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CeMEB Advanced course Marine Evolution under Climate Change Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes

Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

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Page 1: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

CeMEB Advanced course Marine Evolution under Climate

Change

Setting up the stage

Marine Global Changes

Page 2: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 – 10.30 – Coffee/tea 10.30 – 11.30 – Adaptation potential and quantitative genetics [Sam] 11.30 – 12.00 – Organization of the afternoon [Sam] 12.00 – 13.00 – Lunch 13.00 – 17.00 – Group discussion + Boat trip + Practicals [All] 17.00 – 18.00 – Dinner 18.00 - … - Pub & Group Discussion

Day 2

Page 3: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Marine Global Changes

Page 4: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Blue planet – 70% of oceans

Services?

Page 5: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Regulate climate Production of oxygen

Page 6: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

The cradle of life - 90% of all species - 33 / 35 animal phyla in the sea (17 ONLY in the sea) - Unlimited diversity of size, adaptation, life history traits, body plans, etc.

Page 7: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

The last frontier - 1500 new species described every year - only 1% of the deep sea explored

Page 8: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Direct economic value

Page 9: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Direct economic value

Traditional Chinese Medicine Medicine / Biotechnology

e.g. Frondoside A

Page 10: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Other interests

Scientific model species Iconic species

Page 11: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Sir John Carew Eccles Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Andrew Fielding Huxley

Leland H. Hartwell Jim Hunt Paul Nurse

Roger Tsien, Martin Chalfie & Osamu Shimomura 2008

Page 12: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

The ocean is an unlimited source of goods and services

- Food - Recreation - Compounds - Climate - Etc.

But the ocean is an limited resource

Page 13: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Marine Global Changes

Page 14: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

What are the symptoms ?

Marine Global changes

What are the causes ?

Page 15: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Planet infected by humans

Page 16: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

13.86BY

Big Bang

4.6BY

Formation of the earth

4.45BY

Formation of the moon

3.85BY

Ocean & first cell

1.4BY first cell nucleus 0.53BY

first fish

0.23BY

first dinosaur

0.0002BY

first humans

Present 0.0000002BY

Industrial revolution

A short history of the universe

Page 17: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

13.86BY Present

0 2 months 1 year

10 months 11 mo 11.5 mo

= 4h old = 1 second

A long year…

Page 18: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

2x

The problem: human demography

Page 19: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

« The combustion of coal by man. (…) In the geologically insignificant period of 1000 years the percentage of carbonic acid could therefore be doubled by this cause alone, if all other factors remained constant. The action of the ocean will retard and diminish any alteration in the percentage of carbonic acid in the atmosphere. These processes must be considered as extremely rapid. I shall not go into the problem of biological (…) importance of high percentage of carbonic acid which must certainly be very great. »

… since 1904 …

Page 20: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

A global impact… CO2 emissions

Page 21: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

The disease: CO2 emissions

1914-1918 WWI

1929 Stock Marker Crash

1940-1945 WWII

1973 Oil Embargo

1979 Peak Oil Price

1990-1991 Gulf War

Page 22: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Fossil fuels – 7.7 Petagr C every year Deforestation – 1.1 Petagr C every year

Total – 8.8 Petagr C every year

PETAGRAM???

1015 gr

1000000000000000 gr

1 billion tons

CO2 emissions

Page 23: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Chris Sabine – ASLO 2011

1 car = 100 Tons of coal (80% C)

How long is the “emission” train ???

CO2 emissions

Page 24: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

8.8 Petagr C y-1

= 110 millions of cars = 44 times around the earth

26% absorbed by the oceans

= 1 x per second

CO2 emissions

Page 25: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

The skeptics… The CO2 concentration was has been much higher in the past

(Prentice et al. 2001)

Page 26: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Symptoms: 1/ Global warming

- Temperature correlates with [CO2]atm - Temperature increased of 0.7ºC since 1750 - 1.4 to 5.8ºC expected by 2100

Page 27: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Other symptoms

2/ More catastrophic events

3/ Rise of sea level

Hoegh-Guldberg & Bruno 2010 Science

GROUP ASSIGNMENT #5 Can there be selection for extreme events?

