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SFS Fire Behaviour of Building Linings
Alex Webb CSIRO Fire Safety Engineering 27 June2013
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Case Study
•Station Nightclub, Rhode Island, USA •February 20, 2003 •More than 400 people inside •Live music venue •4 exits
•Brazil night club 27 Jan 2013
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station Nightclub
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station nightclub
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station nightclub
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station nightclub
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station nightclub
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station nightclub
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station nightclub
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station nightclub fire outcome
100 people die
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 5
Station nightclub fire outcome
Owner pleads guilty to 100 counts of involuntary manslaughter
12
DTS fire tests in BCA
• Wall and ceiling linings • ISO room corner test (ISO 9705) • Cone calorimeter (AS 3837)
• Flooring and floor coverings • Flooring radiant panel (ISO 9239.1)
• Flexible membranes • Flammability Test (AS 1530.2)
• Other items, including insulation, ductwork • Early Fire Hazard Test (AS 1530.3) • Ductwork fire hazard (AS 4254 requiring UL 181.9)
Data from any fire test can be used in a performance solution – provided the fire engineer understands its relevance and it is relevant for the application.
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
13
DTS fire tests in BCA
• Wall and ceiling linings was AS 1530.3 • But developed in 1950s • Great for non polymers • Not so good for polymers • Cone calorimeter (AS 3837) • Got called up for walls • Then expanded to other systems
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
14
ISO 9705 Room Corner Test
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
15
Large-scale calorimeters
100 min100 min
Pilot tube
To exhaustgas cleaning
Gas analysisLamp, photocell sytem
380
Opening3000 mm x 3000
Exhaust duct ø 400 mm
Opening ø 400 mm3500 min.
900
1050
3600
2400
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
AS ISO 9705 Room corner test
• Configuration • Material on 3 walls and ceiling, not just ceiling • Door open • Gas burner 100kW (0 – 10min), 300kW (10 – 20min)
• Measures • HRR – time to 1MW (Flashover) • Smoke (SMOGRA) • CO and CO2 and oxygen reduction • Thermal radiant flux • Additional if require
• Provides • Group number (4 bad, 1 good).
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
AS ISO 9705 Room corner test
• Group number • Flashover • 0 – 2minutes Group 4 – cannot be used • 2 – 10 minutes Group 3 – general • 10 – 20 minutes Group 2 – public corridors • No Flashover Group 1 – Every where • Smoke Growth Rate Index (SMOGRARC) <100
TABLE 1
WALL AND CEILING LINING MATERIALS (Materials Groups Permitted) BCA Building Fire isolated exits Public Corridors Specificareas Other Areas Class Wall/Ceiling Wall Ceiling Wall Ceiling Wall/Ceiling Class 2 & 3 Excluding accommodation for the aged, people with disabilities and children Unsprinklered 1 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 Sprinklered 1 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
18
Flashover in ISO 9705 room
Gas burner
Flashover approximately at 1 MW
(flames out of door)
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
19
Room corner test data
Event times (s)MaterialIgnition
oflining
Hot layerdescendsto 1.9 m
Upper layertemperature
is 600°C
Rate of heatrelease is1 MW
Flamesout door
End ofexperi-ment
Aver. rateof smoke
production(m2/s)
Wallsa
R5,8 Plywood 20 ± 0 110 ± 10 115 ± 10 163 ± 13 150 ± 10 162 ± 18 1.81 ±0.02
R3 Plywood, FR 22 160 155 260 240 260 2.0
Ceilingsa
R6 Plywood 240 320 330 400 380 400 1.36R4 Plywood, FR 290 400 425 535 490 535 0.6
Walls and ceilingsR1 Plaster N N N N N 1200 0.32R7 Plywood 30 85 95 125 121 125 3.32
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
AS NZS 3837 Cone Calorimeter
• Alternative to AS ISO 9705 • See topic 7 • Can be used to predict the room fire test only if appropriate • Cheaper • Quicker • Can predict the ISO 9705 for most materials - kokkala • Test @ 50kW/m2
• Not for • Melting • Intumesce • Spall • Reflective surfaces
21
Cone calorimeter
(continued) Not suitable for: • Complex specimens • Joints • Sandwich panels • Non-combustible surface • composites
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
22
New Zealand requirements
Room fire test Different smoke calc Cone ISO 5660.1 with different test
end time. Duct materials also included.
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
CSIRO. VU Graduate Diploma in Building fire safety and risk engineering - VQB5751 Topic 7
AS NZS 3837 Cone Calorimeter
• Prediction method • Can predict the ISO 9705 for most materials - kokkala • Data from cone • two predictors of material flammability behaviour are the • ignitability index, Iig.
• rate of heat release index, Iq
CSIRO. VU Graduate Diploma in Building fire safety and risk engineering - VQB5751 Topic 7
AS NZS 3837 Cone Calorimeter
• Prediction method • For practical reasons, the time to ignition is typically taken to be
the point at which the rate of heat release, q″, reaches 50 kW m-2
• the ignitability index is essentially a surrogate for measuring thermal inertia (kρc)
• Based on a series of room/corner tests, a good discrimination between surface linings that cause flashover before and after 10 min when m = 0.34
CSIRO. VU Graduate Diploma in Building fire safety and risk engineering - VQB5751 Topic 7
AS NZS 3837 Cone Calorimeter
• Prediction method • 10 min when m = 0.34
CSIRO. VU Graduate Diploma in Building fire safety and risk engineering - VQB5751 Topic 7
AS NZS 3837 Cone Calorimeter
• Prediction method • 10 min when m = 0.34
CSIRO. VU Graduate Diploma in Building fire safety and risk engineering - VQB5751 Topic 7
AS NZS 3837 Cone Calorimeter
• Prediction method • 2 min when m = 0.93
CSIRO. VU Graduate Diploma in Building fire safety and risk engineering - VQB5751 Topic 7
AS NZS 3837 Cone Calorimeter
• Types of materials
CSIRO. VU Graduate Diploma in Building fire safety and risk engineering - VQB5751 Topic 7
AS NZS 3837 Cone Calorimeter
• Limitations • Type of material must be validated • Reflective surfaces no good • ACM group 3 • ACM with FR core group 2 • What does a test cover when there is a range of
products, thicknesses densities etc
30
Fires in trains
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
31
Train saloon experiment
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
32
Fire truck
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9
Contact Us Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176
Email: [email protected] Web: www.csiro.au
Thank you
Fire Safety Engineering, Industrial Research Services Alex Webb Phone: 03 9252 6431 Email: [email protected] Web: www.csiro.au/services/industrial-research-services.htm
CSIRO. VU Scientific Principles for Fire Professionals - VQB5621 Topic 9