SETTLEMENT PATTERNS/SETTLEMENT PATTERNS/ URBAN GEOGRAPHY URBAN GEOGRAPHY

Chapter 11 & 12Chapter 11 & 12

Carol Jean CoxCarol Jean Cox

SUBJECT OVERVIEWSUBJECT OVERVIEW

SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTSORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS TYPES OF SETTLEMENTSTYPES OF SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN

SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS CITY HISTORYCITY HISTORY URBAN PATTERNSURBAN PATTERNS

SettlementSettlement

Settlement - a permanent Settlement - a permanent collection of buildings and collection of buildings and inhabitantsinhabitants

GEOGRAPHIC GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE OF PERSPECTIVE OF SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

Geographers are interested in the Geographers are interested in the patternspatterns of settlements and the of settlements and the interrelationshipinterrelationship of settlements of settlements

How do the patterns of settlements How do the patterns of settlements explain human culture?explain human culture?

ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTSORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS

ReligiousReligious - graves, churches, temples - graves, churches, temples

CulturalCultural - schools, libraries - schools, libraries

Political/MilitaryPolitical/Military - leader’s house, walls - leader’s house, walls

EconomicEconomic - stores, food - stores, food

TYPES OF SETTLEMENTSTYPES OF SETTLEMENTS

Rural SettlementsRural Settlements - agriculture as - agriculture as the the predominant occupation.predominant occupation.

Urban settlementsUrban settlements - principal - principal industries industries are secondary and are secondary and tertiary.tertiary.

RURAL SETTLEMENTSRURAL SETTLEMENTS

Clustered rural settlementsClustered rural settlements - -grouped grouped settlements in rural settlements in rural areas to areas to minimize travelminimize travel

RURAL SETTLEMENTSRURAL SETTLEMENTS

Dispersed rural SettlementsDispersed rural Settlements - - isolated isolated farms with enclosed farms with enclosed continuous continuous fieldsfields

RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE EASTERN U.S.THE EASTERN U.S.

New EnglandNew England - clustered villages of the - clustered villages of the colonistscolonists

Mid AtlanticMid Atlantic - dispersed isolated farms - dispersed isolated farms of the Dutch, Swedes, Irish and of the Dutch, Swedes, Irish and GermansGermans

SouthSouth - plantations (mansions - plantations (mansions surrounded by plantation services)surrounded by plantation services)

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

Prior to modern times most Prior to modern times most settlements settlements were ruralwere rural

First Urban SettlementFirst Urban Settlement– UR (modern day of Iraq)UR (modern day of Iraq)

Other Early CitiesOther Early Cities– Mycenae,Troy, & Isle of Crete in GreeceMycenae,Troy, & Isle of Crete in Greece– Settlements along the world’s great Settlements along the world’s great

riversrivers

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

AthensAthens - first city over 100,000 - first city over 100,000– by the 5th century BC over 300,000by the 5th century BC over 300,000

RomeRome - center of an empire 200 BC-400 AD - center of an empire 200 BC-400 AD– ““all roads lead to Rome”all roads lead to Rome”– Paris, London, Vienna - all old Roman sitesParis, London, Vienna - all old Roman sites

Mid-Evil EuropeMid-Evil Europe - after the fall of Rome - after the fall of Rome– urbanization decreasedurbanization decreased– patterns of castles, walls & narrow streetspatterns of castles, walls & narrow streets– compact space surrounded by wallscompact space surrounded by walls

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

Renaissance-Baroque CitiesRenaissance-Baroque Cities– Renaissance 15-16th centuriesRenaissance 15-16th centuries– Baroque 16-18th centuriesBaroque 16-18th centuries– development of wide avenues & monumentsdevelopment of wide avenues & monuments– Paris & London rebuilt, Washington D.C.Paris & London rebuilt, Washington D.C.

