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NATIONAL MANAGEMENT COLLEGESENIOR MANAGEMENT WING, LAHORE
12thSenior Management Course
Service Group Presentation
Police Service of Pakistan
By
Taimoor Ali Khan PSP
Sponsor DS: Intisar Ahmed Khan
2012
2
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PSP PARTICIPANTS
1. Mr. Khalid Mahmood
2. Mr. Wisal Fakhar Sultan
3. Dr. Usman Anwar
4. Mr. Kashif Alam
5. Mr. Ali Ahmad Sabir Kiyani
3
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SEQUENCE
Introduction
Historical evolution
Relevant laws
Functions
Management of PSP Management style
Cardinal Issues
Policy options & Recommendations
Change management for enhancing performance
Relevance of PSP to the Changing Paradigm of Governance & Its
Likely Future Evolution
Conclusion
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SOME IMAGES
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HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
Hi t i l D l t
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Historical Development
before 1857
22
Sultanate & Mughal
Administration
1808
Independent heads of
Police in Bengal
1792-3
Established by
Cornwallis in Bengal
Hi t i l D l t
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Historical Development
around 1857
23
1843
Sir Charles Napier
professional
police on Irish
model in Sind
1856
Police
Commissioners in
Calcutta, Madras &
Bombay
1861
Institutionalization ofpolice in India
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Police Act 1861 - Features
Passed in aftermath of the 1857 war of independence.
Based on Irish Constabulary Acts of 1822 and 1836.
Designed to support land revenue collection & law and
order maintenance.
Subservient to the executive.
Highly militaristic and authoritarian in design.
Emphasis on maintenance of a type of discipline, bordering
regimentation, that requiring the lower ranks to blindly
obey orders. 24
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Police Act 1861 - Features
Accountable to their internal hierarchy and the executive.
Structurally embedded Elitist bias, distrust of the lower
ranks (Section 7 uses the word Inferior Officers for junior
ranks).
generally the British remained indifferent to the public
complaints against the police.*
* Gurr, Ted Robert, Grabosky, Peter N. and Hula, Richard C. 1977, The Politics of Crimeand Conflict: A Comparative History of Four Cities. California, Beverly Hills: Sage.
2525
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contd
Training regimen focused on physical fitness and drills
rather on education.
Control never went beyond mere symbolism. *
a rulers force with little provision for citizenaccountability.**
* Peers, Douglas M. 1991. Torture, the Police, and the Colonial State in the Madras
Presidency, 1816-55. Criminal Justice History. v 12.
** Das, Dilip K. and Verma, Arvind. 1998. The Armed Police in the British ColonialTradition: The Indian Perspective. Police Studies: The International Review of PoliceDevelopment and Management. Vol. 21 N 2, pp. 354-367.
26
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Historical Development
After Independence
27
1947-48
Independence! Pakistan
adopted Police Act of India
14th August 2002
New organic law
promulgated
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Developments after Independence
Police System under 1861 Act remained enforced.
Police grew in its nuisance value as local elites relied on the
police to consolidate their power.*
* Suddle, Muhammad Shoaib, Reinventing the Anachronistic Police Organisation
of Pakistan, paper presented at The 1999 British Criminology Conference,Liverpool, July 1999.
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1948 Passage of Bill to introduce a Metropolitan System of Policing in Karachi
1951 Recommendations of Sir Oliver Bilbert Grace, IG Police, NWFP
1961 Police Commission headed by Mr. Justice J.B. Constantine
1962 Pay & Services Reorganization Committee (Justice Cornelius)
1970 Police Commission headed by Major General A.O. Mitha
1976 Police Station Enquiry Committee headed by M.A.K. Chaudhry, IG Police
1976 Law and Order Sub-Committee headed by Ch. Fazal Haque
1976 Police Reforms Committee headed by Rafi Raza
1981 Orakazi Committee on Police Welfare, Promotion & Seniority Rules
29
Initiatives to Reform Police
Since 1947, 11 Police Commissions/Committees and 4
International Missions
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1982 Cabinet Committee of Emoluments of SHOs.
