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Environmental services as a vehicle for synergies between climate change
mitigation and adaptation
Lalisa A. Duguma*, Peter A. Minang, Dieudonne Alemagi, Zac Tchoundjeu, Fredrik Nkeumoe
*World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) &ASB Partnership for Tropical Forest Margins
Email: [email protected]
Introduction Strong mitigation-adaptation synergy potential sectors: Land
use sector, energy and construction (Klein et al. 2007).
Strong segregation at higher levels (e.g. global and national level) which eventually decreases moving to the landscape and farm levels.
Such segregations may be due to limited understanding of: the interdependencies between M and A
the possible strategies to address the interdependencies
Aim: To highlight how environmental services could be a basis for promoting synergies between mitigation and adaptation
The M A Interdependence [The Domino Effect]
In economies relying on land resources: Failure in adaptation → mitigation efforts are in
jeopardy. Failure in mitigation → expensive adaptation.
1. Weak adaptation → Poor mitigation:
e.g. Forest exploitation in Suba, EthiopiaConsider forest carbon as a proxy for mitigation
Crop failure due to shortage of rainfall (drought)
Poor/No crop yield
Need for alternative income/livelihood sources to survive
Exploitation of nearby forests for extracting fuel wood and timber for sale
Flooding in the low lying areas
Clearing forests to create new farmlands
ADAPTATION MITIGATION
1984 2004
9557 ha 3530 ha
Menagesha Suba state forest
Each pale symbol is a FARM HOUSEHOLD
2. Poor mitigation→ Expensive adaptation
As a result of poor mitigation:
CO2 in atmosphere increases
Plants close stomata early
Limited release of H2O to atm.
Less cloud formation
The surface T0 increases.
• Higher costs to cool our living spaces • Drought • Shortage of irrigation water…• Poor hydrological functions as a whole• Disease prevalence may increases e.g.
Malaria
Cloud reflectance diminishes ; sunlight hits
directly
• Migration• Social conflict – East
African rangelands• Invasive alien species
Computer model calculation of the effect of carbon dioxide on plant physiology and global climate if CO2 concentration grows to 700ppm. http://studentresearch.wcp.muohio.edu/ClimateChangePrediction/studentarticles/Changinggloballandsurface.pdf
Ecosystem services and vulnerability to CC
Category Vulnerability Proxies/variables
Role of ES in addressing the vulnerability
Economy Income Sources of income e.g. fishing, ornamentals, tourism….
Health and Nutrition
Health expenditure Biochemical and natural medicines
Calories intake Wild foods (fruits, honey, insects, etc.)
Access to nutrition Wild fruits, mushrooms, insects, fungi, meat, nuts
Infrastructure Roads Flood protection, storm impacts and landslides risk minimization
Access to sanitation and clean water
Water purification; sources of freshwater Biodegradation detoxification
Coastal risk Storm protection by coral reefs
Agriculture Agricultural self sufficiency
Soil formation and retention, soil moisture retention, water regulation, pollination, pest and disease control, climate regulation,….
Ecology Genetic resources (protected area)
Habitat and reproductions sites; pollination;
Ecological stress Population control e.g. prey predator balance, control of pests and diseases
Ecosystem services and mitigationCategory Mitigation actions Role of ES in promoting the mitigation actions
Land use and agriculture
Reduce deforestation and forest degradation
Regulatory and provisioning ES strongly boost agricultural productivity – less deforestation and forest degradation.
Rehabilitation of degraded land
Sources of genetic materials e.g. soil seed banks,
Tree plantations Genetic materials for planting, growing medium, nutrient cycling, nutrient regulation, etc…
Biodegradation of agricultural wastes
Detoxification; Air quality regulation;
Energy Hydroelectric supply Water supply; water regulation i.e. runoff and water discharge regulation
Biomass energy Sources of biomass fuels
Selected Ecosystem Services crucial for mitigation and
adaptationo Pollination (animal pollinators)
75% of leading food crops (Klein et al. 2007) 79% (~ 308,006 plants) of the total plant species on earth (Ollerton et
al 2011) . West Africa produces 56% of global stimulant crops with 90%
vulnerability to pollinator loss (Gallai et al 2009).
o Nutrient cycling (Biogeochemical processes) Nitrogen cycle; carbon cycle; the food web
o Hydrological functions (hydrological cycle) 80% of agricultural water use comes from rainfall stored in soil
moisture – dependent on plant cover, SOM and soil microbial community (Power 2010; Molden 2007)
Concluding Remarks
Climate change mitigation and adaptation are considerably interdependent in the land use sector.
Mitigation-adaptation linkages are often through one or more ecosystem services.
THEREFORE,
1. Targeting ecosystem restoration/ management for better ecosystem services provision could enhance the opportunities for synergies in the land use sector.
2. At a landscape level, actions/strategies that enhance multifunctionality could provide the right direction.
Thank You!