabinoidsCannabinoids??
Class of chemicals that have similar structure Class of chemicals that have similar structure and/or activity that mimic:and/or activity that mimic:
PhytocannabinoidsPhytocannabinoids (found in cannabis plants)(found in cannabis plants)•• Natural, herbal, classicalNatural, herbal, classicalNatural, herbal, classicalNatural, herbal, classical
EndocannabinoidsEndocannabinoids•• (found in CNS and immune systems of animals)(found in CNS and immune systems of animals)
Cannabinoid FunctionsCannabinoid FunctionsCannabinoid FunctionsCannabinoid Functions
What are the What are the EndocannabinoidEndocannabinoid functions?functions?
Signaling molecules (Lipid messengers) that are Signaling molecules (Lipid messengers) that are released from cells to bind to nearby cell released from cells to bind to nearby cell receptors.receptors.receptors.receptors.
Signaling is retrograde (reverse direction Signaling is retrograde (reverse direction postsynaticpostsynatic to to presynapticpresynaptic neurons)neurons)
Cannabinoid ReceptorsCannabinoid ReceptorsCannabinoid ReceptorsCannabinoid Receptors
A l b f C bi id RA l b f C bi id RAt least two subtypes of Cannabinoid Receptors:At least two subtypes of Cannabinoid Receptors:
CBCB Receptor Receptor CBCB11 Receptor Receptor
Found throughout the peripheral and CNS systemsFound throughout the peripheral and CNS systemsFound throughout the peripheral and CNS systemsFound throughout the peripheral and CNS systems
CBCB22 Receptor Receptor
Found throughout the peripheral nervous system Found throughout the peripheral nervous system d i t d ith th i td i t d ith th i tand associated with the immune systemand associated with the immune system
SyntheticSynthetic CannabinoidsCannabinoidsSynthetic Synthetic CannabinoidsCannabinoids
Four Groups of Synthetic Four Groups of Synthetic CannabinoidsCannabinoids::
THC Analogue (classical)THC Analogue (classical) THC Analogue (classical)THC Analogue (classical)
NonNon--classical classical –– CyclohexylphenylCyclohexylphenyl (CP) series(CP) seriesy y p yy y p y ( )( )
AminoalkylindolesAminoalkylindoles –– (JWH compounds)(JWH compounds)
Other Other –– Fatty Acid AmidesFatty Acid Amides
Synthetic Cannabinoid AgonistsSynthetic Cannabinoid AgonistsSynthetic Cannabinoid AgonistsSynthetic Cannabinoid Agonists
M t M t f llf ll CBCB & CB& CB t i tt i tMost are Most are fullfull CBCB11 & CB& CB22 receptor agonistsreceptor agonists
Originally investigated for medicinal purposes:Originally investigated for medicinal purposes:Originally investigated for medicinal purposes:Originally investigated for medicinal purposes:
AnalgesicsAnalgesics
Weight managementWeight management
Control of NauseaControl of Nausea
Smoking cessationSmoking cessation Smoking cessationSmoking cessation
Cannabinoid AgonistsCannabinoid Agonists
THC AnaloguesTHC Analogues
HUHU--210,210, HUHU--211, HU211, HU--243,243, HUHU--308, HU308, HU--320, HU320, HU--331,331, HUHU--336, HU336, HU--345345
Raphael Raphael MechoulamMechoulam
Hebrew UniversityHebrew University
Cannabinoid AgonistsCannabinoid Agonists
CyclohexylphenylCyclohexylphenyl (CP) Series(CP) Series
Pfizer PharmaceuticalPfizer PharmaceuticalPfizer PharmaceuticalPfizer Pharmaceutical
CP 47 497 CP 55 940CP 47 497 CP 55 940CP 47,497, CP 55,940,CP 47,497, CP 55,940,CP 47,497 CP 47,497 –– (C8), (C8), CP 50,556CP 50,556--1, CP 55,2441, CP 55,244
Cannabinoid AgonistsCannabinoid Agonists
AminoalylindolesAminoalylindoles
Over 470 analoguesOver 470 analoguesOver 470 analoguesOver 470 analoguesJWHJWH--015, JWH015, JWH--018, JWH018, JWH--019, 019, JWHJWH--073, JWH073, JWH--081, JWH081, JWH--122, 122, JWHJWH 133 JWH133 JWH 147 JWH147 JWH 171 171 JWHJWH--133, JWH133, JWH--147, JWH147, JWH--171, 171, JWHJWH--210, JWH210, JWH--250, JWH250, JWH--398398
John John W HuffmanW HuffmanJohn John W.HuffmanW.Huffman
Clemson UniversityClemson University
Synthetic Cannabinoid AgonistsSynthetic Cannabinoid AgonistsJWH-018 JWH-073 CP 47,497 JWH-250
Synthetic Cannabinoid AgonistsSynthetic Cannabinoid Agonists
Spice Gold 20 mg/g 11 mg/g
Spice Diamond 17 0.07
Spice Maxx 17 19
Spice Silver 9 16Spice Silver 9 16
Space 10
K2 Blonde 12 13
K2 Standard 9 9
K2 Cit 10 10K2 Citron 10 10
K2 Summit 11 9
K2 Blue 15
K2 Pink 11 14
K2 Latte 16 0.28
K2 Mint 19 0.30
K2 Silver 8 16
Herbal Blends 2-36 1-17 Table Data Compiled by NMS Labs
Adverse EffectsAdverse EffectsAdverse EffectsAdverse EffectsPhysiological Effectsy g
Raised blood pressure and heart rate Bloodshot eyes Swaying Slurred speech
Anxiety, Agitation Paranoia and Hallucinations
Psychological Effects
Paranoia and Hallucinations Seizures and convulsions Short-term memory loss Time dilation
Adverse EffectsAdverse EffectsAdverse EffectsAdverse EffectsJWH-018 Initial Trials
