SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR - · PDF fileSFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.SC.) ... Asymmetric synthesis, Cram’s rule, Prelog’s rule, CD, ORD,

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SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.SC.)

CHEMISTRY

First Semester – Fourth Semester

(2-year programme)

I Semester Examination November 2007

II Semester Examination April 2008

III Semester Examination November 2008

IV Semester Examination April 2009

Syllabus applicable for the students seeking admission to the M.Sc. Chemistry in

the academic year 2007-08

2

Semester I

Paper I : Inorganic Reaction Mechanism and

Bonding in Co-ordination Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY- 121

Credits: 4 MM : 100

Contact Hr./semester : 60 hrs (CA : 30, SEE: 70)

Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objectives: To learn about kinetics and reaction mechanism of transition metal complexes and acquaint them

with the nature of metal-ligand bonding in coordination compounds.

I Stability of Complex ions in Solutions 10 hrs

Stepwise and overall formation constants, interaction trends in stepwise constants; effect of

ligands and metals on stability constants of complexes, chelate effect; determination of the

composition and formation constants of complexes – mole ratio method, solubility method,

spectral methods (slope-ratio and Job’s method) and Bjerrum’s method (pH-metry).

Self Study: Kinetic and thermodynamic stability of complex ions.

II Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes-I 14 hrs

Ligand Substitution Reactions: patterns of reactivity, classification of mechanisms, energy

profile of reaction transition states; inert and labile complexes; kinetics of substitution

reactions in octahedral complexes, factors affecting SN1 and SN

2 mechanism acid

hydrolysis and factors affecting acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, conjugate base

mechanism, direct and indirect evidence in favour of conjugate mechanism; anation

reactions; reactions without metal ligand bond cleavage.

III Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes-II 12 hrs

Mechanism of substitution in square planar complexes, trans effect, theories of trans effect

and its uses, factors affecting substitution reactions in square planar complexes, cis effect,

cis-trans isomerization.

Redox Reactions: classification, mechanism of one electron transfer reaction – outer sphere

type reactions, cross reactions and Marcus-Hush theory, inner sphere type reactions.

IV Molecular Orbital Theory-I (σ-bonding) 12 hrs

Pre requisite: Crystal field theory.

Concept of adjusted crystal field theory and ligand field theory; introduction to the

molecular orbital diagrams of some simple polyatomic molecules like BeH2, H2O;

complexes involving only σ bonding, LCAO’s approximation; σ-only molecular orbital

energy levels for octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes.

V Molecular Orbital Theory-II (π-bonding) 12 hrs

π-only molecular orbital energy levels for octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar

complexes; effect of pi-bonding (π- type ligands); experimental evidences for pi-bonding

(crystallography, Infra red spectroscopy); angular overlap model – principles, angular

overlap and geometry.

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Text/References:

1. Mechanism of Inorganic Redox Reactions, Second Edition; F. Basalo and R.G. Pearson;

Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1973.

2. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; D.F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins; Oxford University

Press, New York, 1999.

3. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity; Fourth Edition; J.E. Hueey,

E.A. Keiter and R.L. Keiter; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York, 1993.

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition; F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson; John Wiley

and Sons, USA, New York, 1988.

5. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr; Pearson

Education Inc. Singapore, 2005.

6. Coordination Compounds; S.F.A Kettle; Thomson Nelson and Sons Limited, 1975.

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Paper II : Basics of Organic Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-122 Credits: 4 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objectives:

To learn the basics of organic chemistry and the three dimensional concepts of molecules,

elements of symmetry and stereochemistry.

I Nature of Bonding in Organic Molecules 12 hrs

Pre requisite: Delocalized chemical bond – conjugation, cross conjugation, resonance and

field effects. hyperconjugation, tautomerism.

Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, alternant and non-alternant

hydrocarbons, Huckel’s rule and Möbius system, energy level of π molecular orbitals in

simple systems (ethylene, 1, 3 butadiene, benzene and allylic system), annulenes,

fullerenes, antiaromaticity, homoaromaticity, PMO approach, steric inhibition to resonance.

Bonds weaker than covalent – addition compounds, phase transfer catalysis and crown

ether complexes, cryptands, inclusion compounds, cyclodextrins, catenanes, rotaxanes and

Kekulene.

II Reaction Mechanism: Structure and Reactivity 16 hrs

Structure and Reactivity: effect of structure on reactivity, Hammett and Taft equations,

substituent constant and reaction constant, application of the concept of linear free energy

relationship in the determination of organic reaction mechanism, application of HSAB

principle in organic chemistry (like stability of organic compound, nucleophilicity and

ambident nucleophilicity), Hammonds postulate and Curtin- Hammett principle.

Pre requisite: Types of reactions, types of mechanisms, general principles for the

determination of reaction mechanism.

Organic Reaction Dynamics and Reactive Intermediates: general methods for the

determination of reaction mechanism – product analysis, determination of presence of

intermediates, study of catalysis, isotopic labelling, stereochemical evidences, kinetic

evidences and isotope effects.

Methods of generation, structure and reactivity of classical and non-classical carbocations,

phenonium ions, norbornyl system, carbanions, radical-anions and radical-cations, arynes,

carbenes and nitrenes.

Self Study: HSAB principle.

III Molecular Rearrangements 12 hrs

General mechanistic consideration – nature of migration, migratory aptitude.

A detailed study of the following rearrangements:

Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, Damjanov

rearrangement, Benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement, Favorskii rearrangement, Arndt-Eistert

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rearrangement, Neber rearrangement, Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann rearrangement,

Curtius rearrangement, Lossen rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement, Wolff

rearrangement, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, Shapiro reaction, β-Keto rearrangement,

Dienone- phenol rearrangement, Wittig rearrangement.

IV Stereochemistry – I 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Conformation, configuration, erythro and threo isomers, E,Z, R,S and D,L

nomenclature.

Optical isomerism, elements of symmetry chirality, enantiomers, diastereomers, R,S

nomenclature in cyclic systems, absolute configuration, optical purity resolution,

prochirality; enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and faces.

Pseudoasymmetry: optical activity in the absence of chiral carbons (biphenyls, allenes,

spiranes, ansa compounds and cyclophanes), chirality due to helical shape; chirality in the

compounds containing N, S and P.

V Stereochemistry - II 10 hrs

Geometrical isomerism in cyclic and condensed systems (decalins, decalols and decalones),

conformational analysis of cycloalkanes (5, 6, 7 membered rings) and decalins, effect of

conformation on reactivity, conformations of sugars (glucose,maltose and sucrose), steric

strain due to unavoidable crowding.

Asymmetric synthesis, Cram’s rule, Prelog’s rule, CD, ORD, octant rule, Cotton effect and

their application in determination of absolute and relative configuration and conformation.

Self Study - Geometrical isomerism in acyclic systems.

Text/References:

1. Organic Chemistry; Sixth Edition; Robert Thornton Morrison & Robert Neilson Boyd;

Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2004.

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure; Fourth Edition; Jerry

March; John Wiley and Sons Asia Private Limited, New Delhi, 2007

3. Organic Chemistry; Fourth Edition; G. Marc Loudon; Oxford University Press, New York,

2002.

4. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds: Principles and Applications; Second Edition; D.

Nasipuri; New Age International Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.

5. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A & B; Fourth Edition; Francis A. Carey and Richard J.

Sundberg; Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.

6. Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanism; Fourth Edition; P.S. Kalsi; New Age

International Publishers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 1999.

7. Physical Organic Chemistry Vol. I and II; Neil Isaac; Longman.

8. Named Organic Reactions; Thomas Lave and Andreas Plagens; John Wiley and Sons.

9. Organic Chemistry; First Edition; Thomas N. Sorell; Viva Books Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, 2004.

10. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Lowry & Richardson; Addison Weiley Publishing Company.

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Paper III : Quantum Chemistry and Surface Phenomena

Paper Code: CHY-123

Credits: 4 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objectives: To learn chemical bonding and quantum mechanical concepts and surface phenomena including

three dimensional concepts of molecules and introduction to group theory.

I Introduction to Quantum Mechanical Results 12 hrs

Schrodinger equation, postulates of quantum mechanics, operators and commutation

relations, discussions of solutions of the Schrodinger equation to some model systems –

particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, rigid rotor, hydrogen atom.

II Approximate Methods and Angular Momentum 13 hrs

The variation theorem, linear variation principle, perturbation theory (first order and non –

degenerate), application of variation method and perturbation theory to helium atom,

ordinary and generalized angular momentum, eigen functions and eigen values for angular

momentum, operator using ladder operators, addition of angular momenta, spin,

antisymmetry and Pauli’s exclusion principle.

III Molecular Orbital Theory 10 hrs

Huckel’s theory of conjugated systems, bond order and charge density calculations,

applications to ethylene, butadiene, cyclopropenyl radical and cyclobutadiene.

IV Symmetry and Group Theory 12 hrs

Symmetry elements and symmetry operations, definitions of group and subgroup, relation

between orders of a finite group and its subgroup, conjugacy relation and classes, point

group symmetry, schonfiles symbols, representations of group by reducible and irreducible

presentations and relation between them (representation for the Cn, Cnv, Dnh etc. groups to

be worked out explicitly), character of a representation, the great orthogonality theorem

(without proof) and its importance, character tables and their use.

V Surface Phenomena 13 hrs

Adsorption: surface tension, capillary action, pressure difference across curved surface

(Laplace equation), vapour pressure of dropletes (Kelvin equation), Gibbs adsorption

isotherm, estimation of surface area (BET equation), surface films on liquids (electro-

kinetic phenomenon), surface films (electro-kinetic phenomena); catalytic activity at

surfaces, electrode/ electrolyte interface; electrode kinetics, Nernst equation; application of

PES, ESCA and Auger spectroscopy to the study of surfaces.

Micelles: surface active agents and their classification, micellization, hydrophobic

interaction, critical micellar concentration (CMC), factors affecting the CMC of

surfactants, counter ion binding to micelles, thermodynamics of micellization – phase

separation and mass action models, solublization, micro emulsion, reverse micelles.

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Text/References:

1. Quantum Chemistry; Fourth Edition; Ira N. Levine; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi,

2002.

2. Introductory Quantum Chemistry; Fourth Edition; A.K. Chandra; Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1998.

3. Quantum Chemistry Including Molecular Spectroscopy; B.K. Sen; Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1996.

4. Quantum Chemistry; Second Edition; R.K. Prasad; New Age International (P) Ltd, New

Delhi, 2003.

5. Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Third Edition; P.W. Atkins, and R.S. Friedman; Oxford

University Press Club, New York, 2004.

6. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Second Edition; Paul C. Heimenz; Marcel

Dekkan, New York, 1986.

7. Chemical Applications of Group Theory, Third Edition; F.A. Cotton; John Wiley and Sons,

Singapore, 1999.

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Paper IV : Principles of Spectroscopy

Paper Code: CHY-124

Credits: 4 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objective: To learn the basic principles of spectroscopy beneficial in their further endeavours in research.

I Basic Elements of Spectroscopy 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.

Characterization of electromagnetic radiation, quantisation of energy, regions of the

spectrum, representation of spectra, basic elements of practical spectroscopy, signal-to-

noise ratio – resolving power, line width – natural line broadening, Doppler broadening,

Heisenberg uncertainity principle; intensity of spectral lines – transition probability,

population of states, path length of sample; Born-Oppenheimer approximation; rotational,

vibrational and electronic energy levels in molecules; transition moment, selection rules.

II Rotational Spectroscopy: Microwave Spectroscopy 10 hrs

Diatomic molecules as rigid rotors: rotational energy levels, intensity of spectral lines,

selection rules, effect of isotopic substitutions, calculation of bond length for linear, di- and

tri-atomic molecules.

Diatomic molecules as non rigid rotors: rotational transition, centrifugal distortion

constant, rotational spectra of linear and symmetric top poly-atomic molecules; Stark

effect, nuclear and electron spin interaction and effect of external fields; applications.

