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Session 11: Subject Analysis through Classification

• Dewey Decimal classification organization & principles

• Library of Congress classification organization & principles

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How Do Books Get Organized on the Shelf?

That’s the job of classification numbers

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Let’s Look at Dewey First

This is going to be a little hard to do without the DDC books here.

How many of you use Dewey? Are you familiar with the DDC schedules?

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Then Let’s

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What you might find on someDewey shelves ☺

See any problems?

7Plus the 000’s for generalities

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Characteristics of Dewey• 4 v.: tables (1), schedules (2-3), index

(4)• Note manual (1) & intro (1)• 10 classes = decimal basis• Hierarchical, from general to specific• Adding number segments adds meaning

& specificity• Summaries & carets [ < ]in margins

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Basic Premise of Deweyaccording to Arlene Taylor

• No one class for any given subject• Primary arrangement is by discipline• Any specific topic may appear in any number

of disciplines• Various aspects of such a topic are usually

brought together in the relative index• Base classification number on discipline for

which work was intended

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Organization of the Index

• Cross references• “T” numbers (tables)• Spacing of long numbers• Direction to different DDC numbers for

different aspects of a topic• Some “built” numbers (which include

bicycles & adopted children)

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Dewey’s Index

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Some DDC Class Numbers Pertaining to the Family

• 173 Ethics of family relationships• 241.63 Christian family ethics• 296.4 Religious family rites, etc.• 304.666 Family planning• 306.8 Marriage and family• 362.82 Families with specific problems• 392.3 Dwelling places• 616.89156 Family psychotherapy• 796.0191 Sports for families• 929.2 Family histories

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Classification Number Structure• Most:

– Discipline (0-9) subject subdivision geographic &/time period form of presentation (T1) 641.5/942/

• Literature and language:– Discipline original language form

period of composition• Generalities (dictionaries,

encyclopedias, library science):– Form language or place

641.5/942/05

851./1

038./81

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Some Important Ways to Understand DDC

• Read summaries throughout schedules, especially 800 & 810; T3 & T3A

• Note references to Manual• Read scope notes• Concepts: base numbers, built numbers,

period numbers, segmentation, footnotes

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Some Definitions• Base number = number you add to, when

directed by schedule or when adding from tables

• Built number = number not directly available in schedule, but already “built” for you in the index

• Period number = segment sometimes available to be added, indicating time period

• Segmentation = logical break points to make a classification number shorter; indicated by “/” in OCLC & by “ ’ ” in CIP

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Bicycles in DDC Index(Built Number)

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Base Number Directions

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Tables: General Info• T1 = standard subdivisions, -01-09

– Use for all classes• T2 = geographic table, -1-9

– Use when told to, or– Use after standard subdivision, -09

• T3 = literatures, 3A, B, C– Use with base number of asterisked class

numbers, 810-890

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Tables: General Info, cont’d• T4 = individual languages (analysis of)

– Use with base number of asterisked class numbers, 420-490

• T5 = racial, ethnic, national aspects– Use when told to, or– Use after standard subdivision, -089

• T6 = languages (items in other langs.)– Use when told to

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Table 1

382.41/0973/01

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Some Oddities to Note• T1 “explanations” at various spots:

– 501 [no note or explanation]– 510.1 [no note or explanation]– 658.001 [in summary + examples]– 025.001 [in note + summary]

Terminal 0’s at main class (600) or division (680) act as space fillers unless otherwise noted

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WebDewey, with Directions

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Dewey Call Number Structure• [Location info] REF• *Classification number 026.5• Author notation or cutter D56i

+ work mark maybe• Date 1988• [Vol. no.] v. 3• [Copy no.] c. 2

• * decimal point between 3rd & 4th digits• [ ] = optional components

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Steps to Follow When Assigning Dewey Call Numbers

• Use index for subject & possible built numbers

• ALWAYS look up index number in schedules for further direction/ explanation

• Use tables to add to number, if directed or desired

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Some Don’ts

• Don’t combine more than one standard subdivision (T1) unless specifically told to

• Follow precedence tables when doing so• Don’t add standard subdivision, if

redundant, e.g., adding -09+ to 973

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Clues to Look for in MARC Bibs for DDC Currency

• Fixed field “entered date”• Fixed field “desc”—rules applied

– Always look for “a” [AACR2 + ISBD]• ISBD punctuation or not• 040—Who created record?