1983 Cabinet Committee on Determining the Status of SHOs
1983 Sahibzada Rauf Ali Committee
1985 The police Committee headed by Mr. Aslam Hayat
1987 Report of the two members delegations visit to Bangladesh and India
1989 Report of the 7-Member delegations visit to Bangladesh and India
1990 Police Reforms Implementation Committee M.A.K. Chaudhary
1996 Report of the Japanese Police Delegation on the Police System in Pakistan
1997 Committee on Police Reforms under the Chairmanship of Interior Minister
1998 Report of the Good Governance Group on Police Reforms: Committee Vision
2000 Report of the Focal Group on Police Reforms: NRB Draft 2000
30
Contd
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All Committees and Missions recommended policingreforms in Pakistan.
Recommendations of the most of Commissions weregeneral and incremental within the 1861 paradigm.
Only peripheral changes in procedures.
31
Contd.
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Police Order 2002 - Features
Promulgated on Aug, 14, 2002, replaced Police Act 1861.
Re-defined role and responsibilities of police giving
precedence to service function.
Operational and Administrative Autonomy.
Public participation and external accountability through
DPSCs and CPLCs.
Separation of Investigation from Watch & Ward.
Annual Policing Plan.
Tenure based system of posting.
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Contd
Better Service delivery through re-organization and re-configuration.
Police Accountability: three tiers
Civilian Oversight (Public Safety Commissions & Police ComplaintAuthority)
Internal Accountability
Judicial Review
33
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Police Order - Internal Accountability Mechanisms
Article 155 - misconduct or dereliction of duty by police
officers (up to 3 years imprisonment and fine)
Article 156 Vexatious entry, search, arrest, torture etc
(up to 5 years imprisonment and fine)
Article 157 Delay in producing arrested person in court
(up to 1 year imprisonment and fine)
Inspections
34
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Police Order - External oversight
mechanisms
Public Safety and Police Complaints Commissions at
different levels.
District Criminal Justice Co-ordination Committee.
Citizens Police Liaison Committee.
35
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Police Order 2002 - Vulnerabilities
Not product of a consultation process or parliamentary debate.
Consent of the provinces never sought.
Not aligned with our environ and political culture - civilian oversight
models transplanted from UK and Japanese environments.
Want of full ownership by police.
Mechanisms of public oversight and accountability faced resistance
by the political allies of the government,
the bureaucracy,
segments within the police.
36
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An Amended Police Order
Police Order (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 amended or
replaced 73 of 187 articles.
Merged complaints bodies and PSCs.
Altered the composition of the PSCs to include MNAs andMPAs.
Number of independent members reduced from one-halfto one-third in the district safety commission.
Rendered PSC recommendations non-binding.
Amendments diluted that autonomy and weakenedmechanisms for civilian oversight and internalaccountability.
37
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Progress or Regression?
On14th July, 2011, the Sindh (Repeal of the Police Order,
2002 and Revival of the Police Act, 1861) Act, 2011 was
passed.
S. 3 of the Act repealed Police Order 2002. S. 2 revived the Police Act,1861 (Act No.V of 1861).
On 19th August 2011, the Balochistan Provincial legislature
passed the Balochistan Police Act No. X of 2011. S. 46 of the Act repealed Police Order 2002 in Balochistan.
38
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Development of Police Service British Army Officers commanded Indian Police.
First Imperial Police Service (IPS) exams held in 1919.
Ratio of native officers increased to 50% in 1939.
Renamed as PSP after independence.
Police Group formed under Administrative Reforms 1973
All Pakistan Unified Grades (DMG + Police + SG)
All Service Cadres abolished and replaced by reorganized system ofOccupational Groups
Adoption of Basic Pay Scales structure
PSP restored in 1985 39
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40
Relevant laws and Regulatory EnvironmentAffecting Structure, Size & Functions of PSP
R l t l
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Relevant laws
Parliament has the exclusive power to legislate for the the
Police Service of Pakistan (Entry 11, Federal Legislative List
Part I).
