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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 2.21 – 2.40
Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Matter and Energy
Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)
• Energy – the ability to do work • Chemical • Electrical • Mechanical • Radiant
Composition of Matter
Slide 2.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Elements • Fundamental units of matter
• 96% of the body is made from four elements • Carbon (C) • Oxygen (O) • Hydrogen (H) • Nitrogen (N)
• Atoms • Building blocks of elements
Atomic Structure
Slide 2.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nucleus • Protons (p+)
• Neutrons (n0)
• Outside of nucleus • Electrons (e-)
Figure 2.1
Identifying Elements
Slide 2.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Atomic number • Equal to the number of protons that the
atoms contain
• Atomic mass number • Sum of the protons and neutrons
Atomic Weight and Isotopes
Slide 2.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Isotopes • Have the same number of protons
• Vary in number of neutrons
• Atomic weight • Close to mass number of most abundant
isotope
• Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation
Radioactivity
Slide 2.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Radioisotope • Heavy isotope
• Tends to be unstable
• Decomposes to more stable isotope
• Radioactivity • Process of spontaneous atomic decay
Molecules and Compounds
Slide 2.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Molecule – two or more like atoms combined chemically
• Compound – two or more different atoms combined chemically
Chemical Reactions
Slide 2.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Atoms are united by chemical bonds
• Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken
Electrons and Bonding
Slide 2.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells
• Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted
• Each shell has distinct properties • Number of electrons has an upper limit
• Shells closest to nucleus fill first
Electrons and Bonding
Slide 2.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (valence shell)
• Full valence shells do not form bonds
Inert Elements
Slide 2.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Have complete valence shells and are stable
• Rule of 8s • Shell 1 has 2
electrons • Shell 2 has 10
electrons • 10 = 2 + 8
• Shell 3 has 18 electrons • 18 = 2 + 8 + 8
Figure 2.4a
Reactive Elements
Slide 2.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Valence shells are not full and are unstable
• Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons • Allows for bond
formation, which produces stable valence
Figure 2.4b
Chemical Bonds
Slide 2.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Ionic Bonds • Form when electrons are completely
transferred from one atom to another
• Ions • Charged particles
• Anions are negative
• Cations are positive
• Either donate or accept electrons
Chemical Bonds
Slide 2.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Covalent Bonds • Atoms become stable through shared electrons • Single covalent bonds share one electron • Double covalent bonds share two electrons
Figure 2.6c
Examples of Covalent Bonds
Slide 2.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.6a, b
Polarity
Slide 2.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Covalent bonded molecules • Some are
non-polar • Electrically neutral
as a molecule • Some are
polar • Have a positive
and negative side Figure 2.7
Chemical Bonds
Slide 2.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hydrogen bonds • Weak chemical bonds
• Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule
• Provides attraction between molecules
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Slide 2.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Synthesis reaction (A+BAB) • Atoms or molecules combine
• Energy is absorbed for bond formation
• Decomposition reaction (ABA+B) • Molecule is broken down
• Chemical energy is released
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Slide 2.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.9a, b
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Slide 2.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Exchange reaction (ABAC+B) • Involves both synthesis and decomposition
reactions
• Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Slide 2.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Organic compounds • Contain carbon • Most are covalently bonded • Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Inorganic compounds • Lack carbon • Tend to be simpler compounds • Example: H2O (water)
• Title: Inorganic Compounds
• Essential Question: How are inorganic compounds important to the human body?
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water – 2/3 of the body • Most abundant inorganic compounds
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity • Prevents sudden changes of T° due to
outside environment
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water continued
• Vital properties continued
• Polarity/solvent properties • Universal solvent
• Chemical reactions depend on solvents
• Can transport and exchange medium
• Lubrication of body
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water continued • Vital properties continued
• Chemical reactivity • Important reactant
• Hydrolysis adding water to break down large molecules
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water continued • Vital properties continued
• Cushioning • Cerebrospinal fluid protects brain
• Amniotic fluid protects fetus
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Salts
• Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Salts cont.
• Vital to many body functions • Na+ and K+ nerve and muscle impulses
• Cl- regulation of body fluids
• HCO3- (bicarbonate) buffer in the blood
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Salts cont.
• Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Acids/Bases • pH
• Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions
• Range of 0-14 • pH 7 = neutral • pH below 7 = acidic • pH above 7 = basic
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Acids/Bases • pH cont.