– Usually prefer DLC [Library of Congress]• 082 or 092 $2—DDC edition used

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Now that you know all about Dewey ☺, we’ll look at LCC

How many of you use Library of Congress classification?

Are you familiar with the schedules?

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A - General works B - Philosophy C - Auxiliary sciences of history D - History (general) E-F - History (Americas) G - Geography H - Social sciences J - Political science K - LawL - Education M - Music N - Visual arts P - Language and literature Q - Science R - Medicine S - Agriculture T - Technology U - Military science V - Naval science Z - Bibliography; library science

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Library of Congress Classification

• 21 classes in ~40 separate schedules• Each has own index--no cumulative • All classes except E-F have subclasses• Kept current with additions & changes,

new schedules, reprint/cumulative/ revised editions

• Main entry notation: LCC cutters

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• Many gaps for future expansion• Not consistently hierarchical• LC can add schedule cutters for specific

subjects, for expansion

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How LCC Might Appear

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• Read call numbers line by line• LB

Read the first line in alphabetical order:A, B, BF, C, D... L, LA, LB, LC, M, ML...

• 2395Read the second line as a whole number:1, 2, 3, 45, 100, 101.5, 1000, 2000, 2430...

• .C65The third line is a combination of a letter and numbers. Read the letter alphabetically. Read the number as a decimal, e.g.:.C65 = .65 .C724 = .724

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• Some call numbers have more than one combination letter-number line

• 1991The last line is the year the book was published. Read in chronological order:1985, 1991, 1992...

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• Here is a shelf of books with the call number order explained

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For Majority of Subjects• Form, period, geographical, & topical

subdivisions are indicated by different classification numbers in schedules, with few additional tables

• Exceptions: Law (K), Social Sciences (H), Literature (P), Fine Arts (N)

Other subjects may have small tables included near topic, with footnoted directions

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Frequently Used Tables

• Regions & countries in 1 alphabet• States & Canadian provinces • Author tables [P table schedule]• Form subdivisions [K schedule]• Biography table• Translation/edition table

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Common DirectionsDirections for “By region or country, A-

Z”, e.g., Witchcraft in Alabama

BF1577 Witchcraft, by region or country, A-Z.A2 AlabamaS5 main entry cutter1961 publication date

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Cutter breakdown in some schedules, e.g., HD9213, Salt industry:

.A1A-Z Periodicals, societies, etc.; will have 2 cutters

.A2A-Z General works; will have single cutter

HD9213.A1 T3 1999 Periodical about Taiwan’s salt industry, with title beginning with T

HD9213.J6 2000 Book about salt industry, by Jones

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LCC Call Number Structure• [Location info] REF• Classification number HD8039• Possible topical cutter .P3• Main entry cutter [Ghastly] G63• Date 1988• [Vol. no.] v. 3• [Copy no.] c. 2

[ ] = optional components

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DDC vs. LCC

• Biography– DDC: B, 920, 92, -092– LCC: particular subset of most subject

categories• Fiction

– DDC: 823, Fic/SF/X, etc.– LCC: P

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DDC vs. LCC• Bibliography

– DDC: 016+ or -016 [016.796 or 796.016]– LCC: Z or subject category subset

• History– DDC: 9+– LCC: D, E-F, etc.

• Geography– DDC: 91+– LCC: D, E-F, etc. COMBINED with

History

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DDC vs. LCC• DDC = additional segments are tacked

on to base number• LCC = tables used to locate desired

number within range of numbers; appropriate number is arithmetically added to base number

• DDC call numbers use various author notations

• LCC call numbers use LC’s cutter chart

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LC’s Cutter Chart

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A Little More of it…

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Call Numbers in MARC• DDC

– 082 DDC assigned by LC• 1st indicator = no info or full or abridged DDC

edition [blank, 0, 1]• 2nd indicator = assigned by LC or someone else [0,

4]• $a classification number• $b main entry cutter [rarely used for DDC]• $2 edition of DDC used, if 1st indicator is 0 or 1

– 092 DDC assigned by the rest of us• Same 1st indicator & subfields; no 2nd indicator

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Call Numbers in MARC• LCC

– 050 LCC assigned by LC• 1st indicator = exists in LC catalog• 2nd indicator = assigned by LC or someone else• $a classification number• $b main entry cutter & publication date

– 090 LCC assigned by the rest of us• no indicators; same subfields

• Local free-text call numbers– 099 Any call # type, with each part separated

by $a, to format on separate lines in labels

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Can we add classification to our “fake books”?