Constitutional Provisions:
Article 240, read with Federal Legislative List, Part I, item 11
Statutory Framework for PSP:
Civil Servants Act, 1973
41
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Contd Delegated Legislation:
The Occupational Groups and Services (Probation, Training and
Seniority) Rules, 1990
PSP (Composition, Cadre & Seniority) Rules 1985
Ancillary Instructions, etc. (Estacode)
Federal Govt. Rules of Business 1973: Establishment Division manages,inter alia, PSP
Organic police law:
Police Order 2002 in KP and Punjab
Police Act 1861 in Sindh, GB,AJK, and ICT
Balochistan Police Act 2011 in Balochistan
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Responsibilities and Functions
Articles 3, 4 and 5 of the Police Order, 2002.
Protecting life, property and liberty of citizens
Preserving and promoting public peace
Protecting rights of individuals in custody
Preventing the commission of offences and public nuisance
Collecting and communicating intelligence
Keeping order
43
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Contd
Detecting and bringing offenders to justice
Assisting in prevention of the public from exploitation by any
person or organised groups
Preventing harassment of women and children in public
places
Affording relief to people in distress situations, particularly in
respect of women and children
Providing assistance to victims of road accidents and assisting
accident victims or their heirs or dependents
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45
MANAGEMENT OFPSP CADRE
Police Ranks
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Police Ranks
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Rank-wise Break-upRank Number
Inspector General of Police (IGP) 2
Additional Inspector General of Police
(Addl. IGP)38
Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) 111
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) 228
Superintendent of Police (SP) 163
Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) 127
Total PSP Officers 669
47Source: Establishment Division
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PSP Deployment
Organization PSPOfficers
%age
Punjab 227 33.93%
Sindh 115 17.19%
KP 55 8.22%
Balochistan 87 13.00%
Fed. Govt
AJK/GB
185
27.65%
Total 669
48
Punjab
SindhKP
Balochistan
Fed. Govt AJK/GB
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Composition by Gender
13 female PSP officers
Deputy Inspector General: 1
Female Assistant Superintendents of Police : 12
49
Organization Number
Islamabad Capital Territory Police 3
Punjab 7
Sindh 2KP -
Baluchistan -
i i
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Composition Officers recruited as ASsP( BS-17) through CSS (FPSC)
Officers Inducted from the Armed Forces (BS-17)
Encadred Provincial Police Officers (BS-18)
Military Officers through lateral Entry
50
Federal Police/La Enforcement
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Federal Police/Law Enforcement
Organizations & Tasks
Core Tasks Organization
Investigation of White Collar
Crime; Immigration; Human
Trafficking
Federal Investigation
Agency
Intelligence collection, analysis
and dissemination
Intelligence Bureau
Security to internal borders;internal security Frontier Constabulary
Traffic management on national
highways
NH&MP
51
contd.
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Core Tasks Organization
Police Leadership & Management;national focal point on all police-
related matters
National Police Bureau
Policing along the railways Railways Police
Counter-terrorism NACTA
Police learning and development National Police Academy
Welfare and enterprise development Police Foundation
Limiting trafficking and distribution of
narcotics
ANF
Policing in federal territory, AJK, GB ICTP, GBP, AJKP
52
contd.