III Vibrational Spectroscopy 14 hrs

IR spectroscopy: vibrating diatomic molecule- energy of diatomic molecules as simple

harmonic oscillator, zero point energy, force constant, bond strengths, vibrational

transitions and selection rules, anharmonicity, Morse potential energy diagram, vibrational

transitions and selection rules; vibrational-rotational spectroscopy - breakdown of Born –

Oppenheimer approximation rules, selection rules, P, Q, R branches; vibration of poly

atomic molecules- symmetry and fundamental vibrations, normal mode of vibrations,

skeletal vibrations, group frequencies, overtones, hot bands, fermi resonance bands;

influence of rotation on the spectra of polyatomic molecules – parallel and perpendicular

vibrations in linear and symmetric top molecules.

Raman spectroscopy: classical and quantum theories of Raman effect, Rayleigh and Raman

scattering, stokes and antistokes radiation, molecular polarizability, selection rules;

rotational Raman spectra – linear molecules, symmetric top and spherical top molecules;

vibrational Raman spectra- symmetry and Raman active vibrations, rules of mutual

exclusion; rotation- vibration Raman spectra of diatomic molecules, polarized and

depolarized Raman spectra.

Self Study: Resonance Raman spectroscopy, coherent antistokes Raman spectroscopy

CARS (brief idea)

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IV Electronic Spectroscopy 12 hrs

Atomic spectroscopy: energy of atomic orbital, vector representation of momenta and

vector coupling, spectra of hydrogen atom and alkali metal atoms.

Molecular spectroscopy: energy levels, molecular orbitals, vibronic transitions, vibrational

progression; geometry of excited states, Franck-Condon principle, emission spectra,

radiation and non-radiation decay, internal conversion.

Photoelectron spectroscopy: basic principle, ionization process, Koopmen’s theorem,

photoelectron spectra of simple molecules, ESCA, chemical information from ESCA,

Auger electron spectroscopy (basic idea).

Self Study: Spectra of transition metal complexes, charge transfer spectra.

V ESR and Mossbauer Spectroscopy 14 hrs

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy: basic principles, zero field splitting and Kramer’s

degeneracy, factors affecting ‘g’ value, hyperfine coupling, isotropic and anisotropic

hyperfine coupling constant, spin Hamiltonian, spin densities and McConnell relationship,

measurement techniques, spin polarization for atoms and transition metal ions, application

to transition metal complexes (having one unpaired electron) including biological systems

and to inorganic free radicals such as PH4, F2- and [BH3]

-.

Mossbauer spectroscopy: basic principles, spectral parameters and spectrum display,

application of technique to studies of (i) bonding ans structure of Fe+2

and Fe+3

compounds

including those of intermediate spin, (ii) Sn+2

and Sn+4

compounds – nature of M-L bond,

coordination number, structure and (iii) detection of oxidation state and inequivalent MB

atoms.

Text/References:

1. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, Third Edition; Colin N, Banwell and Elaine M, Mc

Cash; Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1983.

2. Modern Spectroscopy, Third Edition; J.M. Hollas; John Wiley and Sons, India, 1996.

3. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy; G.M. Barrow; International Edition; Tata McGraw

Hill, Singapore, 1962.

4. Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry; R. S. Drago, First Edition; Affiliated East-West

Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1968.

5. Analytical Chemistry – Theory and Practice, First Edition; U. N Dash; S. Chand and Co., New

Delhi, 1995.

10

Paper V: Mathematics for Chemists (For students without Maths in B.Sc.)

Paper Code: CHY-125(a)

Credits: 2 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 2

Objectives: 1. To improve the analytical skills

2. To understand the subject as tool applicable in chemical science.

I Matrix Algebra 6 hrs

Matrix addition and multiplication, adjoint, transpose and inverse of matrices, special

matrices (symmetric, skew-symmetric, Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian, unit, diagonal, unitary

etc.); determination of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalisation, determinants

(examples from Huckel theory)

II Differential Calculus 7 hrs

Rules for differentiation, applications of differential calculus including maxima and

minima (examples related to maximally populated rotational energy levels, Bohr’s radius

and most probable velocity from Maxwell’s distribution etc.); partial differentiation, co-

ordinate transformations (e.g. cartesian to spherical polar); exact and inexact differentials

with their applications to thermodynamic properties.

III Integral calculus, Permutation and Probability 6 hrs

Integral calculus: basic rules for integration, integration by substitution, integration by

parts and through partial fraction; reduction formulae, applications of integration.

Permutation and Probability: permutations and combinations, probability and probability

theorems, probability curves, root mean square and most probable errors, examples form

the kinetic theory of gases etc., curve-fitting (including least squares fit etc.) with a general

polynomial fit.

IV Vector Algebra and Calculus 5 hrs

Scalars and vectors, additional and subtraction of vectors, multiplication of vectors – scalar

and vector product, triple product; vector operators – gradient, divergence and curl.

(Expressions only).

V Elementary Differential Equations 6 hrs

Order and degree of differential equation solution of first order and first degree linear

differential equation by variable-separable; homogenous and linear equations; applications

to chemical kinetics, secular equilibria, quantum chemistry etc.; second order linear

ordinary differential equations and their solutions.

Text/References: 1. The Chemistry Mathematics Book; E. Steiner; Oxford University Press.

2. Mathematics for Chemistry; Doggett and Sucliffe; Longman.

3. Mathematical Preparation for Physical Chemistry; F. Daniels; McGraw Hill.

4. Chemical Mathematics; D.M. Hirst; Longman.

5. Applied Mathematics for Physical Chemistry; J.R. Barrante; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.

Ltd.

6. Basic Mathematics for Chemicals; Tebbutt; John Wiley and Sons.

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Paper V: Biology for Chemists (For students without Biology in B.Sc.)

Paper Code: CHY-125(b)

Credits: 2 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 2

Objective: To learn the basic life processes which link the biological systems with the chemical systems.

I The Matrix of Life 5 hrs

Origin of life and living system, prebiotic evolution of macromolecules; elementary idea of

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell organelles and their functions, difference between

plant and animal cells.

Biomolecules: chemical composition and bonding; three dimensional configuration and

confirmation, chemical reactivity; macromolecules and their monomeric units.

II Energetics of Life 6 hrs

Energetics of metabolic processes; energy rich phosphate compounds; glycolysis; TCA

cycle, ETC, oxidative phosphorylation, HMP; fatty acid synthesis, α and β oxidation.

III Amino acids and Proteins 7 hrs

Structure of Zwitter ion; types of amino acids – essential and non essential; degradation

and biosynthesis of amino acids, amino acid sequencing.

Proteins: covalent structure and three dimensional structure; α helix and β sheets;

secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; protein function – complementary and

reversible interactions between proteins and ligands (immunoglobulins and O2 binding

proteins).

IV Carbohydrates 7 hrs

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; structure, function and derivatives,

structural and storage polysaccharides.

Glococojugates: proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Lipids: fatty acids, essential fatty acids; triglycerols, steroids, cholesterol, sphingolipids and

prostaglandins; structural lipids in membranes.

V Nucleic Acids 5 hrs

Purines and pyrimidines; linkages; structure of RNA and DNA, double helical structure,

DNA replication, transcription and translation – the chemical basis for heredity.

Text/References: 1. Principles of Biochemistry; Third Edition; A.L. Lehninger; McMillan Press Limited, London,

2002.

2. Biochemistry; Fifth Edition; L. Stryer; W.H. Freeman and Company, 2002.

3. Biochemistry; First Indian Reprint;J. David Rawn, Tanima Publishing Corporation, New

Delhi, 2004.

4. Biochemistry; Second Edition; Voet and Voet; John Wiley and Sons Inc., New york, 1995.

5. Outline of Biochemistry; Fourth Edition; E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf; John Wiley and Sons

Inc., New Delhi, 1994.

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Paper VI : Laboratory Course I

Paper Code: CHY-126

Credits: 6 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 12

Organic Chemistry 90 Hrs.

Basic techniques involved in synthetic organic chemistry

i. Different types of glass wares

ii. Filtration

iii. Distillation (distillation at atmospheric pressure, steam distillation, fractional distillation

and distillation at reduced pressure).

iv. Recrystallization and melting point correction.

v. Use of decolourising carbon.

vi. Thin layer chromatography.

Synthesis

a. One step synthesis (any two)

i. Cis-trans isomerization (maleic acid to fumaric acid)

ii. Aldol condensation (dibenzal acetone from benzaldehyde)

iii. Acetylation (synthesis of acetanilide from aniline)

b. Two step synthesis (any six)

i. Benzoin → benzil → benzilic acid

ii. Benzoin → benzil → dibenzyl

iii. Benzophenone → benzopinacol → benzapinacolone

iv. Hydroquinone → hydroquinone diacetate → 2,5 dihydroxyacetophenone

v. Acetanilide → p-nitroacetanilide → p-nitroaniline

vi. o-hydroxyacetophenone → o-benzyloxyacetophenone → o-hydroxy dibenzylmethane

vii. Acetanilide → p-bromoacetanilide → p-bromoaniline

viii. Benzophenone → benzophenone oxime → benzanilide

c. Three step synthesis (any two)

i. Phthalic anhydride → phthalimide → anthranilic acid → methyl red

ii. Phthalic anhydride → phthalimide → anthranilic acid → o-chloro benzoic acid

iii. Aniline → benzanilide → p-bromobenzanilide → p-bromoaniline

Extraction of organic compounds from natural resources (any three)

i. Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves

ii. Isolation of casein from milk

iii. Isolation of lactose from milk

iv. Isolation of nicotine dipicrate from tobacco

Physical Chemistry 90 hrs A list of experiments under different heading is given below. Students are required to perform

atleast 12 experiments.

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Adsorption

i. To study the adsorption of acetic acid or oxalic acid from aqueous solution by activated

charcoal or animal charcoal and examine the validity of Freundlich and Langmuirs

adsorption isotherms.

ii. To compare cleansing power of samples of two detergents.

iii. Study the variation of surface tension of solution of n-propyl alcohol with concentration

and hence determine the limiting cross section area of alcohol molecule.

Thermochemistry

i. Determine the solubility of benzoic acid at two temperature and calculate the enthalpy

change of the dissolution process.

ii. Determine the solubility of benzoic acid in water-DMSO mixture (4:1) and calculate the

enthalpy change of the dissolution process.

iii. Determine the lattice energy of calcium chloride from its heat of solution using Born-Haber

cycle. You are provided the Enthalpy changes for Ca+2

(g) → Ca(g) 2Cl- (g) → 2Cl (g), Ca

(g) → Ca (s), 2Cl (g) → Cl2 (g) and Ca (s) + Cl (g) → CaCl2 (s) as -451.1, 174.3, -38.8, -

58.0 and -190.0 Kcal/mole respectively.

Chemical Kinetics (any three)

i. Determine the relative strength of two acids (hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid) by

studying the hydrolysis of an ester (methyl acetate or ethyl acetate) at the room

temperature).

ii. Determine the rate constant of the hydrolysis of an ester such as methyl acetate catalyzed

by an acid (0.5N HCl or 0.5N H2SO4) and determine the energy of activation.

iii. Study the kinetics of the reaction between K2S2O8 (potassium persulphate) and KI

(potassium iodide) and determine the rate constant and the energy of activation of the

reaction.

iv. Study the kinetics of saponification of ethyl acetate by sodium hydroxide and determine the

rate constant.

pH Metry

i. Titrate the given mixture of CO3-2

and HCO3- ions against a strong acid, 0.1N HCl solution

and determine their strength.

ii. Titrate a tribasic acid (H3PO4) against a strong base (NaOH).

iii. Determine the dissociation constant of a weak acid.

Potentiometry

i. Determine the concentration of ferrous ion in the given solution by titrating against N/10

Cr2O7-- or Ce

+4 ion solution. Determine the equivalence point by plotting E v/s V, ∆E v/s

∆V and ∆2E/∆V

2 v/s ∆V.

