SGS-43- Environment Issues-1.pdf

8/17/2019 SGS-43- Environment Issues-1.pdf

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CC oo nn v v ee nn t t ii oo nn a a ll GG ee nn ee rr a a ll SS t t uu dd ii ee ss --44 33 En vironment Issues -1

vil Services Examination 2013

T T a a rr gg ee t t 22 0 0 1133www.gktoday.in

GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2011-13 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserv

1Land Degradation & Land Use Basics in India

Causes and Outcomes of Land Degradation

Soil acidification

Soil alkalinisation

Soil salination

Soil waterlogging

The extent of net sown area, forest cover and fallow land in India

net sown area

forests which cover 23% fallow land

What is Fallow LandFallow land is Undeveloped but potentially usefulland. If a land is generally cultivated but is notseeded in current growing season, it is calledCurrent Fallow Land.

Land rehabilitation is the process of returning the land

to some degree of its former state, after some process(industry, natural disasters, etc.) has resulted in itsdamage.Land rehabilitation has been a major priority sinceIndependence, and several policies and governmentagencies address desertification and degradation.These include various programmes such as D esertDevelopment Programme ; Integrated WastelandDevelopment ; N ational Watershed DevelopmentProject for Rainfed Areas ; Soil Conservation in theCatchment of River Valley Projects; NationalAfforestation Programme; Arid Zone Research;Mahatma Gandhi National Rural EmploymentGuarantee Scheme; National Rural Drinking WaterProgramme etc.


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2 The most prominent reason of land degradation

the

prominent reason of degradation,

Water Erosion is the most prominent

reason of land degradation

Soil acidity

The driver of Land Degradation

The net sown area versus the net irrigated area

This implies that less than half of net sown area in India is net irrigated

The environmental impact of land use patterns

intensive farming activities

Leaching due to extensive

use of pesticides and fertilizers intensification and

extensification also leads to salination, alkalization and water logging in irrigated areas, along with eutrophication

of water bodies and ill health of oceans, leading to loss of biodiversity

The Impact of Shifting Cultivation

The earlier 15–20 years cycle of shifting cultivation on a particular land

has reduced to two or three years now.

India’s largest area under shifting cultivation is in the state of OdishaDiscrimination in Chemical fertilizers usage

Because nitrogenous fertilizers are subsidised

more than potassic and phosphatic fertilizers


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T T a a rr gg ee t t 22 0 0 1133 www.gktoday.in


3

Environmental Impact of Burning StrawBurning of wheat and rice straw has also contributed to loss of soil fertility

in order to ensure early preparation of fields for the next crop

loss of about 0.824 million tonnes of NPK from the soil

Impact of Mining

Impact of Floods

Aridity and Deserts

semi-arid (123.4 Mha.)

Soil Pollution

Soil Pollution


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CC oo nn v v ee nn t t ii oo nn a a ll GG ee nn ee rr a a ll SS t t uu dd ii ee ss --44 11 Concepts Facts and Protection Framework of Biodiversity of India




4

Pollution in soil is associated with__:

Indiscriminate use of fertilizers:

The Arsenic , Lead and Cadmium present in traces in rock phosphate mineral get

transferred to super phosphate fertilizer

reduces the protein content of wheat, maize, grams

Indiscriminate use of pesticides

Dumping of Soil Waste

The First Insecticides and Biomagnification The first widespread insecticide use began at the end of World War IIand included DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) andgammaxene. Insects soon became resistant to DDT and as thechemical did not decompose readily, it persisted in the environment.Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, it biomagnified up thefood chain and disrupted calcium metabolism in birds, causingeggshells to be thin and fragile. As a result, large birds of prey such asthe brown pelican, ospreys, falcons and eagles became endangered.DDT has been now been banned in most western countries. Ironicallymany of them including USA, still produce DDT for export to otherdeveloping nations whose needs outweigh the problems caused by i t.