Typical Functional Formations of
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Traffic Police
SPECIALIZED AGENCIES
Reserve
Constabulary
Training
CiDSpecial Branch
Highway and Patrolling Police
FIELD FORMATIONS
Capital City
Police
City Police
Investigations
Elite/TacticalVVIP Security
District Police
Police CollegeRegional Police
PROVINCIAL POLICE HEADQUARTERS
Investigation
Branch
Typical Functional Formations of
Provincial Police
53
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Generic Provincial Organization Chart
5454
PPO / IGP
Addl IGP
CID
Addl IGP
Spl Br
Addl IGP
Inv Br
Comdt
PC
DIG
Hqrs
CCPO
LahoreCPO (4)
PSO
RPOs(7)
AIG /
Ops
AIGDiscipline
DIGs(2)
DIGInv
DIGCrime
Addl IGPDir R & D
Addl IGPW & F
Addl IGPT & T
Addl IGPEPF
Addl IGPEstt
Addl IGPPHP
Addl IGPTraining
ComdtSihala
DIGTraffic
AIGDev
AIGAdmn
AIGLegal
DPRDirector
SIUDIGI & V
Dy ComdtPC
Addl IGP
CID
Addl IGP
Spl Br
Addl IGP
Inv Br
Comdt
PC
DIG
Hqrs
CCPO
LahoreCPO (4)
PSO
RPOs
AIG /
Ops
AIGDiscipline
DIGs DIGInv
DIGCrime
Addl IGPDir R & D
Addl IGPW & F
Addl IGPT & T
Addl IGPEPF
Addl IGPEstt
Addl IGPPHP
Addl IGPTraining
ComdtSihala
AIGDev
AIGAdmn
AIGLegal
DPRDirector
SIUDIGI & V
Dy ComdtPC
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Human Resource Management
Recruitment
Initial recruitment at ASP level through FPSC
Induction of army officers as ASP
55
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Professional Learning and Development
Induction Training
CTP at Civil Services Academy
STP (ICC) at National Police Academy
Hands-on field training
56
Contd
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57
Contd
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Training Content of ICC
Law Subjects
Professional learning modules
Physical PT & Parade
Weapon Handling & Musketry
58
Continued learning and development
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Continued learning and development MCMC
SMC
NMC
Specialized professional training courses
Foreign/International training activities
59
P bl A i L i d
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Problem Areas in Learning and
Development
Focus on physical training, drill and musketry than on
cultivation of professional skills and attitudes.
Training content not commensurate with on-ground needs.
No National Policy on Police Learning &
Development/Training.
No cascading of newly learnt skills, concepts and techniques
Impact of Security Situation on Training
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Contd
Promotion
Promotion policy formulated by Federal Government in
consultation with Provincial Governments.
Seniority cum fitness & mandatory training based promotion by
Federal Government
BS-17 to BS-18 : 05 years
BS-18 to BS-19 : 12 years
BS-19 to BS-20 : 17 years
BS-20 to BS-21 : 22 years
BS-21 to BS-22 : 02 years service in BS-21
61
Problem Areas in Human Resource
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Management
Inadequacies in Career Planning.
Politicization of postings/transfers of PSP officers.
Rapid change of policies and regulatory environment.
Cadre strength does not reflect expanding size of provincial and
federal police/LE organizations.
Disillusionment & demotivation.
Want of PSP representation in Establishment Division.
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Allocation of Financial Resources
Province/Unit Strength Budget 2011-12 (Rs.in billions)
Punjab Police 177,492 52.00
Sindh Police 102,000 29.00
KP Police 52,000 21.00
Baluchistan Police 19,000 07.00
Islamabad Police 20,000 04.00
Total 370,000 113.00
63Source: National Police Bureau
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64
MANAGEMENT STYLE
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Decision Making and Management Style
Traditionally hierarchical, regimented and militarized
organizations.
Function under laws, highly defined rule systems and strict
operational guidelines. Work under high levels of stress emanating from multiple
sources.
Large power distance.
Decision-making mostly downstream from top to bottom.
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67
CHALLENGES
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Increasing
demand for
service
delivery
1. Obsolete policing model & lack of
modern policing skills
2. Professionalization
3. Internal working procedures
4. Disconnect with communities
Demand for service
68
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Population growth and youth bulge
Inter-institutional mistrust
Deepening sectarian and ethnic
cleavages
Inadequate intelligence
Poor analytical capacity
Ineffective strategies
Deteriorating
Public Order
Public Order
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First line of defence
Visible targets (2003-2011 - 4364 killed 10000
injured)*
Constrained access to information
Intelligence fusing and actionable
intelligence Asymmetric abilities
* South Asian Terrorism portal
Terrorism
and
Militancy
Terrorism
70
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1. Regulatory environment
2. Career planning and work environ
3. Continuous learning and development
4. Access to information
5. Leveraging of community resources
Organizationaland
management
capacity
deficit
Capacity
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1. Deviance and Corruption
2. Organizational culture
3. Community-oriented policing values
4. Effective and accessible accountability
5. Citizen-focused policing
Public
confidence
deficit
Public Confidence
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Cardinal Issues Identified
1. Nebulous, anomalous and non-uniform legalenvironment.
2. Deficit in managerial capacity.
3. Perception that postings and transfers in policinginstitutions are often politically motivated.
4. Inadequacy of Professional expertise in PSPofficers.
74
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Contd
5. Restricted access to information and intelligence tomake intelligence-driven, evidence-based decisions,
planning and policy formulation.