Industrial City Industrial City – 19th century to present19th century to present– city designed around industry and city designed around industry and

transportationtransportation– most modern citiesmost modern cities

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

Megalopolis - Megalopolis - – conurbation of a number of cities blended conurbation of a number of cities blended

together without separationtogether without separation– ““The Blob” Lewis MumfordThe Blob” Lewis Mumford

– SMSA- Standard Metropolitan Statistical SMSA- Standard Metropolitan Statistical AreaArea

– 40% of the world’s population lives in urban 40% of the world’s population lives in urban areasareas

URBAN SMSA’sURBAN SMSA’s

First city with 1 million - London in First city with 1 million - London in 18101810

Over 1 millionOver 1 million - 180+ cities - 180+ cities Over 10 millionOver 10 million - LA, Buenos Aires, - LA, Buenos Aires,

London, Bombay, Jakarta, Mexico City, London, Bombay, Jakarta, Mexico City, New York City, Osaka, Paris, Rio De New York City, Osaka, Paris, Rio De Janeiro, Sao Paulo, SeoulJaneiro, Sao Paulo, Seoul

Over 30 millionOver 30 million - Tokyo - Tokyo

DEFINITION OF THE CITYDEFINITION OF THE CITY Physical Definition of the CityPhysical Definition of the City - Non- - Non-

rural settlement that is, rural settlement that is, built upbuilt up, , economically functional,economically functional, has a local has a local government, and a government, and a legal boundarylegal boundary..

Environmental Definition of the CityEnvironmental Definition of the City– urban dust domes urban dust domes

(defined by pollution)(defined by pollution)

– heat islandheat island (defined by increased temperatures)(defined by increased temperatures)

GROWTH OF THE CITYGROWTH OF THE CITY

Skyscrapers - using vertical spaceSkyscrapers - using vertical space– intensive use of landintensive use of land

shops at street levelshops at street level– professional offices at higher levelsprofessional offices at higher levels

Outward ExpansionOutward Expansion– advent of the automobile & advent of the automobile &

transportation transportation routesroutes– decline of public transportdecline of public transport

OUTWARD EXPANSION OUTWARD EXPANSION (con’t)(con’t)

Squatter SettlementsSquatter Settlements - illegally erected - illegally erected shacks, cardboard structures and shacks, cardboard structures and tents, due to rapid growth in cities of tents, due to rapid growth in cities of developing countriesdeveloping countries

De-urbanization of the CityDe-urbanization of the City – suburbansuburbanism - ism - legally independent citieslegally independent cities– cluster citiescluster cities– rural areas- preferable to urban lifestylerural areas- preferable to urban lifestyle– telecommutingtelecommuting - economic activity from a - economic activity from a

distancedistance

DISTRIBUTION OF CITIESDISTRIBUTION OF CITIES Physical RestraintsPhysical Restraints

– Manufacturing - North & EastManufacturing - North & East– Retail Cities serving farmers - Mid Retail Cities serving farmers - Mid

WestWest– Resorts & Retirement - SouthwestResorts & Retirement - Southwest

Economic FunctionsEconomic Functions– site & situation factorssite & situation factors– International Trade - Port CitiesInternational Trade - Port Cities– Entertainment Centers - Las VegasEntertainment Centers - Las Vegas

DISTRIBUTION OF CITIESDISTRIBUTION OF CITIES International Distribution International Distribution

– Developed countries have a higher Developed countries have a higher population living in urban population living in urban

areasareas Two thirds live in urban areasTwo thirds live in urban areas

– Developing countries have the Developing countries have the greatest greatest increases in the increases in the number of large urban number of large urban settlementssettlements

One quarter live in urban areasOne quarter live in urban areas Most of the largest cities are in the Most of the largest cities are in the

developing regionsdeveloping regions

URBAN PATTERNS

URBAN PATTERNSURBAN PATTERNS

City CenterCity Center – best known area, most visually distinctivebest known area, most visually distinctive

San Francisco, LondonSan Francisco, London

– original site of settlementoriginal site of settlement Central Business DistrictCentral Business District

– retail & office spaceretail & office space– assessableassessable– often a focal point with skyscrapersoften a focal point with skyscrapers– specialized stores for the office workersspecialized stores for the office workers

URBAN PATTERNSURBAN PATTERNS Zones in TransitionZones in Transition

– mixed use with light industrymixed use with light industry– transition from business to residentialtransition from business to residential– older neighborhoods (slums)older neighborhoods (slums)

home to ethnic groups not culturally integratedhome to ethnic groups not culturally integrated ghettos vs. ethnic neighborhoodghettos vs. ethnic neighborhood

SuburbsSuburbs– residentialresidential– nodes of retail servicesnodes of retail services