What are Soil sedimentsSoil sediments refer to the depositions of trace elements or metals suchas Hg,As, Sb, Cd, Ni, Co, Mo, Cu and Cr.The process of sedimentation is a comprehensive naturalgeomorphologic process, which operates through the chain of erosionof soils, transportation of sediments (eroded material) and deposition

of thee eroded material in different paths of water bodies.Sediments thus consist of soil and mineral particles washed away fromland by storms and floodwaters, from geological process ofdenudation, which is both inevitable and universal. Eroded soilbecomes a serious pollutant because of the absorbed chemicals that itcarries to the articles surface.


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Deforestation & Soil Erosion binding material

increased run-off of rainwater and diminished storage in the soil

Destruction of pastures and overgrazing

Sources of Solid WasteAgriculture as source of Solid Waste

The lignocellulosic biomass generated by agricultural activities is a primary source of solid waste.In addition, the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural practices can limit the ability of soil organisms toprocess waste, which he turn makes the soil less productive or in the worst-case scenario, useless or everypoisonous.Some pesticides can remain in the environment for many year and pass from one organism to another. Whenpesticides are present in a stream, small fish and other organisms build up even larger amounts of pesticides in theirflesh and will eventually pass them on to us through the food chain. There are many other human activities, whichcan damage soil. The irrigation of soil in dry areas with poor drainage can leave fields flooded. When this standingwater evaporates, it leave salt deposits behind, making the soil too salty for growing crops.

Industries as source of wastesDisposal of industrial waste is the major problem responsible for soil pollution. These industrial pollutants aremainly discharged from pulp and paper mills chemical industries, oil refineries, sugar factories, tanneries, textiles,steel, metal processing industries, drugs, glass, cement, petroleum and engineering industries.

Mining as source of wastes

Mining operations can leave soil polluted with toxic heavy metals. Many scientists believe acid rain can also reducesoil fertility. In surface mining and strip mining top soil and sub-soil is removed. This leaves deep salt in the earth.The uncontrolled mine fires may also destroy the productivity of certain land areas permanently. Soil damage andenvironmental degradation during surface mining is inevitable as vegetation has to he removed and hugequantities of top soil and waste rocks are to be shifted to a new location, mining leads to loss of grazing and fertileland, soil erosion from waste dumps, sedimentation or silting, danger to aquatic life, flora and fauna as well aswater and soil pollution.

Municipal and urban wasteThis waste comprises both commercial and domestic wastes consisting of dried sludge of sewage. All the urbansolid wastes are commonly referred to as refuse.Solid wastes and refuse, particularly in urban area contribute to soil pollution. This refuse contains garbage andrubbish materials like plastics, glasses, metallic cans, fibres, rubbles, trash from the streets, fuel residues, leavescontainers, abandoned vehicles and other discarded manufactured products.Municipal waste is largely categorized into three type; waste that can be incinerated (generally called “combustible

waste”) waste that is treated by non-incineration intermediate treatment measures (generally called“incombustibles”) and materials that directly go to recycling or re-use procedures through separate collection orvoluntary group collection.The waste generated from agriculture, municipal and commercial activities are putrid solid waste and is known asgarbage. There are four broad categories of garbage.

Organic wasteKitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves and fruits .

Toxic wasteOld medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries and so on.

Recyclable Wastepaper, glass, metals and plastics.

Resistant objectslarge resistant objects such as cans, plastic, tyres, polythenes, metallic junk, glasses or even old cars, refrigerators,washing machines destroys the beauty of landscape. In India, most of this is purchased by hawkers and resold. Inindustrialized countries, used vehicles are creating a serious threat to environment.