Electrochemistry

i. Estimate the amount of halide ions present in a given solution by titration with silver nitrate

conductometrically.

ii. Determine the solubility and solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt like BaSO4, or

PbSO4 or AgCl in water conductometrically.

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Text/References:

1. Experiments in General Chemistry; C.N.R. Rao; U.C. Agarwal, East West-Press Pvt. Ltd.

2. Advanced Practical Chemistry, First Edition; Subash C. Das; Calcutta Publishing, Calcutta,

2000.

3. Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Fifth Edition, B.S. Furniss, A.J.

Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith, A.R. Tatchell; Adission – Wesley Longman Ltd., England, 1998.

4. Practical Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition; P.C. Mann, B.C. Sounders; Orient Longman Ltd.

5. Experimental Organic Chemistry, Vol. I, P.R. Singh, D.S. Gupta, K.S. Bajpai, Tata McGraw-

Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry; Twenty-second Edition; J.B.Yadav; Goel Publishing

House, Merrut,2005.

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Paper VII : SEMINAR Paper Code: CHY-127

Credits: 2 MM : 100

Contact Hr./semester : 30 hrs

Cotact Hr./week : 2

Seminars have been incorporated in the syllabi in Semester I and II to enhance the communication

skill of the M.Sc. students.

The candidates will have to choose a topic from the syllabi for seminar preparation. They will be

expected to submit a write up pertaining to that topic and at the end of semester, a presentation will

have to be made in presence of panel of experts from different fields of chemistry.

16

Semester II

Paper I : Advanced Inorganic Chemistry


Credits: 4 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objectives: To learn the importance of metal ions in living systems and to know the unique bonding system in

inorganic chains, clusters and cages.

I Electronic Spectra and Transition Metal Ions 14 hrs

Pre requisite: Determination of ground state – Hund’s Rule, spin orbit coupling.

Selection rules for electronic transitions, spectroscopic ground states, splitting of dn terms

in octahedral and tetrahedral field; correlation diagrams, Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano

diagrams (d1-d

9 states); spin cross-over; field strength – spectrochemical series,

nephelauxetic series; calculations of Racah parameters; applications of Tanabe-Sugano

diagrams in determining ∆o from spectra; charge transfer spectra.

II Metal π-complexes 12 hrs

Pre requisite: Mononuclear carbonyls.

Metal carbonyls: preparation, properties, structure and bonding with special reference to

dinuclear and trinuclear carbonyls; vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for bonding and

structural elucidation; dinitrogen and dioxygen complexes.

III Metal Clusters and Cage Compounds 10 hrs

Higher boranes, carboranes, metalloboranes and metallocarboranes; compounds with

metal-metal multiple bonds.

IV Metal Ions in Living System 13 hrs

Pre requisite: Essential and trace elements - a general idea.

Metal ions in biological systems: bulk and trace metals with special reference to Na, K,

Mg, Fe, Cu; molecular mechanism – ion transport across membranes, active transport of

Na-K (ion pumps), Mg and Ca ions; chlorophyll and their role in photosynthesis, PS I and

PS II system.

Transport and storage of dioxygen: haeme proteins and oxygen uptake; models of oxygen

binding; structure and functions of haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemocyanin and

haemerythrin.

17

V Electron Transfer in Bio-systems 11 hrs

Structure and function of metalloproteins in electron transport processes – cytochromes

with special reference to cytochrome C; iron sulphur proteins – ferrodoxins; biological

nitrogen fixation and its mechanism, nitrogenenases, dinitrogen complexes as models for

nitrogen fixation.

Text/References:

1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; S. J. Lippard, J.M. Berg; Panima

Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 2005.

2. Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; I.Bertini, H.B.Gray, S.J.Lippard, J.S.Valentine; Viva

Books Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 1998.

3. Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; M.Satake, Y.Mido; Discovery Publishing House,

New Delhi, 2003.

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition; F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson; John Wiley

and Sons, USA, New York, 1988.

5. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr; Pearson

Education Inc. Singapore, 2005.

6. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy; Second Edition; A.B.P. Lever; Elsevier Science

Publishing CompanyInc., New York, 1984.

7. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry; Fifth Edition; J.D. Lee; Blackwell Science, London,

1989.

8. Coordination Compounds; S.F.A Kettle; Thomson Nelson and Sons Limited, 1975.

9. Coordination Chemistry; D. Banerjea; Tata McGraw Hill, Co .Ltd.

18

Paper II: Mechanism of Organic Reactions


Credits: 4 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objectives: To learn the concept of substitution, addition and elimination reactions and their reaction

mechanism.

I Substitution v/s Elimination 14 hrs

Pre requisite: SN1 and SN2 mechanism of alkyl halides

Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution: SN1, SN2, mixed SN1 and SN2, ion pair and SN1

mechanism, SNi mechanism, SET mechanism; neighbouring group participation and

anchimeric assistance; substitution at allylic and vinylic carbon atoms; ambident

nucleophiles; effects of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and

reaction medium on reactivity; regioselectivity.

Pre requisite: E1, E2 mechanism of alkyl halides, Hoffmann and Saytzeff rules.

Elimination Reaction: E2, E1, E1CB and E2C (syn elimination) mechanisms; E1 – E2 –

E1CB spectrum; orientation of the double bond; effect of substrate structure, attacking base,

leaving group and reaction medium on reactivity; mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic

elimination.

Self Study: hydrolysis of esters (acid and base catalyzed mechanism);

II Electrophilic Substitution Reaction 12 hrs

Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution: bimolecular mechanism – SE2 and SEi; the SE1

mechanism, substitution by double bond shift; addition-elimination mechanism and cyclic

mechanism; effect of substrates, leaving group and solvent polarity on the reactivity.

(a) Hydrogen as electrophile- hydrogen exchange, hydro-dehydrogenation, keto-enol

tautomerism, (b) halogen electrophiles- halogenation of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic

acids, (c) nitrogen electrophiles- aliphatic diazonium coupling, direct formation of diazo

compounds, direct amination, insertion by nitrenes, (d) sulphur electrophiles- sulphonation,

sulphenylation, (e) carbon electrophiles- acylation, Stork-enamine reaction, insertion by

carbene, (f) metalation with organometallic compounds, trans metalation with metal and

metal halides.

Self Study: Arenium ion mechanism (nitration, sulphonation, halogenation and Friedal-

Crafts mechanism- alkylation and arylation); orientation and reactivity; energy profile

diagrams; directive influence and its explanation in different substitutions.

19

III Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 10 hrs

Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution: SNAr, SN1, benzyne and SRN1 mechanism; effect of

substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophiles on reactivity; typical reactions

– O and S-nucleophiles, Bucherer reaction and Rosenmund reaction, von-Richter,

Sommelet-Houser and Smiles rearrangement.

Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution: o/p ratio; ipso attack, orientation in other ring system;

quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles; substitution reactions

involving diazonium ions; Vilsmeir reaction; Gattermann-Koch reaction

IV Free radical Substitution Reactions 10 hrs

Long lived and short lived radicals, detection and characteristics of free radicals;

neighbouring group participation and free radical rearrangements; mechanism at an

aromatic substrate, reactivity for aliphatic, aromatic substrate at bridge head carbon atom,

reactivity of the attacking radical, effect of solvent.

Important reactions involving free radicals – Wohl-Ziegler bromination, Elbs reaction,

autooxidation, Sandmeyer and Gattermann reaction, Hunsdiecker reaction, Gomberg-

Bachmann reaction, allylic halogenation (NBS), oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acid,

coupling of alkynes and arylation of aromatic compounds by diazonium salts.

V Addition to C-C and C-Hetero Multiple Bonds 14 hrs

Addition to C-C multiple bond: mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reaction

involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radical, regio and chemo selectivity,

orientation and reactivity, addition to cyclopropane ring, hydrogenation of double and triple

bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings, hydroboration, Michael reaction, Sharpless

asymmetric epoxidation.

Addition to C-Hetero Multiple Bonds: mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated

and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids, esters and nitriles; Tollens reaction; addition

of grignard reagents, organozinc and organolithium reagents to unsaturated carbonyl

system

Mechanism of condensation reactions involving enolates – Aldol, Knoevenagel, Claisen,

Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions.

Text/References: 1. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure; Fourth Edition; Jerry

March; John Wiley and Sons Asia Private Limited, New Delhi, 2007



3. Physical Organic Chemistry Vol. I and II; Neil Isaac; Longman.

4. Named Organic Reactions; Thomas Lave and Andreas Plagens; John Wiley and Sons.

5. Principles of Organic Synthesis; Third Edition; R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon; Nelson

Thornes, United Kingdom, 2003.

6. Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, Third Edition; W. Carruthers; Cambridge

University Press; U.K. 1996.

7. A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Sixth Edition; Orient Longman; New

Delhi, 2002.

8. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, First Edition; John D. Roberts and Marjorie C.

Caserio; W. A. Benzamin Inc., New Delhi, 1964.

20

Paper III : Chemical Kinetics and Electrochemistry


Credits: 4 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objectives: To learn rate laws from a proposed mechanism and analyze kinetics in gases and solutions and to

understand the behaviour of ions in solution and structure of electrode surface.

I Theories of Reaction Rate 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Factors affecting rate of chemical reactions, comparison between order and

molecularity, units of rate constants for different orders of reactions.

Scope, laws of chemical kinetics, stoichiometry; time and true order, determination of order

of reaction, methods of determining rate laws, differential and integrated form of rate

expression (1st, 2

nd …….n

th order), rate expression for opposing, parallel and consecutive

reactions; collision theory of reaction rates, steric factor, activated complex theory,

comparison between collision theory and activated-complex theory.

II Elementary Reactions in Gas Phase and in Solution 10 hrs Unimolecular gas reactions, dynamics of unimolecular reactions (Lindemann, Hinshelwood

and Rice-Ramsperger – Kassel-Marcus RRKM theories); factors determining reaction rates

in solution; primary and secondary salt effects-influence of ionic strength and dielectric

constant on reactions involving (i) ions (ii) dipoles (iii) ion and dipole.

III Complex Reactions 12 hrs

Steady state approximation in reaction mechanisms; chain reactions – thermal and

photochemical reactions, dynamic chain (mechanism of hydrogen-bromine and hydrogen-

chlorine reactions), pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, decomposition of ethane; oscillatory

reactions – Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction; enzyme catalysis – Michaelis-Menten kinetics;

general features of fast reactions, study of fast reactions by flow methods, relaxation

method, flash photolysis.

Self Study: Factors affecting enzyme catalyzed reactions, effect of pH on enzymes

IV Ions in solution 14 hrs

Deviation from ideal behaviour, ionic activity, ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions; Debye-

Huckel-Bjerrum model; mean activity coefficient; applications of Debye-Huckel limiting

law- diverse ion effect, extent of dissociation of a weak electrolyte in the presence of an

inert electrolyte; Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes, Debye-Huckel-Onsager

treatment of the conductance of strong electrolyte – experimental verification, limitations

and modification.

V Electrochemistry – Electrical Double Layer 14 hrs

Introduction, evidences and structure of electrical double layer- Helmholtz-Perrin, Guoy-

Chapman, Stern, Graham-Devanathan-Mottwatts, Tobin, Bockris and Devanathan models.

21

Electro capillary phenomenon: electro capillary curves, surfactants – Lipmann’s equation,

interpretation and electro kinetic phenomena, zeta potential and its applications.

Electrodics of elementary electrode reactions: over potential, hydrogen and oxygen over

voltage, exchange current density, Tafel plot, derivation of Butler-Volmer equation.

Quantum aspects of charge transfer at electrodes – solution interfaces, quantization of

charge transfer, tunneling.

Semiconductor interfaces-theory of double layer at semiconductor, effect of light at

semiconductor solution interface.

Electrocatalysis-influence of various parameters.

Corrosion: introduction, homogeneous theory, forms, monitoring and prevention methods.

Text/References:

1. Chemical Kinetics, Third Edition; K.J. Laidler; Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., Singapore,

2004.

2. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Chemical Transformation, First Edition; J. Rajaram and J.C.