Statistically significant, dose-dependent, region-specific decreases in cannabinoid binding observed in all brain
d f ll d d fregions examined following 4 and 14 days of treatment.
The pattern of CB1 receptor down-regulation was similar to that observed in adults treated with cannabinoids; however, that observed in adults treated with cannabinoids; however, the magnitude of down-regulation was smaller in adolescents.
Thi d d t i j il This reduced compensatory response in juveniles may contribute to some acute behavioral effects, the pharmacological cross-tolerance and the long-lasting, adverse psychological consequences of cannabinoid p y g qexposure during adolescence.
A Case of DependenceA Case of DependenceA Case of DependenceA Case of Dependence20-year old patient reported that he had smoked "Spice Gold" daily for 8 months.
He developed tolerance and rapidly increased the dose to 3g per day. He felt a continuous desire for the drug and kept on using it despite the development of persistent cognitive impairment. p p g p
Urinary drug screens were negative on admission to the hospital, as they were again on discharge.
On hospital days 4–7, he developed inner unrest, drug craving, nocturnal nightmares, profuse sweating, nausea, tremor, and headache.
His blood pressure was elevated for two days, with a maximal value of 180/90 p y ,mm Hg accompanied by a heart rate of 125/min.
The patient stated that he had experienced a similar syndrome a few weeks earlier during a phase of abstinence owing to a short supply, and that it had g p g pp y,quickly subsided after he had started consuming "Spice" once again.
Federally Banned Cannabinoids (March 2011)Federally Banned Cannabinoids (March 2011)
JWH-018
9-THC
JWH-073
JWH-200CP-47,497
Cannabicyclohexanol
Additional AZ Banned Cannabinoids (Feb 2011)Additional AZ Banned Cannabinoids (Feb 2011)
HU-210
9-THC
HU-210
JWH-015
JWH-250
JWH-019 JWH-398
Analysis by LC/MS/MSAnalysis by LC/MS/MSAnalysis by LC/MS/MSAnalysis by LC/MS/MS
DetectionDetectionDetectionDetection Most compounds are not detected by drug screening testsMost compounds are not detected by drug screening tests Most compounds are not detected by drug screening testsMost compounds are not detected by drug screening tests
Detection period roughly 24Detection period roughly 24--72 hours in urine72 hours in urine•• Only metabolites are detected in urineOnly metabolites are detected in urine•• Only metabolites are detected in urineOnly metabolites are detected in urine•• Typically JWH metabolites analyzed due to availability of standards Typically JWH metabolites analyzed due to availability of standards
Approximately 8Approximately 8--48 hours in blood and oral fluid48 hours in blood and oral fluid Approximately 8Approximately 8 48 hours in blood and oral fluid48 hours in blood and oral fluid•• Parent drug detectedParent drug detected
Advanced testing methodology utilizedAdvanced testing methodology utilized Advanced testing methodology utilizedAdvanced testing methodology utilized
•• Liquid Liquid ChromatographyuChromatographyu/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC--MS/MS)MS/MS)
ChallengesChallengesChallengesChallenges
Hundreds of potential compounds can be used in themanufacturing process of Spice products
Limited number of banned chemicals on the books
Moving target – Spice industry responds to the bans,g g p y p ,Laboratories must respond in kind
Lack of complete understanding of metabolism
Lack of certified metabolite standards (getting better)
Promising Synthetic Promising Synthetic CannabinoidsCannabinoids
9-THC HU-210*
JWH-133JWH 133WIN 55,212
* Banned in AZ
Drug Development:Drug Development: RimonabantRimonabantDrug Development: Drug Development: RimonabantRimonabant
(SR141716) Antiobesity drug(SR141716) Antiobesity drug Antagonist of CB1 receptor -Possible use to mediate CB1 cannabinoidpharmacodynamics by blockade of agonists
• Decrease in heart rate (BPM)
• Reduced cannabis effects of 40-75% inReduced cannabis effects of 40 75% in single dose or multiple small dosing
• No significant cannabis withdrawl
• No clinical adverse effects
RimonabantRimonabant (cont’d)(cont’d)RimonabantRimonabant (cont d)(cont d)First CB1 Receptor antagonist on the market, used in conjunction with diet and exercise for weight loss. g
Other Uses:• Assisted in smoking cessation therapy
• Addiction reduced cocaine-seeking responses by 2 of 3 most common triggers in relapse (priming and cues)
• Possible reduction of ethanol and opiate-seeking behaviorp g
• Hypothetically could improve short-term memory (in rats)
• Blocks psychoactive and cardiovascular effects of THC without p yaffecting the pharmocokinetics
FDA supported its use for obesity in 2006 but never was brought to market after f l d f b h ffailure to demonstrate safety by the manufacturer.