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6Shifting cultivation

Effect of Soil Pollution

Vermicompost

Benefits for Soil

Benefits for Plant growth


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7Economic Benefits:

Environmental Benefits:

Disadvantages / Issues

Air Pollution and Air Quality ControlReasons of Air Pollution

Primary & Secondary level Air pollutants

primary pollutants are "directly" emitted

primary pollutants

secondary pollutants are not emitted directly

secondary

level Air Pollutants Ground Level Ozone, Smog and POPsPrimary Air Pollutants

Sulphur Oxides

Indian Coal is though low in sulphur content

Nitrogen Oxides


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8Carbon Monoxide

Dioxide is associated with the Ocean Acidification

Volatile Organic Compounds or VOCs

non-methane (NMVOCs).

Secondary Air Pollutant – Ground Level Ozone

Smog

In the last 100 years, the emission of M eth ne (a Volatile Organic Compound) has increaseddramatically and it has contributed to theincreased concentration of Ground Level Ozone.

Formation of Ground Level OzoneThe formation of the Ground Level Ozone involves a long complex series of the reactions in which carbon monoxide and VOCs areoxidized to water vapour and carbon dioxide. The series of the reactions begins with the Hydroxyl OH radicals, which is one of themain chemical species controlling the oxidizing capacity of the global Earth atmosphere. They are produced by many pathways butmost notably they are formed from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH) and by reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water. The reaction involves the following steps:

1. The Carbon Monoxide reacts with the Hydroxyl Radical, producing a Hydrogen atom.OH + CO H + CO22. The hydrogen atom formed by this reacts rapidly with oxygen to give a peroxy radical HO 2

H + O2 HO 23. Peroxy radical then reacts with the NO and gives NO2 which, in presence of Sunlight is photolysed to give atomic oxygen

and through reaction with oxygen a molecule of ozone.HO2 + NO OH + NO 2

NO2 + h NO + OO + O2 O 3

4. In total, the reaction is as follows:CO + 2O 2 CO2 + O3

The above reaction is simple demosntration. The Chemical processes that involve the VOCs are the complex ones. But the result ofthese reactions is the Ozone.


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Deaths due to Air Pollution

Bhopal Disaster

Great Smog of 1952

Top CO2 emitting countries

Country CO 2 emissions Emission per capitaWorld 33,376,327 4.9China 9,700,000 7.2United States 5,420,000 17.3India 1,970,000 1.6Russia 1,830,000 12.8

Japan 1,240,000 9.8Germany 810,000 9.9South Korea 610,000 12.6Canada 560,000 16.2

Qatar tops the list of the nations with Highest per capita CO2 emission

in the world

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) natural as well as anthropogenic gaseous

Forcing GHGs


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10GHG Emmission by sectors

Green House Effect

Process of Green House Effect

Green House Effect versus Planetary lbedo If Earth was an ideal black body which absorbs all the radiation from the Sun andemit the radiation due to this heating, its temperature would have beenapproximately 5.3 °C. The Earth and other planets are not perfect black bodies, asthey do not absorb all the incoming solar radiation but reflected part of it back tospace. The ratio between the reflected and the incoming energies is termed theplanetary albedo. Earth reflects 36-37% of this incoming light and it correspondsto the Earth Albedo 0.367. So, Earth's mean temperature is 14 °C. If there were noatmosphere and no radiation was lost due to reflection, its mean temperaturewould have been


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Anti-greenhouse effect

Mars and Venus show the Green

House Effect, but Titan, the largest planet of Saturn and Pluto

Indoor Air Pollution

71 per cent of India's urban households and 91 per cent of rural households use solid fuels for cooking

purposes.

There is a great deal of variation in the prevalence of TB according to the type of cooking fuel the household

uses. It ranges from a low of 217 per 100,000 residents, (among households using electricity, liquid

petroleum gas, natural gas, or biogas), to a high of 924 per 100,000 (among households using straw, shrubs,

or grass for cooking).

High TB prevalence is also seen amongst households using agricultural crop residue or other.

Ozone Depletion

Much less stable

Paramagnetic

low concentration in atmosphere harmful effects

Creates Ozonosphere

Is Ozone hole over only Antarctica? Ozone depletion has been seen everywhere beyond

tropics and there is a severe depletion in the Polar Regions


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12

How does Ozone Hole get created?