6. Policing not responsive to public needs andexpectations.
7. Ineffective or in accessible accountability
mechanisms.
75
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Conclusion
Environment and demands for policing arechanging and getting more complex and morechallenging.
PSP officers need more capacity to negotiatethe new challenges and demands.
76
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77
RECOMMENDATIONS/POLICY OPTIONS
/
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Recommendations/policy options
78
Issue identified Recommendations
1. Deficit in
managerial
capacity.
Establish and implement in conjunction
with provincial governments a Career
Planning Framework for PSP officers.
Prepare and notify the Police Rules to fill
in the yawning gap in the internal working
procedures of the district police in the new
institutional environment.
Contd
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79
Contd
Issue identified Recommendations
1. Nebulous,
anomalous and
non-uniform legal
environment.
Adapt Police Order 2002 to provincial needs
maintaining its basic structure and features in
the provinces.
Contd
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
80/90
80
Contd
Issue identified Recommendations
2. Perception that postings
and transfers in policing
institutions are often
politically motivated.
Strengthen Establishment Division
with a view to ensure that merit and
not improper political expedience
determine these postings.
Formulate an equitable and stable
rotation policy to serve in provinces.
Contd
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
81/90
81
Contd
Issue identified Recommendations
3. Inadequacy of
Professional
expertise in PSP
officers.
Provide a framework through which
learning, development and other solutions
to achieve organizational objectives are
identified, designed, delivered andevaluated in a consistent and inclusive way
across all police and law enforcement
organizations.
Establishment of a PSP-specific in-service
training regime, and its linkage with
professional development that is informed
by a continuously TNA process.
Contd
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
82/90
82
Contd
Issue identified Recommendations
4.
Policing not
responsive topublic needs and
expectations.
Developing and promulgating a policy
framework to ensure that foreign training
opportunities for PSP are (a) informed by a
TNA process, relevant to policing needs in the
country, and (b) those availing the training areassigned positions relevant to acquired
knowledge and skills.
Institutionalize community policing principles
and values across police structures andprocesses including performance evaluation
embedding problem-solving and partnership
in all mainstream policing activities.
Contd
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
83/90
83
Co td
Issue identified Recommendations
5. Ineffective or
inaccessible
accountability
mechanisms.
Establish functioning, people friendly and
accessible mechanisms and procedures for
Police accountability by empowering
oversight and managerial bodies like thePublic Safety and Complaints Commissions
and the National Police Management Board.
Contd
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
84/90
84
Issue identified Recommendations
6. Restricted access
to information and
intelligence to
make intelligence-
driven, evidence-
based decisions,
planning and policy
formulation.
Institutionalize an efficient mechanism
timely dissemination all intelligence
relevant to policing and internal security.
Establish through appropriate legislation
of a countrywide, standardized and
integrated data-base of crime statistics.
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
85/90
85
CHANGEMANAGEMENT
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
86/90
Change Management
Structure as determinant of change in police organizations
Staged approach:
Exploration
Commitment Planning
Implementation
Monitoring/Revising
Ownership by leadership
PSP officers as change agents
86
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
87/90
87
RELEVANCE OF PSP TO
CHANGING PARADIGM & LIKELY
FUTURE EVOLUTION
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
88/90
Strengths of PSP
Represents Federal Government
Diverse and country-wide experience
More public confidence
Capable of innovation
Ability to work in stressful conditions
88
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
89/90
Relevance of PSP
The changing paradigm of governance is posing new
challenges with respect policing service delivery.
No development without effective policing.
PSP officers must transform itself into a modern professionalservice capable of providing meaningful leadership to police
in 21st century
Align attitudes and culture with democratic values.
Citizen-centric policing.
No effective policing without adequate resources.
89
7/30/2019 SGP PSP TAK 2012
90/90
Thanks
God Bless You All!