Benefits deemed no longer outweighing the risks – pulled in 2009
Bath Salts and OtherBath Salts and OtherBath Salts and Other Bath Salts and Other StmulantsStmulants
17th National TASC Conference on Drugs & Crime
Douglas Kramer – TASC, Inc. - Arizona
Bath SaltsBath SaltsBath SaltsBath Salts
Sold in head shops, Sold in head shops, gas stations and online gas stations and online
Psychoactive / DissociativePsychoactive / Dissociative
Illegal in many statesIllegal in many statesIllegal in many statesIllegal in many states
Highly addictive and Highly addictive and dangerousdangerousgg
Snorted, but can be smoked, Snorted, but can be smoked, taken orally or injectedtaken orally or injected
Bath SaltsBath SaltsBath SaltsBath Salts
4MMC, Meow4MMC, Meow--meow, MC, MTV,meow, MC, MTV,MM--CAT, Bounce, Plant Food CAT, Bounce, Plant Food
$30$30--90 / gram 90 / gram -- talctalc--likelike
Usually made in China / AsiaUsually made in China / Asia
Pixie Dust, Ivory Wave, Ocean, Pixie Dust, Ivory Wave, Ocean, Charge Plus, White Lightning, Charge Plus, White Lightning, g , g g,g , g g,White Girl, Scarface, Hurricane White Girl, Scarface, Hurricane Charlie, Vanilla Sky, Charlie, Vanilla Sky, BonzaiBonzai,,Grow, Blue Silk, Grow, Blue Silk, LoveyLovey DoveyDovey, ,, , yy yy
Bath Salt EffectsBath Salt EffectsBath Salt EffectsBath Salt Effects Effects last 2 Effects last 2 -- 4 hours 4 hours
Feelings of euphoria Feelings of euphoria -- Increased alertnessIncreased alertness
Dilated pupilsDilated pupils
Slurred speech, Inability to stop talkingSlurred speech, Inability to stop talkingp , y p gp , y p g
Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate
Both decreased and/or increased sexual function/desireBoth decreased and/or increased sexual function/desire
Negative EffectsNegative EffectsNegative EffectsNegative Effects
Physical: Physical: Physical: Physical: CNS stimulantCNS stimulant Increase BP and heart rateIncrease BP and heart rate Chest pain, heart attack, strokeChest pain, heart attack, stroke InfertilityInfertility
Psychological: Psychological: Delusions, paranoia, psychosisDelusions, paranoia, psychosis Personality disordersPersonality disorders Personality disordersPersonality disorders Depression when not using Depression when not using –– as long as several weeksas long as several weeks
After effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, and mildAfter effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, and mildstimulation lasting from 6 stimulation lasting from 6 -- 8 hours8 hours
Chemical CompositionChemical CompositionChemical CompositionChemical Composition
MephedroneMephedrone -- 44--methylmethcathinone (4methylmethcathinone (4--MMC)MMC)
AKA: AKA: MephMeph drone MCAT drone MCATAKA: AKA: MephMeph, drone, MCAT, drone, MCAT
Originally developed in 1929 Originally developed in 1929 -- recently “rediscovered” recently “rediscovered”
Analogue to other controlled substancesAnalogue to other controlled substances
Sold as plant food or bath salts Sold as plant food or bath salts –– not for human not for human consumptionconsumption
Chemical CompositionChemical CompositionChemical CompositionChemical Composition
MDPV (3,4MDPV (3,4--methylenedioxypyrovalerone)methylenedioxypyrovalerone)
AKA: MDPK Magic Super Coke MTV and PVAKA: MDPK Magic Super Coke MTV and PVAKA: MDPK, Magic, Super Coke, MTV and PVAKA: MDPK, Magic, Super Coke, MTV and PV
Originally developed in the 60’s for chronic fatigue andOriginally developed in the 60’s for chronic fatigue andappetite suppression. appetite suppression.