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13

depletion of ozone and atomic oxygen.

Important Observations: Antarctic Ozone hole

Coriolis effect

As per a 2013 study, a hole in the Antarctic ozone layer haschanged the way waters in the southern oceans mix, whichresearchers say could impact global climate change. As perscientists this phenomenon has the potential to alter theamount of CO2 in the atmosphere . It has been found thatsubtropical intermediate waters in the southern oceans havebecome "younger" as the upwelling, circumpolar waters have

gotten "older" - changes that are consistent with the fact thatsurface winds have strengthened as the ozone layer hasthinned. This is significant as southern oceans play a crucial rolein the absorption of heat and carbon dioxide, so any

alterations in southern ocean circulation have the potential tochange the global climate.


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14

°

Earth's magnetic field

Dobson units in context with Ozone Depletion

Dobson units

The base unit for an ozone hole was fixed 220 DU

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985


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15Montreal Protocol 1989

Theme of Montreal Protocol:

Montreal Protocol: HCFC versus HFC

India and Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol opened for signature on

Ozone Day every year.


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16Acid Rain

But these natural phenomena did not contribute the

acidic rains as compared to the anthropogenic activities.

Chemistry of Acid Rains Oxides of Sulphur, Oxides of Nitrogen and Oxides of

Hydrogen viz. water and Hydroxyl Radicals.

Impacts of Acid Rain

Impact on Biota and Human Life

This is because, Calcium and

Magnesium are leached away by the Hydronium ion of the acids

Impact on Buildings:

Normal pH of Rainwater


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17Major sources of stratospheric chlorine

How to control Acid Rain?

Acid Rain Program

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)


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Sulphur Emissions Reduction

Protocol Gothenburg protocolSulphur Emissions Reduction Protocol

Gothenburg protocol

Combating Air Pollution – Legislative and Policy Interventions Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Central Pollution Control Board

air pollutant

(including noise)

What are Air pollution control areas? State Government may, after consultation with the State Board, by notification

declare any area or areas within the State as air pollution control areas.


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National Air Quality Monitoring Programme

four air-pollutants viz., SO x , NOx , Suspended Particulate Material (SPM) and

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)

Understanding Bharat Stage Emission Standards Background of Indian Emission Standards

Idle emission limits

Cold Start Norms

Standard ReferenceIndia 2000 Bharat Stage II Bharat Stage III Bharat Stage IV

How it works?


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Norms CO( g/km) HC+ NOx)(g/km)India stage 2000 norms 2.72 0.97Bharat stage-II 2.2 0.5Bharat Stage-III 2.3 0.35(combined)Bharat Stage-IV 1.0 0.18(combined)

Emission norms for Heavy diesel vehicles

Norms CO (g/ kwhr) HC(g/kwhr) NOx(g/ kwhr) PM (g/kwhr)

India stage 2000 norms 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36Bharat stage-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15Bharat Stage-III 2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10Bharat Stage-IV 1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02

Norms CO ( g/km) HC+ NOx (g/km)

India stage 2000 norms 2.0 2.0

Bharat stage-II 1.6 1.5Bharat Stage-III 1.0 1.0

How Bharat Emission norms are different from Euro Norms? in terms of stringency or emission limits, the Bharat Stage and Euro norms are equivalent

only one modification lower maximum speed

conditions of the road and general climate of India must have been taken into account while fixing this.

Water Resources & Water PollutionWater Availability - River Basins & Ground water

43 per cent of the

catchment area of all the major rivers in the country.

Impacts of Water Pollution

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Faecal Coliform

Water Demand

Per CapitaWater Availability (2001) incubic metres is 1820 Cubic meter.


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21 Agriculture receives the greatest share of the annual water allocation.