• Change of 1 pH unit represents a tenfold change of hydrogen ions
• pH H+ basic
• pH H+ acidic
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Acids/Bases • Acids
• Sour • Can release detectable hydrogen ions proton donors • pH 0-7 • Hydrochloric acid digestion • Acetic Acid metabolism of fats • Carbonic Acid buffer in blood
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Acids/Bases • Bases
• Bitter and slippery • Proton acceptors • pH 7 – 14 • HCO3
- (Bicarbonate) is a buffer in the blood
Important Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Acids/Bases • Buffers
• Weak acids/bases that can regulate pH change
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Carbohydrates • Function: primarily used for energy in the body;
stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Carbohydrates • Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, glycogen,
and starch
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Carbohydrates • Structure:
Carbohydrates
Slide 2.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12a, b
Carbohydrates
Slide 2.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12c
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lipids • Function: energy storage; forms membranes around
our cells; forms vitamins and steroids
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lipids • Examples: saturated and unsaturated fats, cell
membranes, cholesterol, hormones, bile salts, Vitamin D
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lipids • Structure
Slide 2.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.14a, b
Lipids
Slide 2.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.14c
Cholesterol
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Proteins • Function: building tissues; form immune system cells
(antibodies); involved in catalyzing chemical reactions; forms some hormones; forms transport molecules
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Proteins • Examples: Enzymes, Insulin, Hemoglobin, antibodies
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Proteins • Structure:
Enzymes
Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Act as biological catalysts • Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nucleic Acids • Function: Provide blueprint of life
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nucleic Acids • Example: DNA, RNA, ATP (universal energy
compound used by all cells of the body)
Important Organic Compounds
Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nucleic Acids • Structure:
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Slide 2.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.18a
How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Slide 2.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.19
• Title: Cellular Transport
• Essential Question: How does the selective permeability of the plasma membrane allow substances to move into and out of the cell?
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 3.20 – 3.37
Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 3 Cells
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport
Slide 3.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell
Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport
Slide 3.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Passive transport •Molecules move due to Kinetic Energy,
but no energy is added to the system
Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Diffusion • Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a
solution • Movement is
from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
Figure 3.8
Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Types of diffusion •Simple diffusion •Unassisted process
•Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
•Size of molecules and temperature determines the rate
Factors Affecting Diffusion
Passive Transport Processes
• Facilitated diffusion • Allows lipid insoluble substances (i.e. glucose) to pass
through using a protein carrier
Facilitated Diffusion Animation
Diffusion through the Plasma Membrane
Slide 3.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.9
Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Types of diffusion •Osmosis – simple diffusion of water
•Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
Osmosis & Diffusion Animation
Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hypotonic Solutions:
• contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
• water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.
Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hypertonic Solutions:
• contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
• water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.
Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Isotonic Solutions: •contain the same concentration of solute as an another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
•water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate.
Animation
Example #1
Cell with 0.9% NaCl
Cell membrane is not permeable to NaCl.
Solution is 3% NaCl
Show -What will happen to the cell? -Where will most of the NaCl solutes be? What direction will it move? -Where will most of the water molecules be? What direction will it move? -Is the solution hypertonic? Hypotonic? Isotonic?
Example #1
Cell with 0.9% NaCl
Cell membrane is not permeable to NaCl.
Solution is 3% NaCl
0.9% NaCl 99.1 % Water
3% NaCl 97% Water
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
S
S
S
S
-Water leaves the cell -NaCl does not move -Cell shrinks
Solution is Hypertonic
• Hypertonic Solutions:
• contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
• When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.
Hypertonic Example
• If red cells are placed in sea water (about 3% salt), they lose water by osmosis and the cells shrivel up. Sea water is hypertonic to their cytosol.
• Similarly, if a plant tissue is placed in sea water, the cell contents shrink away from the rigid cell wall. This is called plasmolysis.
Hypertonic Example
• Sea water is also hypertonic to the ECF of most marine vertebrates. To avoid fatal dehydration, these animals (e.g., bony fishes like the cod) must continuously drink sea water and then desalt it by pumping ions out of their gills by active transport.
Hypertonic Example
• Marine birds, which may pass long periods of time away from fresh water, and sea turtles use a similar device. They, too, drink salt water to take care of their water needs and use metabolic energy to desalt it. In the herring gull, shown here, the salt is extracted by two glands in the head and released (in a very concentrated solution — it is saltier than the blood) to the outside through the nostrils. Marine snakes use a similar desalting mechanism.
Example #2
Cell with 60% NaCl
Cell membrane is permeable to NaCl.
Solution is 10% NaCl
Show -What will happen to the cell? -Where will most of the NaCl solutes be? What direction will it move? -Where will most of the water molecules be? What direction will it move? -Is the solution hypertonic? Hypotonic? Isotonic?
Example #2
Cell with 60% NaCl
Cell membrane is permeable to NaCl.
Solution is 10% NaCl
60% NaCl 40% Water
10% NaCl 90% Water
Solution is Hypotonic
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
S S
S
S
-Water moves into the cell -NaCl moves out of the cell -Cell swells
• Hypotonic Solutions:
• contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
• When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.
Hypotonic Example
• A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution (e.g., pure water) bursts immediately ("hemolysis") from the influx of water.