Abuse and dependence a problem with a compulsive desire Abuse and dependence a problem with a compulsive desire to continuously reto continuously re--dosedose
Similar in structure to MDMA, but more of a stimulant Similar in structure to MDMA, but more of a stimulant
Only has mild Only has mild empathogenicempathogenic or or entactogenicentactogenic propertiesproperties
High Addiction PotentialHigh Addiction PotentialHigh Addiction PotentialHigh Addiction Potential
Abuse and dependence a problem with a compulsive desire Abuse and dependence a problem with a compulsive desire to continuously reto continuously re--dosedose
Some are constantly chase that first highSome are constantly chase that first high
MephedroneMephedrone reduces to 4reduces to 4--methylephedrine methylephedrine -- a known a known MephedroneMephedrone reduces to 4reduces to 4 methylephedrine methylephedrine a known a known CardiotoxicCardiotoxic compoundcompound
Crushing chest pain Crushing chest pain –– common common redosingredosing the cause?the cause? Crushing chest pain Crushing chest pain common common redosingredosing the cause?the cause?
Other StimulantsOther StimulantsOther StimulantsOther Stimulants
CathinoneCathinone
Found in the shrub Found in the shrub Catha Catha edulisedulis ((KhatKhat) ) Found in the shrub Found in the shrub Catha Catha edulisedulis ((KhatKhat) )
Part of the Middle East culturePart of the Middle East culture
Stimulant typically extracted from Stimulant typically extracted from chewing fresh leaveschewing fresh leaves
Other StimulantsOther StimulantsOther StimulantsOther Stimulants
MethcathinoneMethcathinone
First synthesized in 1928First synthesized in 1928 First synthesized in 1928First synthesized in 1928
It was used in the Soviet Union during the 1930s and It was used in the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s as an anti1940s as an anti depressant depressant 1940s as an anti1940s as an anti--depressant. depressant.
Since the 1960s, Since the 1960s, methcathinonemethcathinone has been used as a has been used as a recreational drug in the (former) Soviet Unionrecreational drug in the (former) Soviet Unionrecreational drug in the (former) Soviet Union.recreational drug in the (former) Soviet Union.
Stimulant StructuresStimulant Structures
CathinoneMethcathinoneMephedrone
MDPV MDMAMDPV MDMA
DetectionDetectionDetectionDetection Most compounds are not detected by drug screening testsMost compounds are not detected by drug screening tests Most compounds are not detected by drug screening testsMost compounds are not detected by drug screening tests
Detection period roughly 24Detection period roughly 24--72 hours in urine72 hours in urine
AnalyteAnalyte--specific methodologies are usedspecific methodologies are used
G Ch t h /M S t t (GCMS)G Ch t h /M S t t (GCMS)•• Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)•• Liquid Liquid ChromatographyuChromatographyu/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC--MS/MS)MS/MS)
Specialized Stimulants Panel should include:Specialized Stimulants Panel should include: Specialized Stimulants Panel should include:Specialized Stimulants Panel should include:•• Amphetamine / MethamphetamineAmphetamine / Methamphetamine•• MDA / MDMAMDA / MDMA•• CathinoneCathinone / / MethcathinoneMethcathinoneCat o eCat o e // et cat o eet cat o e•• MephedroneMephedrone / MDPV/ MDPV
TASC, Inc. 2008TASC, Inc. 2008
Questions and CommentaryQuestions and Commentary
Thank You!Thank You!
Presentation: www.tascaz.org/NTASC2011
Doug Kramer: (602) 257-7588 x189g ( )
www.tascaz.org
SalviaSalviaSalviaSalvia
Active constituent Active constituent -- SavinorinSavinorin AA
Most potent naturallyMost potent naturallyp yp yoccurring hallucinogenoccurring hallucinogen
Rapid high in 1Rapid high in 1--5 minutes5 minutesRapid high in 1Rapid high in 1 5 minutes5 minutes
Tapers off 5Tapers off 5--10 minutes10 minutes
Return to “baseline” in Return to “baseline” in 2020--30 minutes30 minutes