Water Pollution

Driver of water pollution

Fertilizers

bio-accumulate

eutrophication

High levels of fertilizer use has been associated with increased incidence of eutrophication in rivers

Industrial Sector

Domestic Sector


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22Water Pollution: Policy Intervention

National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP)

National Water Policy 2012

The first notable observation in National Water Policy 2012 is that

this policy treats water as economic good.

Objectives:

Important Observations:


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23

Legislation on water

River Boards Act

Inter-State Water Disputes (ISWD) Act, 1956

Scope of the Act:

only to interstate rivers river valleys

Water and Constitution of India Water is a state subject via Entry 17 of State List, thus states are empowered to enactlegislation on subject of water. But this entry is subject to the provisions of Entry 56 ofUnion List. The specific provisions in this regard are as under:

Entry 56. Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river valleysto the extent to which such regulation and development under the control ofthe Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public

interest.Entry 17. Water that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainageand embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisionsof Entry 56 of List - I.

At the same time, the Articles 131 and 136 of the Constitution have been used by theStates frequently for bringing the matters related to inter-State rivers before theSupreme Court via the Special Leave Petitions. Further, Article 143(1) of theConstitution has been used by the Central Government (via President) for seekingopinion of the Supreme Court on the matters related to inter-State rivers, under theadvisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.


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Creation of the Tribunal:

power of a Civil Court verdict is equivalent to Supreme Court verdict

But at the same time, you must note that the verdict of the tribunal

can be challenged in Supreme court via civil suits

can not be altered by new tribunals

can be altered by new tribunals.

Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (April 1969)

Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (April 1969)

Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (October 1969)

Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (June 1990)

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that, to a varying degree, resist photolytic, biological

and chemical degradation.

bioaccumulation

biomagnification

Common Characters of the POPs

Dirty Dozen

Governing Council (GC) started investigations on the POPs.The process began with 12 POPs which were most commonat that time. They were called "Dirty Dozen".The Dirty Dozen are:Aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor,hexachlorobenzene, mirex, polychlorinated biphenyls,polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinateddibenzofurans, and toxaphene.The list enlarged later with inclusion of some morechemicals.


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25Low Water solubility

High lipid solubility This property leads them to bioaccumulation in animal tissues.

Semi volatile:

o

o Bio-accumulation, Bio-concentration and Bio-magnification

Bio-accumulation

Bioconcentration

Bioaccumulation Bioconcentration

Both Bioaccumulation and Bioconcentration occur in the same organism But

Biomagnification occurs across various trophic levels in a food chain.

Biomagnification

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

limit the use of DDT to malaria control

o o o


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India and Stockholm Convention:

Stockholm Convention and Endusulphan:

organochlorine group of pesticides

Toxicity Classification

acaricide (killing tickes and mites).

Cashew Plantations in Kerala


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27International Programme on Chemical Safety

three UN bodies viz

Rotterdam Convention on Hazardous Substances

The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed

Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

shared

responsibilities

not a legally Binding

convention

Marine Pollution, Oil Spills and Marine Protected Areas

London Convention on Marine Pollution

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by

Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

non-legally binding convention

Hazardous su bstancesThe Hazardous material or Hazmats are the solids,liquids and gases which can harm people,organisms, property and environment. TheHazardous Materials are often subject to variouslegislations. The Hazmats may be radioactive,flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing,asphyxiating, biohazardous, toxic, pathogenic, orallergenic.

What is Cultural Eutrophication When the process of Eutrophication is increased by thehuman activities, it is called cultural Eutrophication.This is because the human activities (mainlydevelopment in nature) increase the surface run offand the nutrients such as Phosphates, Nitrates aresupplied to the Ocean water. They may be supplied

by Constriction works, treatment plants, golf courses,fertilizers, and farms.


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Mercury Poisoning in Fishes

Minimata Disease

Oil Spills

Impacts on Marine Life:

Plumage:

Ingestion:

Furs:

Photosynthesis:

Recovery

Bioremediation of Oil Spills


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29Oil Zapper

five different bacterial strains

converts them into harmless CO2 and water

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Law of the Sea treaty

Internal waters:

no interference of the foreign countries

Territorial waters : 12 Nautical Miles

foreign vessels are

NOT given all rights to passage through except "Innocent Passage".