Kuriokose; Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi, 1965.

3. Modern Electrochemistry Vol. I & II, Second Edition; J.O.M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy;

Plenum Press, New York, 2000.

4. Electrochemistry; S. Glasstone, First Edition; Affiliated East-West press Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi, 1942.

5. Kinetics and Mechanism, Second Edition; A.A. Frost and R.G. Pearson; John Wiley and

Sons Inc., New York, 1961.

6. Fundamentals of Photochemistry; K.K. Rohatagi – Mukherjee, Revised Edition; New Age

International Publishers, New Delhi, 1986.

22

Paper IV:Applications of Spectroscopy


Credits: 4 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objective: To learn the concepts of spectroscopy for the study and structural elucidation of molecules.

I Mass Spectrometry 12 hrs

Introduction, ion-production—EI, CI, FD and FAB, factors affecting fragmentation, ion

analysis, ion abundance, detection of molecular formula – molecular ion, molecular ion

peak, nitrogen rule, isotope peak, metastable ions; fragmentation – basic fragmentation

types and rules, factors influencing fragmentation, McLafferty rearrangement,

fragmentation pattern of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic

acids, amines, nitro compounds, alicyclic and heterocyclic compounds. High resolution

mass spectrometry.

Self Study: Problems of mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds for structure

determination.

II UV and Visible Spectroscopy 12 hrs

Electronic transitions (185-800nm), Beer- Lambert law, bathochromic and hypsochromic

shifts, characterization of organic compounds – application of Woodward-Fieser rule to

conjugated dienes, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, benzene and its substituted

derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polyenes and polyenynes; steric effects in

biphenyls.

Electronic spectra of transition metal halides and oxo compounds; charge transfer

transition; intensity, electronic spectra of charge transfer complexes of organic compounds,

charge transfer transition in inorganic and coordination compounds.

Self Study: Electronic spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds, intensity of d-d

transitions, spin-allowed crystal field transition in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes,

orgel diagrams.

III IR Spectroscopy 10 hrs

Quantitative studies: calculation of force constants, factors effecting the shift in group

frequencies – isotope effect, hydrogen bonding, solvent effect, electronic effects (inductive

and mesomeric) and steric effect; different absorption regions in IR spectra.

Characteristics functional group absorptions in organic compounds: carbon skeletal

vibrations (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds), alcohols, phenols, ethers,

ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amides, acid anhydrides, conjugated carbonyl

compounds, esters, lactones, amines, amino acids; interpretation of typical IR spectra of

organic compounds.

Changes in the IR spectra of donor molecules upon coordination: changes in the spectra

accompanying changes in symmetry upon coordination, differentiation of coordinated

water and lattice water and bridging and terminal carbonyls.

Self Study: Overtones, combination bands and fermi-resonance.

23

IV Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy 12 hrs

Introduction, chemical shift and factors affecting chemical shift, spin-spin interaction,

factors affecting coupling constant, shielding mechanism, chemical shift values and

correlation for protons bonded to carbon (aliphatic, olefinic, aldehydic and aromatic) and

other nuclei (alcohols, phenols, enols, carboxylic acids, amines, amides and mercaptides),

chemical exchange, effect of deuteration, complex spin-spin interaction between two, three,

four, and five nuclei (first order spectra), hindered rotation, Karplus curve variation of

coupling constant with dihedral angle, simplification of complex spectra – nuclear

magnetic double resonance, contact shift reagents, dynamic NMR spectroscopy.

Solvent effects, Fourier transform technique and its advantages, nuclear overhauser effect

(NOE), resonance of other nuclei-19

F, 31

P.

V 13

C NMR spectroscopy and Combined Applications 14 hrs 13

C NMR spectroscopy: general considerations, chemical shift, (aliphatic, olefinic, alkyne,

aromatic, heteroaromatic & carbonyl carbon), proton (1H) coupled

13C NMR spectrum, off-

resonance and noise decoupled 13

C NMR spectrum.

An introduction to two dimensional NMR spectroscopy.

Nuclear quadruple resonance spectroscopy: quadruple nuclei, quadrupole moments,

electric field gradient, coupling constant, splittings, applications.

Structure elucidation of simple organic compounds by joint application of IR, UV, NMR

and mass spectroscopy.

Text/References:

1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, Sixth Edition; R.M. Silverstein and

F.X. Webster; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Singapore, 1991.

2. Applications of Spectroscopy; Third Edition; William Kemp; Palgrave Publisher Ltd., New

York, 2004.

3. Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds; First Edition; J.R. Dyer;


4. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition; Dudley H. Williams and Ian

Fleming; Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2001.

5. Spectral Analysis of Organic Compounds; Creswells and Campbell; Longman.

24

Paper V: Computers for Chemists

Paper Code: CHY-225

Credits: 2 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 2

Objective: This course will help the students to learn the basics of computer in order to deal with chemical

equations.

I Introduction to Computers and Computing 6 hrs

Basic structure and functioning of computers with a PC as an illustrative example;

memory : RAM, ROM, IROM, EPROM, EEPROM, I/O devices: Key Board, Mouse,

Printer, Scanner, Joystick, Light pen, Digitizer, secondary storage: Floppy Disk, Compact

Disk, DVD, computer languages (Generation of Languages) difference between different

types of OS, Internet surfing through search in engines.

II Programming in BASIC 6 hrs

Principles of programming, algorithms and flow charts, elements of the computer language,

constants and variables, operations and symbols, expressions, arithmetic assignment

statement, input and output format statement, termination statements.

III Advanced Programming in BASIC 6 hrs

Branching statements such as 1 F or GO TO statement, logical variables, double precision

variables, subscripted variables and dimensions.

IV Applications in Chemistry - I 7 hrs

Development of small computer codes involving simple formulae in chemistry, such as van

der Waals equation, pH titration, kinetics, radioactive decay; evaluation of lattice energy

and ionic radii from experimental data.

V Applications in Chemistry - II 6 hrs

Basic language to calculate the molecular weights of organic compounds determination of

percentage of elements in an organic compound, determination of molecular weight of

organic compounds by experimental methods to calculate wavelength of conjugated dienes

and enones

Text/References:

1. Microcomputer Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition; J.P. Killingback and Adam

Hilger Ltd., Bristol and Boston, 1985.

2. Quick basic Programming for Scientists and Engineers; Joseph H. Noggle; CRC Press,

1992.

3. Meth Norton’s; Introduction to Computers; Fourth Edition; McGraw Hill, New York.

25

Paper VI : Laboratory Course II

Paper Code: CHY-226

Credits: 6 MM : 100



Inorganic Chemistry 90 hrs

Qualitative analysis

Analysis of mixture for six radicals (cations and anions) including

i. Less common metal ions – Mo, W, Ti, Zr, Th, V, U (two metal ions in cationic/anionic forms)

ii. Insolubles – oxides, sulphates and halides

iii. Interfering- Oxalate, phosphate, borate, fluoride.

Quantitative analysis: volumetric analysis (any three)

i. Determination of chloride ion in water by Mohr’s method or by use of adsorption

indicator.

ii. Analysis of talcum powder by EDTA titration.

iv. Analysis of hydrogen peroxide by iodometric method.

v. Determination of percentage purity of boric acid

vi. Comparison of an antacid capacity of commercial tablet samples.

Organic Chemistry 90 hrs

Qualitative analysis

Separation, purification and identification of components of a mixture of two organic compounds

(one liquid and one solid or two solids) and three organic compounds (one liquid and two solids or

three solids) using TLC for checking the purity of separated compounds.

Spectroscopy Identification of organic compounds by the analysis of their spectral data.

Text/References:


Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith, A.R. Tatchell; Adission – Wesley Longman Ltd., England, 1998.

2. A Hand Book of Organic Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative; Hans Thacker Clarke;

Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.

3. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis; Fifth Edition; G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett. J.

Mendham, R.C. Denney; Longman Scientific and Technical Publication, England, 1991.


2000.

5. Experimental Chemistry, Sixth Edition; Michell J. Sienko, Robert A. Plane; Stanley T. Marcus;

International Student Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1985.

6. Experimental in Chemistry, Second Edition; D.V. Jahangirdar; Himalaya Publishing House,

Mumbai, 2003.

7. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Sixth Edition; G. Svehla; Orient Longman, New Delhi,

1987.

26

Paper VII : SEMINAR Paper Code: CHY-227

Credits: 2 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 2

Seminars have been incorporated in the syllabi in Semester I and II to enhance the communication

skill of the M.Sc. students.

The candidates will have to choose a topic from the syllabi for seminar preparation. They will be

expected to submit a write up pertaining to that topic and at the end of semester, a presentation will

have to be made in presence of panel of experts from different fields of chemistry.

27

Semester III

Paper II:Photochemistry and Pericyclic Reactions

Paper Code: CHY-321

Credits: 4 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 4

Objective: To learn about the importance of light in organic reactions.

I Basics of Photochemistry 10 hrs

Electromagnetic radiation, photochemical excitation – interaction of electromagnetic

radiation with organic molecules, types of excitations, fate of excited molecules, Jablonskii

diagram, intersystem crossing, energy transfer, photosensitization, quenching, quantum

yield, Stern-Volmer equation; types of photochemical reactions – photodissociation, gas

phase photolysis.

II Photochemical Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds 10 hrs

Photochemical reactions of ketones – alpha cleavage or Norrish type I cleavage, gamma

hydrogen transfer or Norrish type II cleavage; photo reductions; Paterno-Buchi reactions;

photochemistry of α,β-unsaturated ketones, cis-trans isomerization, β,γ-unsaturated

ketones, cyclohexenones (cross conjugated and conjugated).

III Photochemistry of Alkenes and Aromatic Compounds 10 hrs

Photochemistry of alkenes: intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond – cis-trans

isomerisation (stilbene), cyclization reactions, rearrangement of 1, 4 and 1, 5-dienes.

Photochemistry of aromatic compounds: photochemical rearrangement, photostationary

state, 1, 3, 5 – trimethyl benzene to 1, 2, 4-trimethyl benzene, di-π methane rearrangement.

IV Miscellaneous Photochemical Reactions 15 hrs

Barton reaction, photo Fries rearrangement of ethers and anilides, singlet oxygen reactions.

formation of smog, photodegradation of polymers, photochemistry of vision, photo

oxygenation, Photosubstitution, Photooxidation and Photoreduction of Inorganic reactions,

Photosynthesis and its mechanism, water photolysis and nitrogen fixation.

V Pericyclic Reactions 15 hrs

General characteristics, classification, molecular orbital symmetry.

Electrocyclic reactions: theories of explanation (FMO, Woodword-Hoffmann and PMO

approach), frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1, 3-butadiene, 1, 3, 5-hexatriene and allyl systems,

valence tautomerism.

Cycloaddtion Reactions: 2+2, 4+2 cycloaddition, 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition and cheletropic

reactions; stereoselectivity (endo, exo), stereospecific and regioselective hydrogen

reactions, Lewis-acid catalysis in Diels’ Alder reaction.

Sigmatropic rearrangements: suprafacial and antarafacial shifts of H, sigmatropic shifts

involving carbon moieties, 3, 3- and 5, 5-sigmatropic rearrangements; Claisen, Cope and

Aza-Cope rearrangements; isomerization of divinyl cyclopropane; fluxional tautomerism

(bullvalene); ene reaction.

28

Text/References:

1. Photochemistry; Horsepool;

2. Fundamentals of Photochemistry; First Edition; K.K. Rohatagi – Mukherjee; New Age

International Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005.

3. Molecular Reactions and Photochemistry; First Edition; Charles H. Depuy and Orville L.

Chapman; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1988.

4. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry; Third Edition; S.M. Mukherjee and S.P.

Singh; Macmillan, India Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.



6. Organic Chemistry; Sixth Edition; Robert Thornton Morrison & Robert Neilson Boyd;


29

Paper II: Organotransition Metal Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-322

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives: To learn a know how among the students on the application potential of coordination compounds

in catalysis and to acquaint them with the promising future of organotransition metal chemistry in

industrial, biological and environmental fields.