Page 28: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Other symptoms

4/ Decreased salinity

5/ Hypoxia

Page 29: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

CO2

30% more acidic since 1800 Two times more acidic by 2100

6/ Ocean acidification

Page 30: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

CO2 + H20 H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ CO3

2- + 2H+ CO3

2- + Ca2+ CaCO3

OA = carbonate chemistry perturbation

Page 31: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

(Doney et al. 2009)

Ocean acidification is happening now

Page 32: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

(Turley et al. 2006)

Ocean acidification

Faster/higher changes than in 20 millions years

GROUP ASSIGNMENT #1 Impact of the rate of change?

Page 33: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Ocean acidification is happening now… In Sweden

Page 34: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

The symptoms: Global warming Catastrophic events Sea level rise Hypoxia Salinity changes Ocean acidification

The cause: Humans (CO2)

Page 35: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Zalasiewicz et al. 2008

Global increase of human population and a high CO2 world - Global warming - Ocean acidification - Hypoxia - Increased precipitation - Increased catastrophic events

Local impacts including: - habitat destruction - over-exploitation of resources - local pollution - Introduction of species - etc.

Global changes on top of local’s

GROUP ASSIGNMENT #3 How to assess evolution in a multi-stressor world?

Page 36: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Large geographical variations

(courtesy Tatiana Ilyina)

Need locally relevant scenarios

Page 37: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Large temporal variations

Not only for pH (temperature, food, etc.)

Page 38: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

To understand the impact of OA on an individual you need to take into account:

- Local scenarios - Local variability - Local stressors and other modulating

factors

GROUP ASSIGNMENT #2 Selection in a fluctuating environment, what is driving the response?

Page 39: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

The only thing constantly changing is change and it comes equipped with a curse

A changing world

Page 40: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Marine Global Changes

Page 41: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

©Robin Paris (1994)

What society expect from us? Ocean in a high

CO2 world: What will be the consequence on marine species /

population / ecosystems /

services?

Urgent need to predict (?)

Page 42: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Welcome into the Anthropocene…

The Big fives 1. Cretaceous-Tertiary (50% genera) 2. Triassic-Jurassic (58% genera) 3. Permian-Triassic (83% genera) 4. Late Devonian (50% genera) 5. Ordovician-Silurian (57% genera)

Page 43: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

… past OA episode

The 3rd extinction (end of Permian)

Page 44: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

The 3rd extinction (end of Permian)

(Knoll et al. 2007)

Extinction of 92% of all marine species

Page 45: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Welcome into the Anthropocene…

The 6th extinction

Page 46: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

A lot of evidences… Coral bleaching (GW)

Species fitness (GW/SWrise)

-High productivity / diversity -Up to 70% mortality -Good and services

Species distribution (GW)

Page 47: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Hugues et al. 2010

Ecosystem shift

Page 48: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Richardson et al 2009 TREE

overfishing

eutrophication

warming acidification

Ecosystem shift

Page 49: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

What do we know?

1. GC is real, fast and related to CO2 emissions

2. Impact of GW on marine species, ecosystems and services is certain (Marine ecosystems will change)

3. This impact can be dramatic, including species extinction within decades

Page 50: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

What we do not know Proof of concept

Acclimation

Adaptation potential

Carry-over effects Environmental

variability

Ecological interactions

Synergy between stressors

Measured parameters

Not 1 species with the requested level of information BUT we mostly under-estimate the impact

KEY ROLE OF EVOLUTION???

Page 51: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

CeMEB Advanced course Marine Evolution under Climate

Change

Setting up the stage

Marine Global Changes

A timely course

Page 52: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Navigating the future

Global changes as a research

priority

Page 53: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Panel discussion

at UN

A major threat

Page 54: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

WGII: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability Yokohama, Japan 25-29 March 2014

A major threat

Page 55: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Climate negociations

Page 56: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Society problem

Politics

Economists

Citizens Scientists

Page 57: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

What can (shall) we do?

Fight? Flight? or nothing?