Archipelagic waters :

Contiguous zone : 12 Nautical Miles beyond the Territorial

waters This means that it is 24 Nautical Miles from the baseline limit

enforce laws only in 4 areas viz. pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs):

200 nautical miles

Marine Protected Area


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30 Any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment, together with its overlying water and associated

flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means,

including custom, with the effect with the effect that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of

protection then its surroundings.

India’s Marine Protected Areas 5 designated Marine Protected Area

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

International Whaling Commission (IWC)

Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary surrounding

Only two such sanctuaries have been designated by IWC till date. is Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary

Wadden Sea Agreement


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31 Netherlands, Germany and Denmark

ACCOBAMS

MARPOL 73/78

Climate Change Concepts & Questions – Compendium-1The below compendium continues in next module and covers some potential questions for UPSC Examinations

What is Climate?

What are Forcings in context with Climate?

What is Radiation Balance of Earth?

Effective Radiation

Effective Radiation:


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Implications of Radiation Balance

What are Climate Feedback mechanisms?

What is Ice-albedo feedback?

How Climate can be predicted but Weather can not?

What is Polar amplification? warming in polar regions due to climate feedbacks

The amount of energy reaching the top of Earth’satmosphere each second on a surface area of one squaremeter facing the Sun during daytime is about 1,370

Watts, and the amount of energy per square metre persecond averaged over the entire planet is one-quarter ofthis. About 30% of the sunlight that reaches the top ofthe atmosphere is reflected back to space. Roughly two-thirds of this reflectivity is due to clouds and smallparticles in the atmosphere known as ‘aerosols’. Light-coloured areas of Earth’s surface – mainly snow, ice anddeserts – reflect the remaining one-third of the sunlight.


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34What is Carbon Footprint?

carbon footprint stands for a certain amount of gaseous emissions that are

relevant to climate change and associated with human production or consumption activities

'Carbon Footprint’ total greenhouse gas emissions

release of which among the above would be counted in the Carbon Footprint

Carbon footprint considers all six of the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases

these emissions are expressed in

terms of CO2 equivalent

tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO 2e).

Organizational :

Product :

How I can reduce my carbon footprint?


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What is Carbon Offsetting?

What is Carbon sequestration?

process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a

reservoir

Sequestration encompasses all forms of carbon storage.

Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration

Geologic Carbon Sequestration

Ocean Carbon Sequestration

Soil Carbon and Carbon sequestration?

Soil carbon is the largest terrestrial

pool of carbon (2,200 Gigatonnes).


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Can Organic Farming help in Carbon Sequestration?

What are Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) and Dead Zones?

shadow zone

Ocean deoxygenation.

Dead Zones

What is Global dimming?

What is Eutrophication?

increase in the primary productivity of the water body or "bloom" of phytoplankton

Nomurai Jellyfish

Some Observations

eutrophos


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Control of Eutrophication

What is Green GDP?

does not mean

does not mean

it accounts the monetized loss of biodiversity, costs caused by climatechange.

conventional gross domestic product figures adjusted for the environmental costs of

economic activities.

first

published its green GDP data for the year 2004


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39What is Impact of Population on Biocapacity?

Thumb rule:

What is Water Footprint?

the total volume of freshwater used to produce

consumed by

Blue Water Footprint evaporated

lakes, rivers, ponds, reservoirs and wells

Green Water Footprint evaporated

moist lands, wetlands, soil, farms

Grey Water Footprint was polluted

What is Ecological Deficit?

was 0.9 Global hectares per person Ecological Deficit

ecological debtor country

ecological creditor

Global Footprint Network

. Guyana had the largest biocapacity in the word. largest Ecological Footprint

highest in the world.

Ecological Debt Day


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Documents

SGS-43- Environment Issues-1.pdf