I σσσσ - Alkyls and Aryls of Transition Metals 8 hrs Types, routes of synthesis, stability of organometallic compounds and decomposition

pathways; organocopper in organic synthesis, transition metal compound with bonds to

hydrogen.

II Metal-Carbon Multiple and π-Bonded Organometallics 10 hrs

Preparation, properties, structure and bonding of -carbene and carbyne complexes( both

Fischer and Schrock types) , η2- alkene and alkyne complexes, η

3- allyl complexes,

fluxionality and dynamic equilibria in compounds such as η2- olefin and η

3- allyl

complexes.

III Metal-Carbon Multiple and π-Bonded Organometallics -II 9 hrs

Preparation properties, structure and bonding of η4- diene complexes, η

5- dienyl

complexes, η6- arene & triene complexes( nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution),

fluxionality and dynamic equilibria in dienyl complexes.

IV Principles and Important Reactions of Transition Metal Organometallics 9 hrs

Co-ordinative unsaturation; oxidative addition, C-H bond activation; reductive elimination;

insertion; reactions on co-ordinated ligands

V Catalytic Aspects of Organotransition Metal Chemistry 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Classification, nomenclature and general characteristics of organometallic

compounds.

Homogeneous catalysis: hydrogenation of alkenes, hydrosilylation of alkenes, metathesis

of alkenes, oligomerization and polymerization of alkenes and alkynes, hydroformylation

of alkenes, acetic acid synthesis and other carbonylation reactions, oxidation reactions of

alkenes.

Heterogeneous catalysis: Fischer Tropsch process, water gas shift reaction.

Text/References: 1. Organometallic Chemistry: A Unified Approach; Second Edition; R.C. Mehrotra and A.Singh;

New Age International Private Limited, New Delhi, 2005.

2. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr; Pearson Education Inc.

Singapore, 2005.

3. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity; Fourth Edition; J.E. Hueey, E.A.

Keiter and R.L. Keiter; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York, 1993.

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition; F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson; John Wiley and Sons,

USA, New York, 1988.

5. Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition Bodie Douglas, Darl McDaniel, John

Alexander; John Wiley and Sons, Singapore, 2001.

30

Paper III : Thermodynamics

Paper Code: CHY-323

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives: To learn the fundamentals of thermodynamics and to describe thermodynamics at a molecular

level and apply the concepts for the study of equilibrium reactions and reaction rates.

I Classical Thermodynamics 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Laws of thermodynamics, free energy, chemical potential and entropies.

Thermodynamic system of variable composition: chemical potential-Gibbs-Duhem

equation, partial molar quantities-partial molar free energy, partial molar volume, partial

molar heat content and their significance, determination of partial molar quantities.

Thermodynamics of real gases and real solutions: fugacity- concept, methods of

determination, dependence on temperature, pressure and composition; non-ideal system-

excess functions, activity, activity coefficient, Debye-Huckel theory for activity coefficient

of electrolytic solution; determination of activity and activity coefficient, ionic strength.

II Equilibria 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Kirchoff’s equation and its application at different temperatures, phase rule

and its application to one and two component systems.

Chemical Equilibrium: reactions involving gases and solutions, temperature dependence of

equilibrium constant, use of Kirchoff’s equation for the calculation of eqilibrium constant.

Phase equilibria: applications to binary liquid systems- separation of two miscible liquids-

fractional distillation, formation of azeotropic mixture; ternary systems involving three

liquids, solubility of ionic solids in water, solubility curves, ternary system involving water

and two soluble ionic solids; formation of double salts.

III Statistical Concepts of Thermodynamics 9 hrs

Macro and micro states: distribution of particles in different energy levels, most probable

distribution, Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, distribution of molecular velocities – most

probable, average and rms velocities.

Partition functions: canonical and molecular partition functions, separation of partion

functions, translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partition functions,

interpretation of partition functions.

IV Statistical Approach to Thermodynamic Properties 9 hrs

Internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz function, pressure, Gibbs function, residual

entropy, equilibrium constant, average energies and equipartition principle; heat capacity of

mono and diatomic gases, o- and p- hydrogen and mixture of the two viz., o-H2 and p-H2;

heat capacity of solids – Einstein and Debye models, thermodynamic properties of solids.

31

V Applications of Statistical Thermodynamics 9 hrs Quantum Statistics Bose: Einstein statistics – theory of paramagnetism, statistics of a

photon gas and liquid helium.

Fermi-Dirac statistics – Thermonic emission-Electron gas (metals)

Equilibrium theory of chemical reactions rates: rate of association and dissociation, effect

of rotation on dissociation. ARRT – calculation of rate constant and temperature coefficient

of rate constant.

Text/References:

1. An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, Sixth Revised Edition; R.P Rastogi and

R.R Misra; Vikas publishing, Pvt Ltd. New Delhi, 1995.

2. Thermodynamics For Students Of Chemistry, Second Edition; K.Rajaram and J.C

Kuriacose; S.L.N Chand and Company, Jalandhar.

3. Chemical thermodynamics, Fourth Edition; I.M Klotz and R.M Rosenberg; W.A Benzamin

Publishers, California.

4. Statistical thermodynamics, Second Edition; M.C Gupta; New Age International Pvt Ltd.,

New Delhi, 1995.

5. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry; S.H Maron and J.B Lando; MacMillan Publishers,

Newyork.

6. Physical Chemistry, A Molecular Approach, First Edition; D.A. Mc Qurrie and J.D Simon;

Viva Low Priced Student Edition, New Delhi, 1998.

7. Thermodynamics for Chemists, Third Edition; Samuel Glasston; Affiliated East -West

Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

32

Paper IV: Analytical Methods

Paper Code: CHY-324

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives: To learn the principles and methods of modern structural and quantitative analysis and to highlight

the analytical methods which will be more beneficial in many areas of employment in the scientific

field.

I Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8 hrs

Introduction, application of analytical chemistry, methods of quantitative analysis,

selection of methods of analysis, chemical analysis and analytical chemistry, quantitative

analysis and scale of operations, various steps in quantitative analysis, methods of

analytical determination, role of instrumentation; reliability of analytical data; errors in

chemical analysis – classification of errors, accuracy and precision, determining the

accuracy of methods, improving the accuracy of analysis, statistical analysis, rejection of

results and presentation of data; sampling in analysis – definition, theory and techniques of

sampling, statistical criteria of good sampling, stratified sampling v/s random sampling,

minimization of variance in stratified sampling, transmission and storage of samples.

II Separation Techniques: Chromatography - I 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Purification of solids and liquids – simple crystallization, sublimation;

distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduce pressure.

Basic principles, classification–adsorption and partition chromatography.

Column chromatography: adsorbents, preparation of column, adsorption, elution, recovery

of substance, factors affecting column efficiency and applications (separation of methylene

blue and fluorescein).

Thin layer chromatography: general procedure, essential requirements, methods for

production of thin layer on plates, choice of adsorbent and solvent, detecting reagents,

development and detection, preparation of chromatogram and applications (separation of

vitamins).

Paper Chromatography: principles and techniques, preparation of sample, choice of paper,

location of spots and measurement of Rf value, factors affecting Rf value, applications

(separation of amino acid mixtures); radial paper chromatography.

III Separation Techniques: Chromatography -II 8 hrs Ion exchange chromatography: principles and techniques, ion exchange resins, action of

resins, separation factor, factors affecting separation factors, applications (separation of Zn-

Mg, Co-Ni, Cd-Zn, chloride – bromide).

Gas chromatography: carrier gas, injection port, columns – solid inert support, stationary

liquid phase, column thermosetting, detectors, applications (separation of amino acids).

High pressure liquid chromatography: principles, comparison with GC and TLC,

experimental techniques, instrumentation and applications.

33

IV Optical Methods of Analysis 11 hrs

Pre requisite: Lambert and Beer law, verification, derivation, signification of λmax and

molar absorptivity, theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence.

Spectrophotocolorimetry: single beam and double beam spectrophotometers, functions of

the components, applications.

Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry: variables that affects fluorescence

and phosphorescence, measurement of fluorescence, application in quantitative analysis,

comparison of luminiscence and UV visible absorption methods.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy: principle, method of calibration, comparison of atomic

absorption and flame emission spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence, applications in

quantitative analysis (analysis of Zn2+

, Cu2+

and Pb2+

).

Flame photometry: principle, flames and flame spectra, flame source, atomisers, optical

and electronic system, photo sensitive detectors, calibration curve, interferences in flame

photometry, applications in quantitative analysis (determination of sodium in samples).

V Voltammetry 9 hrs

Introduction, basic principles of polarography, apparatus – polarizable dropping mercury

electrode (DME), theory – residual current, migration current, diffusion current, Ilkovic

equation, generation of polarographic waves, concept of half wave potential, polarographic

maxima, applications of polarography, A.C polarography, rapid scan polarography, organic

polarographic analysis, pulse polarography, square wave polarography; amperometric

titrations.

Text/References:

1. Analytical Chemistry – Theory and Practice, First Edition; U.N. Dash; S. Chand and Co,

New Delhi, 1995.

2. Fundamentals Of Analytical Chemistry, Seventh Edition; D.A. Skoog, D.M. Westt and F.J.

Holler; Saunders College Publishing Philadelphia, 1991.

3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Seventh Edition; H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt, J.A. Dean,

F.A. Settle; CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1986.

4. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry Second Edition; S.M. Khopkar; New Age

International Publisher, New Delhi, 2000.

5. Chemical Analysis and Instrumental approach, Third revised Edition; A.K. Srivastava and

P.C. Jain; S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 1997.

6. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis; Fifth Edition; G.H. Jeffery, J.

Bassett. J. Mendham, R.C. Denney; Longman Scientific and Technical Publication,

England, 1991.

7. Quantitative Analysis, Sixth Edition; R.A. Day, A.L. Underwood; Prentice-Hall of India

Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

8. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry; F. Settle; Prentice-Hall,

Inc. United States of America, 1997.

9. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis; Chatwal, Anand; Himalaya Publishing House.

34

Paper V: (a) Tools and Techniques of Literature Survey in Chemical Sciences (b) Report: Work Visit Paper Code: CHY-325

Credits: 2 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 2

Tools and Techniques of Literature Survey in Chemical Sciences: This has been incorporated in semester III, with the aim that a candidate does extensive literature

survey on a topic of choice and further take up project or dissertation on the same topic in the

subsequent semester.

Report: Work Visit: Students will be required to undergo summer training after II Semester in an industry for a period

of 15-30 days and submit a report in III Semester.

35

Paper VI:Laboratory Course III

Inorganic Chemistry Practical

Paper Code: CHY-326

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 6

Quantitative analysis

i. Separation and determination of two metals Ni-Zn, Cu-Fe and Cu-Ag involving volumetric and

gravimetric methods.

ii. Separation and determination of three component mixture (one volumetrically and two

gravimetrically, any two)

a. Pb+2

, Zn+2

, Cu+2

b. Zn+2

, Cu+2

Fe+2

c. Cu+2

Fe+2

, Ni+2

d. Cu+2

, Ni+2

Mg+2

Chromatographic separation

Paper chromatography

Separation, identification and determination of Rf value of the following (Any two)

i. Cu and Cd

ii. Ni and Mn

iii. Ni and Co

Thin layer chromatography

i. Separation and determination of Rf value of mixture containing metal ions-nickel,

manganese, cobalt and zinc.

Column chromatography (Practice Exercise)

i. Separation of metal ions by column chromatographic techniques followed by their

quantitative determinations.

Flame Photometric Determinations (Demonstrations)

Combined Applications:

Estimation of three component mixture using different techniques

Synthesis

Preparation of selected inorganic complexes and their study by IR spectra (any four)

i. Metal complexes of dimethyl sulphoxide, CuCl2.2DMSO

ii. Metal oxalate hydrate complexes, Nickel dioxalate

iii. Phosphine, Ph3P and its transition metal complexes

iv. Bis acetalacetonate cobalt (II)

v. Trisacetylacetonato iron (III)

vi. Cis and trans bis glycinato copper (II) monohydrate

36

Text/References: 1. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis; Fifth Edition; G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett. J.