- NOTHING: Adapt to the consequences - FIGHT: Work on the cause (decrease CO2) - FLIGHT: Work on the symptoms (buy some time)

Page 58: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Option 1: nothing

Page 59: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS (not what would be the cost of OA but what would be the benefits of doing something) Do nothing but

- create funds to cover the future loss (cost of restoration) - Adaptation (adapt to the loss)

Naughty boys

Nice Guys Can’t Get Girls

Parents: You have to be nice Naughty boy: Why? What will be the benefit for me?

Scientists: We have to decrease the CO2 emissions Economists: Why? What would be the benefits?

Page 60: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Option 2: Fight Work on the cause (CO2 emissions)

C40 is a network of the world’s megacities taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. + Renewable energy, improve energy efficiency, etc.

Page 61: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

"the deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system, in order to moderate climate change”

Option 2: Fight Geoengineering (CO2 emissions)

Sorcerer’s apprentice

Page 62: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Option 2: Fight 1. Iron fertilization

increase marine biological productivity (photosynthesis) by adding iron

- Not efficient - Side effects (e.g toxic algae) - Increase anoxia

”It is premature to sell carbon offsets from ocean fertilization” (Buesseler et al. 2008)

Page 63: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Option 2: Fight 2. Ocean alkalinization

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O -> Ca2+ + HCO3-

- Side effects? - Cost/Feasability

Accelerate the natural process of weathering to combat global warming and OA

Page 64: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Option 2: Fight 2. Ocean alkalinization

Olivine

”Let the earth help up to save the earth” (Olaf Schuiling)

Mg2SiO4 + 4CO2+ 4H2O -> 2Mg++ + 4HCO3

- + H4SiO4

- Feasible - Cheap - Side effects?

Page 65: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

3. Carbon Capture and Storage

- Increase acidification - Ecosystem effects

Option 2: Fight

Page 66: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

3. Carbon Capture and Storage

- Leakage - Ecosystem effects

Option 2: Fight

Page 67: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Option 3: Flight Ex: Solar radiation management

Atmospheric projects Stratospheric sulfur aerosols - Reflective aerosols or dust - Cloud whitening / marine cloud brightening / cloud reflectivity enhancement - Ocean sulfur cycle enhancement - Reflective balloons - Cloud seeding

Terrestrial albedo modification Cool roof - Reflective sheeting - Ocean changes

Farming, forestry, and land management Forestry - Grassland management - High-albedo crop varieties

Space projects Space mirrors - Moon dust - Dispersive solutions

Page 68: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Option 3: Flight 1. Reduce other stressors [local]

Citizens more willing to pay for the costs (Kelly et al. 2012)

Page 69: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

- Coupling monitoring to oyster hatcheries - Take advantage of spatial variability - Select ”climate proof strains” [e.g. Parker et al.]

Option 3: Flight 2. Adaptations

Page 70: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Option 3: GMO 2. Adaptations

Page 71: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

What can we do?

Decrease CO2 emissions we know enough

Science can help to buy some time e.g. increase ecosystem resilience e.g. act on other pressures (local vs global) e.g. select resilient strains e.g. identify hotspots (socio-eco, chemistry, biology)

More research is needed

BUT… Uncertainty is not an excuse for inaction

Page 72: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

• Between 2005 and 2009, Washington and Oregon shellfish hatcheries suffered disastrous production losses

• Some experienced 100% mortality of Pacific oyster larvae

• Increased acidity was the culprit

• Pacific oysters as the “canary in the coal mine”

Success story

Identification and implementation of solutions [monitoring, culturing methods]

Page 73: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

From problem to action Problem: Acid rains and lake acidification

Origin: SOx/NOx

Solution: Clean gas (scrubber)

Problem: Ocean acidification

Origin: CO2

Solution: Monitoring + New culturing methods

Problem: Ocean acidification / warming

Origin: CO2

Solution: Decrease CO2 emission

But… still facing consequences

Page 74: Setting up the stage Marine Global Changes...09.00 – 09.20 – Revisiting the definitions [Piero] 09.20 - 10.00 – Setting up the stage – marine global changes [Sam] 10.00 –

Key role of evolution

Better understanding of modulating role (predictability)

Buy some time & adaptation

Others?


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