• Plant cells and bacterial cells avoid bursting in hypotonic surroundings by their strong cell walls. These allow the buildup of turgor within the cell. When the turgor pressure equals the osmotic pressure, osmosis ceases.
Example #3
Cell with 0.9% NaCl
Cell membrane is permeable to NaCl.
Solution is 0.9% NaCl
Show -What will happen to the cell? -Where will most of the NaCl solutes be? What direction will it move? -Where will most of the water molecules be? What direction will it move? -Is the solution hypertonic? Hypotonic? Isotonic?
Solution is Isotonic
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
S
S S
S
-Water moves into and out of the cell equally -NaCl moves into and out of the cell equally -Cell stays the same
•Isotonic Solutions: •contain the same concentration of solute as an another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
•When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic.
Osmosis is important!
A report in the 23 April 1998 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine tells of the life-threatening complications that can be caused by an ignorance of osmosis.
• Large volumes of a solution of 5% human albumin are injected into people undergoing a procedure called plasmapheresis.
• The albumin is dissolved in physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) and is therefore isotonic to human plasma (the large protein molecules of albumin have only a small osmotic effect).
• If 5% solutions are unavailable, pharmacists may substitute a proper dilution of a 25% albumin solution. Mixing 1 part of the 25% solution with 4 parts of diluent results in the correct 5% solution of albumin.
• BUT, in several cases, the diluent used was sterile water, not physiological saline.
• SO, the resulting solution was strongly hypotonic to human plasma.
• The Result: massive, life-threatening hemolysis in the patients.
Source: http://users.rcn.com
It’s your turn!!
• You and your partner write an example where the solution is either hypertonic or hypotonic.
• Give the example to the partners across from you, and vice versa
• Solve the problem!
• Be ready to share out!
• Title: Cellular Transport
• Essential Question: Describe how various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane.
Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport
Slide 3.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Active transport •The cell must provide metabolic energy
Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion • They may be too large • They are not lipid soluble. • They may have to move against a concentration
gradient
Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Solute pumping •Amino acids, some sugars and ions are
transported by solute pumps
•ATP provides the energy to move substances against the concentration gradients
Na/K Pump
Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.10
Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bulk transport •Exocytosis •Moves materials out of the cell •Material is carried in a membranous vesicle •Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane •Vesicle combines with plasma membrane •Material is emptied to the outside
Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.11
Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bulk transport •Endocytosis
•Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle
•Types of endocytosis
•Phagocytosis – cell eating
•Pinocytosis – cell drinking
Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.12
Endocytosis
• Title: Cellular Diversity
• Essential Question: Explain how the structure of a cell determines the special function of that cell.
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Connect Body Parts • Type of Cell:
•Fibroblast •Description of Cell:
•Elongated, abundant RER and large Golgi to make and secrete proteins
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Connect Body Parts • Type of Cell:
•Erythrocyte (red blood cell) •Description of Cell:
•Carries O2 in bloodstream, concave shape, no organelles, just cell membrane, filled w/hemoglobin
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Cover and Line Body Organs • Type of Cell: Epithelial Cell •Description of Cell: Hexagonal shape to help pack together in sheets
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Move organs and body parts •Type of Cell: •Skeletal muscle •Smooth muscle •Cardiac muscle •Description of Cell: Elongate, filled with contractile filament to enable movement
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Stores Nutrients • Type of Cell: Fat cell •Description of Cell: Large, spherical shape
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Fights Disease • Type of Cell: Macrophage •Description of Cell: Extends pseudopods to move through tissue to infection site. Abundant with lysosomes.
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Gathers information and controls body function • Type of Cell: Neuron •Description of Cell: Long processes for receiving/transmitting information
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Reproduction • Type of Cell: Oocyte (egg) • Description of Cell: - Largest cell in body, many copies of all organelles
Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cell Specialty: Reproduction • Type of Cell: Sperm • Description of Cell: - Long and streamlined w/flagella for movement
Cell Life Cycle
Slide 3.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cells have two major periods • Interphase
•Cell grows
•Cell carries on metabolic processes
Cell Life Cycle
Slide 3.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Cell division
•Cell replicates itself
•Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
DNA Replication
Slide 3.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells
• Occurs toward the end of interphase
• DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template
Figure 3.13
Events of Cell Division
Slide 3.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Mitosis •Division of the nucleus •Results in the formation of two daughter
nuclei
Events of Cell Division
Slide 3.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cytokinesis •Division of the cytoplasm •Begins when mitosis is near completion •Results in the formation of two daughter
cells
Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Interphase •No cell division
occurs
•The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth
Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Prophase •First part of cell
division
•Centromeres migrate to the poles
Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Metaphase •Spindle from
centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell
Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anaphase •Daughter
chromosomes are pulled toward the poles
•The cell begins to elongate
Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Telophase •Daughter nuclei
begin forming
•A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.14; 1