Mendham, R.C. Denney; Longman Scientific and Technical Publication, England, 1991.

2. Infrared and Raman Spectra; Inorganic and co-ordination Compounds, Fifth Edition Part A;

K.Nakamoto; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1997.

3. Infrared and Raman Spectra; Inorganic and co-ordination Compounds, Fifth Edition Part B;

K.Nakamoto; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1997.

37

Paper VII : Laboratory Course IV

Organic Chemistry Practical

Paper Code: CHY-327

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 6

Quantitative analysis (any five) i. Determination of the percentage and number of hydroxyl groups in an organic compounds

by acetylation method.

ii. Estimation of amines/phenols using bromate bromide solution

iii. Determination of iodine and saponification value of an oil sample

iv. Determination of neutralization equivalent of the acid.

v. Estimation of sulphur by messenger or fusion method.

vi. Estimation of halogen by fusion or stepnow’s method.

vii. Estimation of nitrogen by kjeldahl’s method.

Spectrophotometric Estimations

a) Inorganic Chemistry (any three)

i. Manganese/chromium in steel.

ii. Nickel/Iron by extractive spectrophotometric method.

iii. Flouride/nitrite/phosphate

iv. Iron-phenanthroline complex: Job’s methos of continuous variation.

v. Zirconium-alizarin Red-S complex: Mole ratio method.

b) Organic Chemistry (any three)

i. Protein

ii. Carbohydrate

iii. Cholesterol

iv. Phenol

v. Tanin

Text/References:


Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith, A.R. Tatchell; Adission – Wesley Longman Ltd. England, 1998.

2. Practical Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition; P.C. Mann, B.C. Sounders; Orient Longman Ltd.

3. Spectral Analysis of Organic Compound; Second Edition; Elifford J. Creswell, Olaf, A.

Runquist, Malcolm M. Campbell; Longman.

38

Paper VIII : Laboratory Course V

Physical Chemistry Practical

Paper Code: CHY-328

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 6

A list of experiments under different heading is given below. Students are required to perform

atleast 12 experiments.

Thermochemistry

i. Determine the partial molal volume of solute (KCl or NaCl) and solvent in a binary mixture

at normal temperature and pressure.

ii. Determine the partial molar volume of ethanol-water system at normal temperature and

pressure.

Chemical kinetics

i. Determine the rate constant, energy of activation and entropy of activation in the oxidation

of benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) by potassium permanganate in acidic medium

ii. Determine the formation constant for the (Ce+4

-H3PO2)intermediate complex and also its

decomposition rate constant at the room temperature.

iii. Determine the rate constant for the bleaching of malachite green in basic medium at room

temperature spectrophotometrically.

Electrochemistry (any three)

i. Determine equivalent conductance of the strong electrolytes (KCl, HNO3, HCl etc.) at

several concentrations and verify the Onsagar’s equation and also find the values of a and b

in the equation.

ii. Determine the equivalent conductance of acetic acid at infinite dilution and calculate its

degree of dissociation at different dilutions as well as dissociation constant at the room

temperature.

Phase Equilibrium

i. Determine the solubility diagram for a three component liquid system chloroform, acetic

acid an water or toluene, acetic acid in water or benzene ethanol and water. Discuss the

diagram in a light of phase, component and degree of freedom.

Polarimeter

i. Determine the rate constant of the inversion of cane sugar in presence of hydrochloric acid

and sulphuric acid by using polarimeter and evaluate the relative strength of the two acids.

Spectrophotometry

i. Determine the acid dissociation constant (pK value) of methyl red.

ii. Determine the stability constant of FeSCN+2

complex ion keeping ionic strength constant.

iii. Determine the composition and stability constant of the complex Fe (III)/salicylic acid

system by jobs variation method.

Polarography

i. Determine the half wave potentials of Cd+2

and Zn+2

ions 0.1 M KCl solution and show that

half wave potential is independent of the concentration.

39

Text/References: 1. Experiments in General Chemistry; C.N.R. Rao; U.C. Agarwal, East-West Press Pvt. Ltd.

2. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry; Twenty-second Edition; J.B.Yadav; Goel Publishing

House, Merrut,2005.


2000.

40

Semester IV

Paper I :Chemistry of Life Processes

Paper Code: CHY-421

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objective: To learn the basics of biological processes that are required to explain concept of pharmacy.

I Introduction to Metabolic Processes 9 hrs

Catabolism and anabolism, ATP-currency of biological energy, energy rich and energy

poor phosphates, role of NADH, NADPH, FADH2, TPP, coenzyme A, lipoic acid and

biotin.

II Carbohydrate Metabolism 8 hrs Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions, citric acid cycle, oxidative

phosphorylation (electron transport system), gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis, C4

pathway, pentose phosphate pathway and photosynthesis.

III Fatty Acid Metabolism 8 hrs Even chain and odd chain (saturated and unsaturated) fatty acids, ketone bodies, fatty acid

anabolism, calorific values of food.

IV Protein Metabolism and Disorders 11 hrs Degradation of amino acids (C3, C4, C5 family), urea cycle, uric acid and ammonia

formation.

Proteins (Structure and Functions)

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; Enzymes, active sites, allosteric sites

and mechanisms of their actions, e.g., chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, lipases, etc;

enzyme immobilization and their application, enzyme as target as drug design, clinical uses

of enzymes.

V Nucleic Acids 9 hrs

Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, structure and functions of DNA, RNA (m-RNA, t-

RNA, r-RNA), an overview of gene expression (replication, transcription and translation),

genetic code (origin, Wobble hypothesis and other important features), genetic errors,

carcinogenesis and recombinant DNA technology.

Text/References: 1. Principles of Biochemistry, Third Edition; A.L. Lehninger; McMillan Press, U.K, 2002.

2. Biochemistry, Fifth Edition; L. Stryer; W.H. Freeman, 2002.

3. Biochemistry; J. David Rawn, Tanima Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2004.

4. Biochemistry, Second Edition; Voet and Voet; John Wiley and Sons, U.S.A., 1995.

5. Outline of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition; E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf; John Wiley and

Sons, New Delhi, 1994.

6. Chemistry and the Living Organisms; Bloomfield; John Wiley and Sons, 1987.

41

(The Student is required to choose any four papers from the following list of electives)

Elective Paper I- Polymers

Paper Code: CHY-422

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objective: To learn the basic concepts of polymer science for inculcating the research aptitude.

I Basics 8 hrs Scope and importance of polymers; basic concepts of polymer science- monomers, repeat

units, degree of polymerization; classification of polymers; molecular forces and chemical

bonding in polymers.

Classification (block and graft copolymers) and composition of copolymers,

polymerization in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.

II Polymer Characterization 10 hrs

Average molecular weight, number-average and weight-average molecular weights;

sedimentation and viscosity average molecular weights, polydispersity and molecular

weight distribution; practical significance of molecular weight; measurement of molecular

weights – end-group, viscosity, light scattering, osmotic and ultra centrifugation methods;

analysis and testing of polymers – chemical analysis of polymers, spectroscopic methods,

X-ray diffraction study, microscopy, thermal analysis and physical testing – tensile

strength, fatigue, impact, tear resistance, hardness and abrasion resistance.

III Structure and Properties 9 hrs Morphology and order in crystalline polymers – configuration of polymer chains, crystal

structure of polymers, morphology of crystalline polymers, strain - induced morphology,

crystallization and melting; polymer structure and physical properties – crystalline melting

point Tm (melting point of homogenous series, effect of chain flexibility and other steric

factors, entropy and heat of fusion), the glass transition temperature Tg, relation between

Tm and Tg, effects of molecular weight, diluents, chemical structure, chain topology;

property requirements and polymer utilization.

IV Polymerization Reaction 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Addition and condensation polymerization.

Classification of polymerization mechanism, mechanism of stepwise polymerization,

kinetics and statistics of linear stepwise polymerization, poly functional step reaction

polymerization.

Radical chain (addition) polymerization: mechanism and kinetics of vinyl radical

polymerization; molecular weight and its distribution, effects of temperature and pressure

on chain polymerization; similarities and contrasts in ionic polymerization, cationic,

anionic, coordination and ring-opening polymerization.

Kinetics and mechanism of copolymerization

42

V Polymer Processing 8 hrs

Plastics, elastomers and fibres, compounding, processing techniques- calendaring, die

casting, rotational casting, film casting, injection moulding, blow moulding, extrusion

moulding, thermoforming, foaming, reinforcing and fibre spinning.

Text/References:

1. Textbook of Polymer Science, Third Edition; Fred. W. Billmeyer; John Wiley & Sons,

Singapore, 2002.

2. Polymer Science, First Edition; V.R. Gowariker, N.V. Viswanathan, Jayadev Sreedhar;

New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.

3. Principles of Polymer Science, First Edition; P. Bahadur and N.V. Sastry; Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003.

4. Polymer Science, First Edition ; M.G. Arora, M. Singh, K. Naran; Anmol Publications Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi, 1994.

5. A Textbook of Inorganic Polymers; A.K. Bhagi and G.R. Chatwal; Himalaya Publishing

House, Bombay, 2001

43

Elective Paper II: Advanced Polymer Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-423

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives: To learn the kinetics and mechanism of various polymerization reactions and to expose the

students with the industrial use of commercial polymers.

I Commercial Organic Polymers – I 10 hrs Polyethylene, polypropylene, other olefin based polymers and copolymers, natural rubber

and other polyisoprenes, rubber copolymers, rubber derived from butadiene, other synthetic

elastomers, polystyrene and related polymers, acrylic polymers, polyvinyl chloride.

II Commercial Organic Polymer – II 10 hrs Polyamides and polypeptides, polyester, polyethers and related polymers, cellulosic

polymers, phenolic and amino resins, unstaturated polymer resins, epoxy resins and

polymers; miscellaneous thermosetting resins.

III Inorganic Polymers-I 8 hrs

Structure, properties and applications of

i) Polymer based on boron – borazines, boranes and carboranes

ii) Polymer based on polymetalloaxanes and polymetallosiloxanes, silazanes

Self Study: Silicones

IV Inorganic Polymers – II 10 hrs

Structure, properties and applications of

i) Polymer based on phosphorous – polyphosphates, phosphorous sulphide cages

ii) Polymer based on sulphur – tetrasulphur tetranitride and related compounds.

Self Study: Phosphazenes

V Bio Medical Polymers 7 hrs Introduction, contact lens, dental polymers, artificial heart, kidney, skin and blood cells.

Text/References: 1. Textbook of Polymer Science, Third Edition; Fred. W. Billmeyer; John Wiley & Sons,

Singapore, 2002.

2. Polymer Science, First Edition; V.R. Gowariker, N.V. Viswanathan, Jayadev Sreedhar;

New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.

3. Principles of Polymer Science, First Edition; P. Bahadur and N.V. Sastry; Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003.

4. Polymer Science, First Edition ; M.G. Arora, M. Singh, K. Naran; Anmol Publications Pvt.


5. A Textbook of Inorganic Polymers; A.K. Bhagi and G.R. Chatwal; Himalaya Publishing

House, Bombay, 2001

44

Elective Paper III : Medicinal Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-424

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objective:

To learn about pharmaceuticals and have a strong base for pursuing further research in pharmacy.

I Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 9 hrs

Introduction, classification, nomenclature, mechanism of drug action – action at

extracellular and cellular site, drug receptors and biological responses, chemistry of drug

receptor binding, mechanism of different types of drug action.

II Pharmacokinetics 9 hrs Structure-activity relationship: binding interactions, functional groups as binding groups,

pharmacophore, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR).

Absorption and assay of drugs, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug excretion, drug

administration and drug doses.

III Antibiotics 7 hrs

Mechanism of action of lactum antibiotics, non-lactam antibiotics and quinilones, antiviral

and anti-AIDS.

Neurotransmitters, classes of neurotransmitters, drugs affecting collingeric and adrenergic

mechanisms.

IV Important Chemotherapeutic Agents – I 10 hrs

Hypnotics and sedatives (barbitone sodium, pentabarbitone sodium, nitrazepam,

glutethimide).

CNS stimulants (caffeine)

Anticonvulsant drugs (paramethadione, troxidone, carbomazepine, primidone)

Antianxiety drugs and Tranquilizers: chlorpromazine hydrochloride, promazine mesylate,

promazine hydrochloride, diazepam, dilhozem, chlorbazam.

Cardiovascular agents: cardiotonic (cardiac glycosides), antiarrythymic drugs

(procainomide hydrochloride, disopyramide phosphate), antihypertensive agents

(guanthedine, methylodopa), dluretics (chlorothiazide, bendrofluzide)

V Important Chemotherapeutic Agents – II 10 hrs

Antihistamines (diphenhydramine hydrochloride, promethazine hyrdrochloride, chloro-

cyclizine hydrochloride).

Analgesics (methadone, dipipanane).

Antiviral agents (methisazone, idoxuridines)

Antipyretics (phenacetin, paracetamol)

Antimalarials (aminoquinolines, pyrimidine)

Anticancer agents/Antineoplastic agents (euclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan,

busulphan, azathioprine, taxol, CCNU)

New developments, e.g., gene therapy and drug resistance.

45

Text/References:

1. Medicinal Chemistry; G. Patrick, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.

2. Synthetic Drugs; M.S. Yadav; Campus Books International, New Delhi., 2002.

3. Synthetic Drugs; Rajbeer Singh; Mittal Publications, New Delhi., 2002.

4. Synthetic Drugs; G.R. Chatwal; Himalaya Publishing House., 1994.

5. An Introduction to Synthetic Drugs and Dyes; P.P.Singh, R.S. Rao, V. Chawla; Himalaya

Publishing House., 1992.

6. A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Jayashree Ghosh; S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New

Delhi.

46

Elective Paper IV: Environmental Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-425

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objective: To learn about the environment we dwell in.

I Atmosphere – I 8 hrs

Environment: introduction (definition, nomenclature, scope and unit of concentration),

environmental segment (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere), structure of

atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere), temperature inversion,

heat radiation balance of earth, atmospheric residence time.

Biogeochemical cycles: water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulphur

cycle & phosphorous cycle; various types of particles, ions, radicals and their formation in

the atmosphere, chemical & photochemical reactions in the atmosphere – O2 & O3

chemistry, SO2, NOx, and organic compounds.

II Atmosphere – II 10 hrs

Aerosols: sources, size distribution, effect on visibility, climate and health.

Green house effect: green house gases, causes, consequences and abatement of green house

effect.

Acid rain: Introduction, acid rain precursor, their aqueous and gas phase atmospheric

oxidation reactions, damaging effects on aquatic life, plants, buildings and health, acid rain

control strategies.

Environmental disasters: Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl, Three mill Island, Sewozo

minamata.

III Atmosphere – III 8 hrs

Stratospheric chemistry: ozone layer, environmental concentration units for gases,

chemistry of ozone layer, high absorption by molecules, biological consequences of ozone

depletion, creation, non-catalytic and catalytic process of ozone destruction, atomic

chlorine and bromine as X catalysts; ozone hole and the other sites of ozone depletion- the

Antarctic ozone hole, Arctic ozone depletion, global decrease in stratospheric ozone, UV

increase at ground level.

IV Hydrosphere 10 hrs

Water resources, chemical composition of water bodies, water chemistry (physical

properties, precipitation reactions, acid/base reactions, alkalinity, hardness, buffer

solutions).

Oxidation- reduction chemistry in natural waters: dissolved oxygen, oxygen demand, BOD

and COD, anaerobic decomposition of organic matter; nitrogen and sulphur compounds in

natural water, PE scale, aluminium, fluoride and nitrate in water, eutrophication of water

bodies.

47

V Lithosphere and Environmental Toxicology 9 hrs

Soil: classification, profile, inorganic and organic components, acid base and ion exchange

reactions, micro and macro nutrients, nitrogen pathway and NPK.

Toxic chemicals in environment: impact of toxic chemicals on enzymes, biochemical

effects of Cd, As, Pb, Hg, CO, nitrogen, oxides, SO2, ozone, PAN, pesticides and

carcinogens.

Text/References:

1. Environmental Chemistry, Sixth Edition; Stanley E. Manahan; Lewis publishers,

Boston.

2. Environmental Chemistry, First Edition; Colin Baird; W.H. Freeman and company, New

York, 1998.

3. Environmental Chemistry, Fourth Edition; A. K. De; New Age International Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi, 2003

4. Environmental Chemistry, First Edition; Soumitro Ghose; Dominant Publishers &

Distributors, New Delhi, 2003.

5. Environmental Chemistry; P.S. Sindhu; New Age International (p) Ltd. Publishers, New

Delhi, 1998.

6. Chemistry of the Environment, Second Edition; Thomas G. Spiro & William M.

Stigliani; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.

7. Environmental Chemistry, A Global Perspective; Gary W. Vanloon & Stephen J. Duffy;

Oxford University Press, New York, 2000.

48

Elective Paper V :Environmental Pollution and its Treatment

Paper Code: CHY-426

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objective: To learn about environmental pollution and remedies related to them.

I Water Treatment 10 hrs

Water quality and standards, water classification and treatment systems; coagulation;

softening – lime soda and ion exchange softening; mixing and flocculation – rapid mix and

flocculation; disinfection – disinfection kinetics, chlorine reaction in water, chlorine-

disinfecting action, chlorine/ ammonia reactions, ozonation and ultraviolet radiation and

adsorption technique to purify water.

II Waste Water Treatment 10 hrs

Municipal water treatment, treatment of water for industrial use, sewage treatment, primary

waste treatment, secondary waste treatment by biological processes (aerobic water

treatment), tertiary waste treatment, industrial waste water treatment, removal of solids,

removal of calcium, iron, manganese, dissolved organics and inorganics (electrodialysis,

ion exchange, reverse osmosis).

III Air Pollution 8 hrs

Air pollutants and standards, effect of air pollutants on materials, vegetation and health.

Origin and fate of air pollutants: CO, NO2, SO2, , total suspended particulates, indoor air

pollution; air pollution meteorology – stability; atmospheric monitoring–sampling, analysis

of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matter.

IV Nature and Sources of Hazardous Wastes 8 hrs

Classification, origin and amounts of wastes; flammable, combustible, reactive, corrosive

and toxic substances; chemical class of hazardous substances, physical forms and

segregations of wastes; generation, treatment, disposal and effects of hazardous wastes;

hazardous wastes in hydrosphere, geosphere, atmosphere & biosphere.

V Treatment of Hazardous Wastes 9 hrs

Introduction, waste reduction and minimization, recycling, physical methods of waste

treatment, chemical treatment, thermal treatment methods, biodegradation of waste, land

treatment and composting, preparation of waste for disposal, ultimate disposal of waste;

leachate and gas emissions, in-situ treatment – immobilization, vapour extraction,

detoxification in-situ and in-situ thermal process.

Text/References: 1. Environmental Chemistry, VI Edition; Stanley E. Manahan; Lewis publishers, Boston.

2. Environmental Chemistry, I Edition; Colin Baird; W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1998. 3. Environmental Chemistry, IV Edition; A.K.De; New Age International Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi, 2003

4. Environmental Chemistry, I Edition; Soumitro Ghose; Dominant Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2003. 5. Environmental Chemistry; P.S. Sindhu; New Age International (p) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, 1998.

6. Chemistry of the Environment, II Edition; Thomas G. Spiro & William M. Stigliani; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.


7. Environmental Chemistry, a Global Perspective; Gary W. Vanloon & Stephen J. Duffy; Oxford University Press,

New York, 2000.

49

Elective Paper VI : Bioinorganic and Supramolecular Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-427

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives: To learn the importance of metalloenzymes used in biosystems and metals in medicine and to

understand the importance of co-ordinaiton compounds in the emerging field of supramolecular

chemistry.

I Iron and Calcium in Biological Systems 9 hrs

Metal Storage and Transport: Ferritin, Transferrin, Siderophores.

Calcium in Biological Systems: calcium in living cells, transport and regulation of Ca2+

ions in higher organisms, molecular aspects of intramolecular processes, extracellular

binding proteins.

II Metalloenzymes 10 hrs

Zinc enzymes-carboxypeptidase and carbonic anhydrase; iron enzymes – catalase,

peroxidase and cytochrome P-450; copper enzymes – superoxide dismutase; vitamin B12

and B12 coenzymes.

III Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry and Metal-Nucleic acid Interactions 10 hrs

Metals in medicine: metal deficiency and disease, toxic effects of metals, metals used for

diagnosis, chemotherapy with special reference to anticancer drugs.

Metal-nucleic acid interactions: basics- nucleic acid structure, fundamental interactions

and reactions with nucleic acids, applications of different metal complexes that binds

nucleic acids, conformational probes, metal-nucleic acid interactions with special

references to zinc finger protein.

IV Supramolecular Chemistry-I 8 hrs

Molecular recognition: molecular receptors for different types of molecules including

arisonic substrates, design and synthesis of coreceptor molecules and multiple recognition;

supramolecular reactivity and catalysis.

V Supramolecular Chemistry-II 8 hrs Pre requisite: Essential and trace elements in biology, basic concepts of nucleic acid.

Transport processes and carrier design, supramolecular devices- supramolecular

photochemistry, supramolecular electronic, ionic and switching device.

Text/References: 1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; S. J. Lippard, J.M. Berg; Panima Publishing Corporation,

New Delhi, 2005.

2. Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; I.Bertini, H.B.Gray, S.J.Lippard, J.S.Valentine; Viva Books Pvt Ltd., New

Delhi, 1998.

3. Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; M.Satake, Y.Mido; Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003.

4. Supramolecular Chemistry, First Edition; Concepts and Perspectives; J.M. Lehn; VCH, Verlagsgesellschaft,

Germany, 1995.

5. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; D.F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins; Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.

6. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity; Fourth Edition; J.E. Hueey, E.A. Keiter and R.L.

Keiter; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York, 1993.

7. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr; Pearson Education Inc. Singapore,

2005.

50

Elective Paper VII: Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-428

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives: To learn about nuclear chemistry and to equip students for future career in nuclear industry.

I Atomic Nucleus 9 hrs

Sub-nucleons, classification of nuclides, nuclear stability, binding energy, nuclear radius,

orbital, spin and total angular momentum of nucleons, electric quadrupole moment of

nuclides; nuclear models – liquid drop model, fermi gas model, optical model, shell model.

II Radioactivity 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Properties of α, β and γ rays.

Decay scheme, decay kinetics, parent-daughter decay growth relationship, branching

decay, alpha emission, beta emission – type of beta decay, electron capture, neutrino,

double beta decay, nuclear deexcitation – gamma emission, gamma transition, internal

conversion, auger effect; artificial radioactivity, counters – Geiger counter, scintillation

counter, proportional counter, semi conductor detector.

III Nuclear Reactions 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Nuclear fission and fusion.

Types, special nuclear reaction – evaporation, spallation, fission, fragmentation; reaction

cross section; compound nucleus mechanism for nuclear reaction, high energy, photo and

thermo nuclear reaction; fission – process and product, fission energy, theory of nuclear

fission, nuclear reactor, breader reactor in India, fusion and its scope.

IV Elements of Radiation Chemistry 7 hrs

Interaction of radiation with matter, radiolysis of water, chemical and biological effect of

radiation, units for measuring radiation absorption.

V Applications of Radio Nuclides 8 hrs

Pre requisite: Radioisotopes

Tracer method, isotope dilution analysis, activation analysis, diffusion studies, structure

determination, reaction mechanism, radio pharmaceuticals, dating techniques, neutron

activation analysis.

Text/References: 1. Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, IV Edition; H.J. Arnikar; New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1995.

2. Source book on Atomic Energy II Edition; S. Glasstone; Van Nostrand Co. Inc., New Jersey.

3. Nuclear Chemistry for B.Sc. and M.Sc. Students of Indian Universities, I Edition; C.V. Shekhar; Dominant

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2003.

51

Elective Paper VIII: Heterocyclic Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-429

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives:

To learn about synthetic organic chemistry for their future research purposes.

I Introduction and Nomenclature of Heterocycles 8 hrs

Replacement and systematic nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) for monocyclic,

fused and bridged heterocycles.

Self Study: General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification (structural

type), criteria of aromaticity (bond lengths, ring current and chemical shifts in 1H NMR-

spectra, empirical resonance energy, delocalization energy and Dewar resonance energy,

diamagnetic susceptibility exaltations), heteroaromatic reactivity and tautomerism in

aromatic heterocycles.

II Conformational Analysis of Non-aromatic Heterocycles 8 hrs

Strain-bond angle and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring heterocycles.

Conformation of six-membered heterocycles with reference to molecular geometry, barrier

to ring inversion, pyramidal inversion and 1,3-diaxial interaction; stereo-electronic effects

– anomeric and related effects; attractive interactions – hydrogen bonding and

intermolecular nucleophilic-electrophilic interactions.

III Small Ring and Benzo-Fused Five-Membered Heterocycles 10 hrs

Three-membered and four membered heterocycles – synthesis and reactions of aziridines,

oxiranes, thiiranes, azetidines, oxetanes and thietanes; synthesis and reactions including

medicinal applications of benzopyrroles, benzofurans and benzothiophenes.

IV Six-Membered Heterocycles 10 hrs

With one heteroatom: synthesis and reactions of pyrilium salts and pyrones and their

comparison with pyridinium and thiopyrylium salts and pyridones; synthesis and reactions

of quinolizinium and benzopyrylium salts, coumarins and chromones.

With two or more heteroatoms: synthesis and reactions of diazines, triazines, tetrazines and

thiazines

V Meso-Ionic, Seven- and Large-Membered heterocycles 9 hrs

Meso-ionic heterocycles: classification, chemistry of some important meso-ionic

heterocycles of type-A and B and their applications.

Seven and large membered heterocycles: synthesis and reactions of azepines, oxepines,

thiepines, diazepines thiazepines, azocines, diazocines, dioxocines and dithiocines.

Text/References: 1. Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1-3; First Edition; R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta; Springer Verlag, Berlin,

Heidelberg, 1998. 2. Heterocyclic Chemistry; Fourth Edition; J.A. Joule and K.Mills; Blackwell Science Ltd., London, 2000.

3. Heterocyclic Chemistry; T.L. Gilchrist; Longman Scientific and Technical.

4. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds; Second Edition; R.M. Acheson; John Wiley and

Sons, New Delhi, 1976. 5. Contemporary Heterocyclic Chemistry; G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler; Wiley Interscience.

52

Elective Paper IX : Chemistry of Natural Products

Paper Code: CHY-430

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objective: To learn about different classes of natural products for future endeavours in organic chemistry.

I Terpenoids and Carotenoids 10 hrs

Classification, nomenclature, occurrence, general methods of structure determination,

isoprene rule; structure determination, stereochemistry and synthesis of the following

representative molecules – Citral, Geraniol, α-Terpenol, Menthol, Santonin and β-Carotene.

II Alkaloids 10 hrs

Definition, nomenclature, physiological action, occurrence, general methods of structure

elucidation, degradation, classification based on nitrogen heterocyclic ring.

Structure, stereochemistry and synthesis of the following – Ephedrine, (+)-Nicotine,

Atropine, Quinine and Morphine.

Self Study: Role of alkaloids in plants.

III Steroids 10 hrs

Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diels’ hydrocarbon and stereochemistry.

Structure determination and synthesis of Cholesterol, Bile acids, Androsterone,

Testosterone, Estrone, Progestrone, Aldosterone.

IV Plant Pigments and Vitamins 8 hrs

Structure and synthesis of important members of anthocyanins (palargonidin), flavanones

(quercetin) and quinines (lapachol).

Vitamins: introduction, vitamin B complex, biotins, vitamin E group and vitamin K group.

V Porphyrins, Pyrethroids and Rotenones 7 hrs

Structure and synthesis of haemoglobin and chlorophyll.

Synthesis and reactions of pyrethroids and rotenones. (for structure elucidation, emphasis is

to be placed on the use of spectral parameters wherever possible)

Text/References: 1. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2; Fifth Edition; I.L. Finar; Longman Scientific and Technical,

Singapore, 1997.

2. Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds; Ed. S. Coffey; Elsevier.

53

Elective Paper X : Organic Synthesis

Paper Code: CHY-431

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objective:

To learn the retrosynthesis for synthetic organic research.

I Disconnection Approach and Protecting Group 10 hrs

An introduction to synthons and synthetic equivalents, disconnection approach, functional

group inter-conversions, the importance of the order of events in organic synthesis, one

group C-X and two group C-X disconnections, chemoselectivity, reversal of polarity,

cyclisation reactions, amine synthesis; principle of protection of alcohol, amine, carbonyl

and carboxyl groups.

Self study: Name reactions

II One and Two Group C-C Disconnections 10 hrs

Alcohols and carbonyl compounds, regioselectivity, alkene synthesis, uses of alkynes and

aliphatic nitro compounds in organic synthesis; Diels’ Alder reaction, 1,3-difunctionalised

compounds, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, control in carbonyl condensations, 1,5-

difunctionalised compounds; Micheal addition and Robinson annelation.

III Synthesis of Some Complex Molecules 9 hrs

Application of the above units in the synthesis of following compounds – vitamin B12,

longifoline, taxol and menthol.

IV Oxidation 9 hrs

Introduction, different oxidative processes.

Hydrocarbons (alkenes, aromatic rings), alcohols, diols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic

acids, amines, hydrazines and sulphides; oxidation with ruthenium tetraoxide and thallium

(III) nitrate.

V Reduction 8 hrs

Introduction, different reductive processes.

Hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes, aromatic rings), aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and

their derivatives, epoxides, nitro, azo and oxime groups; hydrogenolysis.

Text/References 1. Designing Organic Synthesis; First Edition; S. Warren; John Wiley and Sons, Great Britain, 2002.

2. Organic Synthesis- Concepts, Methods and Starting Materials; J. Fuhrhop and G.Penzillin; Verlage VCH.

3. Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis; Third Edition; W. Carruthers; Cambridge Univ. Press, UK, 1987.

4. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure; Fourth Edition; Jerry March; John Wiley

and Sons Asia Private Limited, New Delhi, 2007

5. Principles of Organic Synthesis; Third Edition; R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon; Nelson Thornes, UK, 2003.

6. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A & B; Fourth Edition; Francis A. Carey and Richard J. Sundberg; Kluwer

Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.

54

Elective Paper XI : Biophysical Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-432

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives: To learn the complexities in molecular modelling and to introduce students to the methods of

modern structural and quantitative analysis involved in structural determination of biological

macromolecules.

I Fundamentals of Biological Macromolecules: 10 hrs

Biological cell, structure and functions of proteins and enzymes; chemical bonds in

biological systems; properties of water; structure and functions of cell membrane, ion

transport through cell membranes, irreversible thermodynamic treatment of membrane

transport; nerve conduction; thermodynamic principles in biological systems; properties

and classification of amino acids; structure and composition of nucleic acids, properties of

nucleosides and nucleotides. DNA and RNA in living systems.

II Molecular Modelling and Conformational Analysis 9 hrs Complexities in modelling macromolecular structure; polypeptide chain geometries and

internal rotational angles; Ramachandran plots; molecular mechanics; stabilizing

interactions in biomolecules; simulating macromolecular structure; energy minimization;

molecular dynamics.

III Methods for the Separation of Biomolecules 9 hrs General principles including chromatography, sedimentation, moving boundary

sedimentation, zonal sedimentation, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, capillary

electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF.

IV Structural Determinations 9 hrs Physical methods: ultracentrifugation and other hydrodynamic techniques; light scattering

– fundamental concepts, scattering from a number of small particles, Rayleigh scattering,

scattering from particles that are not small compared to the wavelength of radiation,

dynamic light scattering, low angle X-Ray scattering, neutron scattering, Raman scattering.

V Optical Methods 8 hrs

Optical techniques in biological systems – absorption spectroscopy; fluorescence

spectroscopy; linear and circular dichroism; single and multidimensional NMR

spectroscopy.

Text/References: 1. Biophysical Chemistry, Vol,. I-III, Twelth Edition; Cantor, C.R. & Schimmel, Paul R.; W.H.

Freeman & Company, U.S.A., 2002

2. Principles of Biochemistry, Third Edition; Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D.L. & Cox, M. M.

Lehninger; McMillan Press Ltd., London, 2002

55

Elective Paper XII : Solid State Chemistry

Paper Code: CHY-433

Credits: 3 MM : 100


Cotact Hr./week : 3

Objectives: To learn the students with the fascinating area of solid state chemistry and super conductors and to

appreciate the use of various diffraction methods in structural analysis.

I Solid State Reactions and Preparative Methods of Inorganic Solids 8 hrs

General principles, experimental procedures, co-precipitation as a precursor to solid state

reactions, kinetics of solid state reactions.

Preparative methods of inorganic solids (solgel and MOCVD processes) – crystallization

of solutions, glasses, gels and melts, vapour phase transport methods, electrochemical

reduction methods, preparation of thin films, growth of single crystals, high pressure and

hydrothermal methods.

II X-ray diffraction 11 hrs

Laue method, Bragg method, Debye-Scherrer method of X-ray structural analysis of

crystals, Miller indices, index reflections, identification of unit cells from systematic

absences in diffraction pattern, structure of simple lattices and X-ray intensities, structure

factor and its relation to intensity and electron density, phase problem; procedure of X-ray

structure analysis, absolute configuration of molecules.

III Electron and Neutron Diffraction 9 hrs

Electron diffraction: scattering intensity v/s scattering angle, Wierl equation measurement

technique, elucidation of structure of simple gas phase molecules, low energy electron

diffraction and structure of surfaces.

Neutron diffraction: scattering of neutrons by solids, measurement techniques, elucidation

of structure of magnetically ordered unit cell.

IV Crystal Defects and Non-Stoichiometry 8 hrs

Pre requisite: Vacancies – Schottky and Frenkel defects.

Perfect and imperfect crystals, intrinsic and extrinsic defects – point, line and plane defects;

thermodynamics of Schottky and Frenkel defect formation; colour centes; non-

stoichiometry and defects.

V Electronic Properties and Band Theory 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Introduction and band structure of metals, insulators and semi conductors.

Semiconductors: influence of doping on band gap; applications – p-n junction, photovoltaic

cell and solar conversion.

Superconductivity: Meissner effect, critical temperature and critical magnetic field – type I

and II superconductors; ternary oxides – structure of 123 oxides (Y-Ba-Cu-O); BCS theory

of superconductivity – Cooper Pair Electron.

Text/References: 1. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications; A.R. West; John Wiley and Sons, Singapore, 2004.

2. Principles of Solid State, First Edition; H.V. Keer; New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2002.

3. Solid State Chemistry, First Edition; D.K. Chakrabarty; New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2005.

(The electives will only be offered subject to a minimum of 10 students opting for it)

56

Paper VI : Dissertation /Research Project

Paper Code: CHY-434

Credits: 12 MM : 100



Dissertation

To give an exposure of research to candidates, dissertation has been introduced in semester IV.

Candidate is required to carry out minor research project on any topic of choice (preferably based

on Semester III Literature Survey Article) under the supervision of an allotted guide or faculty.

The students will also have an option to carry out project in an industry during semester break and

submit the final project report along with the certificate from the authorized signatory of the

industry to the department for evaluation.

***

Documents

SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR - · PDF fileSFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.SC.) ... Asymmetric synthesis, Cram’s rule, Prelog’s rule, CD, ORD,